[Fis] AQI's and Reality of possibilities in superposition in quantum computing
Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
goernitz at em.uni-frankfurt.de
Sat Jan 4 19:01:57 CET 2025
Dear all,
My heartfelt thanks go to Josef, who implicitly points out to me that
I was much too brief in my explanations.
I do not mean the AQIs are so abstract that they are merely nothing.
An AQI is a mathematically clearly defined quantum structure, and the
simplest one that can be imagined.
The AQIs share the property of possible existence with matter and
energy primarily as quantum structures. Some material particles also
only exist virtually, such as quarks and gluons. Nevertheless, virtual
particles can produce real effects, as can virtual photons. And of
course, real material particles and real photons also exist.
Quantum theory is the area of natural science that makes it clear that
mere possibilities can also produce real actions.
In everyday life, this is completely evident to us humans when, for
example, we speculate on the stock market, play the lottery or take an
umbrella with us based on the weather forecast.
In the case of a “possible existence”, Josef's remark comes into play:
“they exist and do not exist at the same time".
An AQI exists in the sense that it can cause real actions. At the same
time, it does not exist in the sense that it should be understood as a
fact. Objects, for example, that appear to us as reality or
electromagnetic waves, whose emission and reception can be registered
as facts, can be designated as real.
Quantum theory, as a theory of possibilities, is based, as Josef says,
on a non-Boolean logic.
Quantum theory can also be characterized as the physics of wholes or
the emergence of new phenomena. This is based on the mathematical
structure of the tensor product. In this process, the dimensions of
the state spaces of parts are multiplicatively combined when a whole
is formed.
The essential effect of the mathematical structure of quantum theory
is the appearance of new properties in a totality, for which there was
no possible indication whatsoever in the parts from which it was formed.
In physics, it makes sense for pragmatic reasons to distinguish
between matter, energy and information.
Matter has rest mass and can therefore remain in a certain area of
space for a certain period of time. Matter is inert and localized.
Objects are formed from it. Objects can appear to be factual.
Energy is the entity that is able to change the state of matter, for
example its motion or its form. Thus, in the central impact of two
billiard balls, the property of motion is transferred from the
impacting ball to the ball that is hit. The first ball remains still
and the second ball continues to move.
In everyday life, energy usually appears as kinetic energy, i.e. as a
property of matter, as movement.
For over a century, energy has also been known to exist in a form in
which it is not bound to any matter, namely electromagnetic radiation,
i.e. real photons.
A meaningful piece of information is one that can cause a reaction, or
the absence of a reaction, in a living being. Living beings are
localizable forms of matter, so information that can have an effect on
a living being requires a material carrier, and an energetic carrier
for transmission from the source to the living being.
For all living things, the absorption of information is a process of
electromagnetic interaction. This is trivial for seeing, but it also
applies equally to hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and so on.
Through the interaction with real photons (Hertzian waves) and virtual
ones (Coulomb force), information about properties is transferred from
a material carrier to photons and from there to the recipient, the
living being.
In physics, we have learned to measure unknown or uninteresting
information, i.e. information without a clear meaning. We start with a
model, for example of particles, to which we assign the possibility of
a location and a velocity. We then specify a framework, for example a
particle number, a volume and a total energy. Then you can calculate
which states are possible in this system. This unknown amount of
information becomes the entropy of the system. However, if, for
example, the particles have a structure and thus more degrees of
freedom, if they are complicated molecules, then with an improved
model the entropy also changes. In this sense, entropy is always
relative, i.e. based on certain conditions and assumptions.
Now, within the framework of the general theory of relativity, there
are structures that have a horizon, black holes. Of these objects, we
can only know their electric charge, their angular momentum and, above
all, their mass. Anything else that could be imagined about their
possible internal states is, in principle, unknowable from the outside.
As Jakob Bekenstein showed, such objects therefore have an entropy
that exceeds everything previously conceivable by many orders of
magnitude.
With entropy, we therefore know the orders of magnitude of the amount
of information hidden inside a black hole. At the same time, however,
it is impossible to make a meaningful statement about the specific
states to which this information could refer.
If, in a thought experiment, we could observe the cosmos from the
outside like a black hole, then we could deduce the amount of trapped
total information from the trapped total energy.
