<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">Dear All</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">«Claude Shannon did not formulate a mathematical
definition of information, but he defined a "particular" measure of
the "quantity of information" functional to determining the ability
of a communication channel to transmit coded signals, processed in such a way
as to be indifferent to the information that those signals may represent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"> The
concept of information is more easily defined in operational terms, stating
that an event provides information and therefore allows us to know or believe
something that was not previously known or believed. But underlying both
subjective and objective uses of the term "information" is the
general notion of what determines or shapes. Even in biology we can and must
talk about communication theory but with greater attention, discernment and
risk.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"> The
most important problem to overcome is the communication/meaning relationship.
Lyons distinguishes:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">I. the intended meaning of a message or signal,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">II. the
meaning as understood by the recipient, e</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">III. the
meaning conventionally understood.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"> These
distinctions also find direct correlates in our current operational terms, if
we take as the operational correlate of "meaning" the selective
function (of the message) on the field of possible states of a recipient's
organization system. This immediately leads us to parallel distinctions
between:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">I. the intentional selective function established by
the sender,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">II. the
actual selective function of the receiver, e</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">III. the
meaning conventionally understood.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"> These
distinctions also find direct correlates in our current operational terms, if
we take as the operational correlate of "meaning" the selective
function (of the message) on the field of possible states of a recipient's
organization system. This immediately leads us to parallel distinctions
between:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">I. the intentional selective function established by
the sender,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">II. the
actual selective function of the receiver, e</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">III. the
selective function of a "standard" receiver.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"> Following
Morris and Peirce, semiotics is divided into: <b>syntactic</b>, <b>semantic</b> and
<b>pragmatic</b>. Syntactic studies how signs are related to each other, semantic studies how these signs are related to things, and pragmatic studies how they
are related to people.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">In the theory of sign production we encounter a
fundamental problem, namely the relationship between the content of the
functions and their physical occurrences which should constitute their
"real" referents. This issue is known in semiotic literature as the
"referential fallacy" . In this regard it is good to recall
Saussure's well-known semiotic triangle: Meaning, Significant, Referent"
[Rizzo F., <i>Value and evaluations. The science of economics or the economics of
science</i>, FrancoAngeli, Milan, 1999, pp.330-3).</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">Cari Tutti,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">«Claude
Shannon non ha formulato una definizione matematica dell'informazione, ma ha
definito una "particolare" misura della "quantità
d'informazione" funzionale alla determinazione della capacità di un canale
di comunicazione di trasmettere segnali in codice, elaborata in modo tale da
essere indifferente all'<i>informazione</i>
che quei segnali possono rappresentare.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Il concetto di informazione si definisce
più facilmente in termini operativi, affermando che un evento fornisce
informazione quindi ci permette di sapere o credere qualcosa che prima non si
sapeva o credeva. Ma alla base degli usi sia soggettivi sia oggettivi del
termine "informazione" v'è la nozione generale di ciò che determina o
dà la forma. Anche in biologia si può e si deve parlare di teoria della
comunicazione ma con maggiore attenzione, discernimento e rischio.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Il problema più importante da superare è
il rapporto comunicazione/significato. Lyons distingue:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I. il significato <i>intenzionale </i>di un messaggio o segnale,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">II. il significato così come viene <i>inteso</i> dal ricevente, e</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">III. il significato inteso <i>convenzionalmente</i>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Queste distinzioni trovano anch'esse dei
correlati diretti nei nostri termini operativi attuali, se prendiamo come
correlato operativo di "significato" la <i>funzione selettiva</i> (del messaggio) sul campo dei possibili stati
del sistema di organizzazione di un ricevente. Ciò ci</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif"> conduce immediatamente a distinzioni parallele
tra:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">I. la funzione selettiva <i>intenzionale</i> stabilita dal mittente,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">II. la funzione selettiva <i>reale</i> del ricevente, e</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">III. la funzione selettiva di un ricevente
