[Fis] (no subject)

Mon Dec 30 10:27:35 CET 2024

Dear All

«Claude Shannon did not formulate a mathematical definition of information,
but he defined a "particular" measure of the "quantity of information"
functional to determining the ability of a communication channel to
transmit coded signals, processed in such a way as to be indifferent to the
information that those signals may represent.

           The concept of information is more easily defined in operational
terms, stating that an event provides information and therefore allows us
to know or believe something that was not previously known or believed. But
underlying both subjective and objective uses of the term "information" is
the general notion of what determines or shapes. Even in biology we can and
must talk about communication theory but with greater attention,
discernment and risk.

           The most important problem to overcome is the
communication/meaning relationship. Lyons distinguishes:

I. the intended meaning of a message or signal,

II.       the meaning as understood by the recipient, e

III.      the meaning conventionally understood.

           These distinctions also find direct correlates in our current
operational terms, if we take as the operational correlate of "meaning" the
selective function (of the message) on the field of possible states of a
recipient's organization system. This immediately leads us to parallel
distinctions between:

I. the intentional selective function established by the sender,

II.       the actual selective function of the receiver, e

III.        the meaning conventionally understood.

              These distinctions also find direct correlates in our current
operational terms, if we take as the operational correlate of "meaning" the
selective function (of the message) on the field of possible states of a
recipient's organization system. This immediately leads us to parallel
distinctions between:

I. the intentional selective function established by the sender,

II.          the actual selective function of the receiver, e

III.        the selective function of a "standard" receiver.

              Following Morris and Peirce, semiotics is divided into:
*syntactic*, *semantic* and *pragmatic*. Syntactic studies how signs are
related to each other, semantic studies how these signs are related to
things, and pragmatic studies how they are related to people.

In the theory of sign production we encounter a fundamental problem, namely
the relationship between the content of the functions and their physical
occurrences which should constitute their "real" referents. This issue is
known in semiotic literature as the "referential fallacy" . In this regard
it is good to recall Saussure's well-known semiotic triangle: Meaning,
Significant, Referent" [Rizzo F., *Value and evaluations. The science of
economics or the economics of science*, FrancoAngeli, Milan, 1999,
pp.330-3).

Cari Tutti,

«Claude Shannon non ha formulato una definizione matematica
dell'informazione, ma ha definito una "particolare" misura della "quantità
d'informazione" funzionale alla determinazione della capacità di un canale
di comunicazione di trasmettere segnali in codice, elaborata in modo tale
da essere indifferente all'*informazione* che quei segnali possono
rappresentare.

       Il concetto di informazione si definisce più facilmente in termini
operativi, affermando che un evento fornisce informazione quindi ci
permette di sapere o credere qualcosa che prima non si sapeva o credeva. Ma
alla base degli usi sia soggettivi sia oggettivi del termine "informazione"
v'è la nozione generale di ciò che determina o dà la forma. Anche in
biologia si può e si deve parlare di teoria della comunicazione ma con
maggiore attenzione, discernimento e rischio.

       Il problema più importante da superare è il rapporto
comunicazione/significato. Lyons distingue:

I. il significato *intenzionale *di un messaggio o segnale,

II.    il significato così come viene *inteso* dal ricevente, e

III.  il significato inteso *convenzionalmente*.

       Queste distinzioni trovano anch'esse dei correlati diretti nei
nostri termini operativi attuali, se prendiamo come correlato operativo di
"significato" la *funzione selettiva* (del messaggio) sul campo dei
possibili stati del sistema di organizzazione di un ricevente. Ciò ci
conduce immediatamente a distinzioni parallele tra:

I. la funzione selettiva *intenzionale* stabilita dal mittente,

II.    la funzione selettiva *reale* del ricevente, e

III.  la funzione selettiva di un ricevente "standard"[1] <#_ftn1>.

       Seguendo Morris e Peirce la semiotica si suddivide in: *sintattica*,
*semantica* e *pragmatica*. La sintattica studia il modo in cui i segni
sono correlati tra loro, la semantica studia il modo in cui queste segni
sono correlati alle cose, e la pragmatica studia il modo in cui essi sono
correlati alle persone[2] <#_ftn2>.