At any given time, the amount of total information in the cosmos is
equal to the amount of AQIs.
This means that at any given time, the maximum amount of possible
information in the cosmos can be estimated. Some of this quantum
information in the cosmos will form into what we reasonably call
matter. Another part will form into what we call energy, or photons.
Yet another smaller part of it we will call properties of matter or
properties of photons.
Such properties can be exchanged between matter and photons and
trigger energies provided in living beings, thus producing actions.
Information that can produce actions can be said to be meaningful.
In my perception, all possible definitions of information refer to
what is referred to here as meaningful information.
Therefore, the term “protyposis” stands for a quantum structure that
can be mathematically described as a quantum bit, but to which no
concrete meaning can yet be assigned, which in this sense can be
described as meaning-free, as abstract.
The AQIs have the complete two-dimensional complex-valued state space
of quantum theory. The fundamental inclusion of imaginary numbers
fundamentally distinguishes them from the quantum bits in quantum
computing. There, with the Bloch sphere, the bits have a
two-dimensional state space only over the real numbers.
From the point of view of natural science, the basis of matter and
energy is an absolute, i.e. still meaning-free, quantum information.
This is still a challenging thesis, even though the relevant
calculations have long been published in peer-reviewed journals.
Possible ideas are facilitated if one realizes that quantum theory has
already shown something to be incompatible, such as an object and its
property, specifically matter and motion, to be equivalent and thus
convertible into one another.
E=mc^2 was discovered in the context of special relativity, but the
inevitable appearance of antimatter in these processes shows that it
is a quantum phenomenon.
With the large accelerators, matter can now be converted into motion
and motion into matter on Earth. This suggests that the two are based
on something in common.
Particles with a rest mass, as well as photons without a rest mass,
have an infinite-dimensional space of states. This is an indication of
a very complex structure. The simplest quantum structures, on the
other hand, have a two-dimensional space of states.
The mathematical structure of quantum theory makes it possible to
understand how we can go from such AQIs to construct structures with
properties such as those of particles, which – such as a rest mass,
for example – are not accessible to the AQIs alone.
If the simplest quantum structure, an AQI, has the smallest possible
action, that of an action quantum h, then it can, of course, also be
assigned a value for energy. Since action is defined as energy
multiplied by time and the relevant time is the age of the cosmos, the
energy of an AQI must also be time-dependent.
Thus, depending on the respective cosmic time, an AQI has the smallest
energy possible from a physics point of view. Quantum theory shows
that the smallest energy can be assigned the largest possible
wavelength.
With many AQIs, more and more energy can be localized better and better.
About 10^41 AQIs can form a proton. To form a hypothetical Planck
particle with a diameter of 10^(- 35) m, 10^61.5 AQIs are necessary.
As Beckenstein has shown, only one bit of entropy is possible in such
a minimal black hole. All the remaining 10^61.5 AQIs that form such a
Planck particle cannot be called entropy. They relate to the
accessible theoretical information about the localization of this tiny
object in a vast cosmos.
Eric pointed out the ontological aspects of information. However, the
term ontology is understood somewhat differently in computer science
than in philosophy.
In philosophy, ontology is the study of being. Reductionism seeks to
explain the existing from a fundamental and simple structure. For
thousands of years, the idea of indivisible smallest particles, from
Greek ἄτομον (uncuttable, indivisible), was used for this. Quantum
theory shows the error of this idea. Small particles are, as
mentioned, highly complicated.
A reductionism that thinks additively is impossible for fundamental
structures.
Quantum theory, on the other hand, operates multiplicatively with the
tensor product of the state spaces from the simple to the complex.
Therefore, to my knowledge, it is the only scientific-mathematical
theory that can explain the emergence of something new that is more
and different than the sum of its parts.
In this form of an explanation of the complex from the simplest
structures, “emergence” is implicitly mathematically built in from the
outset.
Once again, best wishes for 2025 for everyone
Thomas
Quoting joe.brenner at bluewin.ch:
> Dear Eric,
>
> You deserve the credit and our thanks for your first paragraph,
> especially your formulations as questions. Since they apparently
> lead to absurdities (discontinuities), though, is not the solution
> to change the interpretation based on aspects of quantum computation?