"standard"<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%">[1]</span></span></span></a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif"> Seguendo Morris e Peirce la semiotica si
suddivide in: <i>sintattica</i>, <i>semantica</i> e <i>pragmatica</i>. La sintattica studia il modo in cui i segni sono
correlati tra loro, la semantica studia il modo in cui queste segni sono
correlati alle cose, e la pragmatica studia il modo in cui essi sono correlati
alle persone<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%">[2]</span></span></span></a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">Nella
teoria della produzione segnica s’incontra un problema fondamentale, e cioè il
rapporto che passa tra il contenuto delle funzioni e le loro occorrenze fisiche
che ne dovrebbero costituire i referenti “reali”, Questa questione è conosciuta
nella letteratura semiotica come “fallacia referenziale”. A questo proposito è
bene richiamare il noto triangolo semiotico di Saussure: Significato,
Significante, Referente</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif">»</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif"> </span><span style="font-family:Times,serif">[</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif">Rizzo F., <i>Valore e valutazioni. La scienza
dell’economia o l’economia della scienza</i>, FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1999,
pp.330-331</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif">].</span><span style="font-family:Times,serif"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Times,serif">Francis</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
</p><div><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><br></span></p></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno lun 30 dic 2024 alle ore 10:00 Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz <<a href="mailto:goernitz@em.uni-frankfurt.de" target="_blank">goernitz@em.uni-frankfurt.de</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Dear All,<br>
I would like to start by wishing everyone a healthy, successful and <br>
hopefully more peaceful new year.<br>
<br>
Now a few comments from me on the current contributions, regarding <br>
information and meaning.<br>
<br>
Natural science seeks rules and laws for the processes in nature.<br>
However, due to the expansion of the cosmos, there are never two <br>
completely identical situations. For an individual case, however, the <br>
idea of a rule is meaningless.<br>
<br>
Rules require similarity, laws require – not only in jurisprudence – equality.<br>
<br>
Similarity and equality arise from sweeping what appears to be <br>
insignificant in the situations under consideration under the carpet.<br>
Changes to inanimate matter require the expenditure of energy, but <br>
living things can also be influenced by meaningful information.<br>
<br>
Scientific explanation starts from simple structures to explain <br>
complicated structures.<br>
Chemistry explains the biochemical basis of life. Quantum mechanics <br>
provides the theoretical basis for chemistry.<br>
<br>
The simplest quantum structures that are mathematically possible have <br>
only a two-dimensional state space. It therefore makes sense to call <br>
them quantum bits.<br>
The particles of quantum mechanics and, with that, the quantum field <br>
theories can be constructed from these structures.<br>
This means that matter can be understood as a special form of such <br>
quantum bits.<br>
<br>
It has been known for some time that quantum theory relativizes <br>
distinctions that are important for everyday life. E=mc^2 shows the <br>
equivalence of matter with motion, i.e. with one of its properties. <br>
The distinction between force and matter is reduced to the distinction <br>
between fermions and bosons, which can be converted into one another <br>
under certain conditions.<br>
<br>
These quantum structures with a two-dimensional Hilbert space are to <br>
be thought of as absolute and completely abstract, not as properties <br>
of a material or energetic structure. I call them AQIs.<br>
<br>
The AQIs form matter, energy, as well as the properties of matter and energy.<br>
<br>
Life only emerged relatively late in the development of the cosmos, <br>
and only for living things can something become meaningful.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Quoting Karl Javorszky <<a href="mailto:karl.javorszky@gmail.com" target="_blank">karl.javorszky@gmail.com</a>>:<br>
<br>
> Again, one wonders.<br>
><br>
> Marcus writes:<br>
> you also invoke ‘meaning’ which is notoriously difficult to define – where<br>
> do you clearly define meaning?<br>
><br>
> There is a perfectly valid definition of meaning available for all who<br>
> have access to the FIS list.<br>
><br>
> The last time this définition was shared with the Learned Friends was 21<br>
> days ago, 9th December 2024, in a letter to Xueshan.<br>
><br>
> *Information has been defined (eg Liaisons Among Symbols) as the totality<br>
> of ∆ (n?, n!).*<br>
><br>
> *Meaning has been defined (op. cit.) as the relation of a context to at<br>
> least one of the Central Elements.*<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz<br>
Fellow of the INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF INFORMATION STUDIES<br>
<br>
Privat (für Postsendungen):<br>
Karl-Mangold-Str. 13<br>
D-81245 München<br>
Tel: 0049-89-887746<br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://goernitzunderstandingquantumtheory.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Twd5A-cSLW8XBCnqHSJSmnpnRgk8TzmugecCjfUIUl15bOVeXlewBLt5Z82oDgMW23D9dJVIhIcotYDJNuXxBAlvzbWnJw$" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://goernitzunderstandingquantumtheory.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Twd5A-cSLW8XBCnqHSJSmnpnRgk8TzmugecCjfUIUl15bOVeXlewBLt5Z82oDgMW23D9dJVIhIcotYDJNuXxBAlvzbWnJw$</a> <br>
<br>
Fachbereich Physik<br>
J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main<br>
<br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div>