Nella teoria della produzione segnica s’incontra un problema fondamentale,
e cioè il rapporto che passa tra il contenuto delle funzioni e le loro
occorrenze fisiche che ne dovrebbero costituire i referenti “reali”, Questa
questione è conosciuta nella letteratura semiotica come “fallacia
referenziale”. A questo proposito è bene richiamare il noto triangolo
semiotico di Saussure: Significato, Significante, Referente» [Rizzo F., *Valore
e valutazioni. La scienza dell’economia o l’economia della scienza*,
FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1999, pp.330-331].

Francis

------------------------------

Il giorno lun 30 dic 2024 alle ore 10:00 Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz <
goernitz en em.uni-frankfurt.de> ha scritto:

> Dear All,
> I would like to start by wishing everyone a healthy, successful and
> hopefully more peaceful new year.
>
> Now a few comments from me on the current contributions, regarding
> information and meaning.
>
> Natural science seeks rules and laws for the processes in nature.
> However, due to the expansion of the cosmos, there are never two
> completely identical situations. For an individual case, however, the
> idea of a rule is meaningless.
>
> Rules require similarity, laws require – not only in jurisprudence –
> equality.
>
> Similarity and equality arise from sweeping what appears to be
> insignificant in the situations under consideration under the carpet.
> Changes to inanimate matter require the expenditure of energy, but
> living things can also be influenced by meaningful information.
>
> Scientific explanation starts from simple structures to explain
> complicated structures.
> Chemistry explains the biochemical basis of life. Quantum mechanics
> provides the theoretical basis for chemistry.
>
> The simplest quantum structures that are mathematically possible have
> only a two-dimensional state space. It therefore makes sense to call
> them quantum bits.
> The particles of quantum mechanics and, with that, the quantum field
> theories can be constructed from these structures.
> This means that matter can be understood as a special form of such
> quantum bits.
>
> It has been known for some time that quantum theory relativizes
> distinctions that are important for everyday life. E=mc^2 shows the
> equivalence of matter with motion, i.e. with one of its properties.
> The distinction between force and matter is reduced to the distinction
> between fermions and bosons, which can be converted into one another
> under certain conditions.
>
> These quantum structures with a two-dimensional Hilbert space are to
> be thought of as absolute and completely abstract, not as properties
> of a material or energetic structure. I call them AQIs.
>
> The AQIs form matter, energy, as well as the properties of matter and
> energy.
>
> Life only emerged relatively late in the development of the cosmos,
> and only for living things can something become meaningful.
>
>
>
>
> Quoting Karl Javorszky <karl.javorszky en gmail.com>:
>
> > Again, one wonders.
> >
> > Marcus writes:
> >  you also invoke ‘meaning’ which is notoriously difficult to define –
> where
> > do you clearly define meaning?
> >
> >  There is a perfectly valid definition of meaning available for all who
> > have access to the FIS list.
> >
> > The last time this définition was shared with the Learned Friends was 21
> > days ago, 9th December 2024, in a letter to Xueshan.
> >
> > *Information has been defined (eg Liaisons Among Symbols) as the totality
> > of ∆ (n?, n!).*
> >
> > *Meaning has been defined (op. cit.) as the relation of a context to at
> > least one of the Central Elements.*
>
>
>
> Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
> Fellow of the INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF INFORMATION STUDIES
>
> Privat (für Postsendungen):
> Karl-Mangold-Str. 13
> D-81245 München
> Tel: 0049-89-887746
>
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://goernitzunderstandingquantumtheory.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Twd5A-cSLW8XBCnqHSJSmnpnRgk8TzmugecCjfUIUl15bOVeXlewBLt5Z82oDgMW23D9dJVIhIcotYDJNuXxBAlvzbWnJw$
>
> Fachbereich Physik
> J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main
>
>
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