>
> In the 2nd paragraph, one needs to avoid the "Richard Rorty" error
> that everything is relative.
>
> I like your 3rd paragraph, but not the last sentence, because I
> think, especially in informational terms, we should talk about
> processes rather than "things". Then I think we can say with more
> confidence that the composition (structure) of a thing (process) is
> somewhat dependent on its form, giving form the more dynamic
> interpretation or role that it has, for example, in Eastern thought.
>
> Your last sentence is thus right on, and we can envision a minimal
> ontological bridging between even arithmetic and its results.
>
> Cheers,
> Joe
>
>> Le 01.01.2025 17:12 CET, Eric Werner <eric.werner at oarf.org> a écrit :
>>
>>
>>
>> Dear All,
>>
>> Happy New Year and let it be a peaceful year!
>>
>> But intellectual peace can lead to boredom, so let's get into some
>> conflicts of ideas.
>>
>> Joseph, you or Leibniiz are getting at a fundamental problem in how
>> quantum computation on set of possible states which if they were
>> real of miminal Planck size would take up more space than is
>> available in the Universe. So they cannot be real in the sense of
>> taking up space. If not spatially real can they be temporally real?
>> Or will it take more time than the age of the universe to operate
>> on those possibilities? If so then they are not temporally real.
>>
>> Thomas and Karl: In terms of meaning in the real world of humans
>> and animals meaning seem to be relative to the subject-agent when
>> messages act on and transform the representational state of the
>> agent-receiver-subject be it his or her information state,
>> intentional state or evaluate-emotional state.
>>
>> In effect, one might call these levels of ontology where
>> information is relative to the level of ontology of the
>> observer-agent. The information at one level of ontology can be
>> independent of the information at a lower or higher level of
>> ontology. In other words, reductionism does not seem to hold for
>> ontological levels. The composition of a thing is somewhat if not
>> totally independent of its form.
>>
>> So to the process of arithmetic can be different from the result.
>>
>> Best,
>>
>> Eric
>>
>> On 1/1/25 4:13 PM, joe.brenner at bluewin.ch
>> mailto:joe.brenner at bluewin.ch wrote:
>>
>> > Dear Thomas and All,
>> > Happy New Year!
>> >
>> > I apologize to Pedro and Krassimir for coming back to the
>> Jason/Thomas dialogue but I believe the following point is a
>> critical one:
>> >
>> > Thomas wrote:
>> > These quantum structures with a two-dimensional Hilbert space are
>> to be thought of as absolute and completely abstract, not as
>> properties
>> > of a material or energetic structure. I call them AQIs. The AQIs
>> form matter, energy, as well as the properties of matter and energy.
>> >
>> > It it seems to me this position runs into a Leibniz "bind": if
>> AQI's are completely abstract, how can they form anything, let
>> alone matter/energy with which they do not share properties? To the
>> extent that quanta are quanta of energy, is it then correct to call
>> them AQI's? In your response to Jason, you make it clear that this
>> is not the case. The AQI's are units of action, but my comment
>> still holds.
>> >
>> > The only solution I see is to adopt a principle that All have
>> never explicitly accepted, namely that, AQI's are and are not
>> abstract; they exist and do not exist at the same time. Understood
>> in this way, they could form a basis for reality and its
>> non-Boolean logic, now with apologies to Louis.
>> >
>> > Thank you anyway,
>> > Joseph
>> >
>> >
>> > > Dear Dr. Goernitz,
>> > > Can AQI exist independently from its context - or some larger
>> structure (matter or energy)? By "exist," I mean stability with a
>> relevant longer time.
>> > > By "longer time," I mean in the range of human perception, even
>> with the help of cognitive instruments. Just curious.
>> > > Best regards - Jason
>> > >
>> > > On Mon, Dec 30, 2024 at 2:00 AM Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
>> <goernitz at em.uni-frankfurt.de mailto:goernitz at em.uni-frankfurt.de>
>> wrote:
>> > >
>> > > > Dear All,
>> > > > I would like to start by wishing everyone a healthy, successful and
>> > > > hopefully more peaceful new year.
>> > > >
>> > > > Now a few comments from me on the current contributions, regarding
>> > > > information and meaning.
>> > > >
>> > > > Natural science seeks rules and laws for the processes in nature.
>> > > > However, due to the expansion of the cosmos, there are never two
>> > > > completely identical situations. For an individual case, however, the
>> > > > idea of a rule is meaningless.
>> > > >
>> > > > Rules require similarity, laws require – not only in
>> jurisprudence – equality.
>> > > >
>> > > > Similarity and equality arise from sweeping what appears to be
>> > > > insignificant in the situations under consideration under the carpet.
>> > > > Changes to inanimate matter require the expenditure of energy, but
>> > > > living things can also be influenced by meaningful information.
>> > > >
>> > > > Scientific explanation starts from simple structures to explain
>> > > > complicated structures.
>> > > > Chemistry explains the biochemical basis of life. Quantum mechanics
>> > > > provides the theoretical basis for chemistry.
>> > > >
>> > > > The simplest quantum structures that are mathematically possible have
>> > > > only a two-dimensional state space. It therefore makes sense to call
>> > > > them quantum bits.
>> > > > The particles of quantum mechanics and, with that, the quantum field
>> > > > theories can be constructed from these structures.
>> > > > This means that matter can be understood as a special form of such
>> > > > quantum bits.
>> > > >
>> > > > It has been known for some time that quantum theory relativizes
>> > > > distinctions that are important for everyday life. E=mc^2 shows the
>> > > > equivalence of matter with motion, i.e. with one of its properties.
>> > > > The distinction between force and matter is reduced to the distinction
>> > > > between fermions and bosons, which can be converted into one another
>> > > > under certain conditions.
>> > > >
>> > > > These quantum structures with a two-dimensional Hilbert space are to
>> > > > be thought of as absolute and completely abstract, not as properties
>> > > > of a material or energetic structure. I call them AQIs.
>> > > >
>> > > > The AQIs form matter, energy, as well as the properties of
>> matter and energy.
>> > > >
>> > > > Life only emerged relatively late in the development of the cosmos,
>> > > > and only for living things can something become meaningful.
>> > > >
>> > > >
>> > > >
>> > > >
>> > > > Quoting Karl Javorszky <karl.javorszky at gmail.com
>> mailto:karl.javorszky at gmail.com>:
>> > > >
>> > > > > Again, one wonders.
>> > > > >
>> > > > > Marcus writes:
>> > > > > you also invoke ‘meaning’ which is notoriously difficult
>> to define – where
>> > > > > do you clearly define meaning?
>> > > > >
>> > > > > There is a perfectly valid definition of meaning available
>> for all who
>> > > > > have access to the FIS list.
>> > > > >
>> > > > > The last time this définition was shared with the Learned
>> Friends was 21
>> > > > > days ago, 9th December 2024, in a letter to Xueshan.
>> > > > >
>> > > > > *Information has been defined (eg Liaisons Among Symbols)
>> as the totality
>> > > > > of ∆ (n?, n!).*
>> > > > >
>> > > > > *Meaning has been defined (op. cit.) as the relation of a
>> context to at
>> > > > > least one of the Central Elements.*
>> > > >
>> > > >
>> > > >
>> > > > Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
>> > > > Fellow of the INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF INFORMATION STUDIES
>> > > >
>> > > > Privat (für Postsendungen):
>> > > > Karl-Mangold-Str. 13
>> > > > D-81245 München
>> > > > Tel: 0049-89-887746
>> > > >
>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://goernitzunderstandingquantumtheory.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Twd5A-cSLW8XBCnqHSJSmnpnRgk8TzmugecCjfUIUl15bOVeXlewBLt5Z82oDgMW23D9dJVIhIcotYDJNuXxBAlvzbWnJw$
>> > > >
>> > > > Fachbereich Physik
>> > > > J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main
>> > > >
>> > > >
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>> --
>> Dr. Eric Werner, FLS
>> Oxford Advanced Research Foundation
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Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
Fellow of the INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF INFORMATION STUDIES
Privat (für Postsendungen):
Karl-Mangold-Str. 13
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Fachbereich Physik
J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main
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