[Fis] Chuan's reply12 - THE FRONTIERS OF INTELLIGENCE SCIENCE - Evolution, Develop and Parsimony associated with Intelligence Sciences
Roulette Wm. Smith, Ph.D.
najms at postgraduate-interdisciplinary-studies.org
Mon Mar 30 14:50:32 CEST 2015
Dear FIS colleagues ... and Professor Chuan Zhao, in particular:
At the outset, I wholeheartedly support Chuan's infectious enthusiasm
for intelligence sciences. I have been a member on this list since
2011 and only now am motivated to comment on a topic of mutual
interest.
I recently mentioned a concern that intelligence sciences take into
account evolutionary and developmental issues. To this, I would add
that intelligence sciences also must show more rigorous concerns for
parsimony ... going well beyond Ockham's razor that, in the context of
extant sciences and technologies, is overly simplistic (Smith, 1983).
Let me provide some background for these comments in order to shed
light on what I perceive are bigger pictures. Perhaps the biggest
picture is that intelligences develop and evolve in nature and,
importantly, nature is not STUPID! [NB: This is NOT an argument for
"intelligent design"!!!]
My initial foray into intelligence sciences began with my doctoral
dissertation under Stanford University Professors Patrick Suppes and
Richard C. Atkinson. It dealt with an online computer-assisted
instruction (CAI/CBI) program to teach elementary sentential logic to
middle school students in the Palo Alto (and nearby) unified school
districts (Smith, 1973). The underlying "intelligence" involved an
"axiom-based” proof-checker for analyzing (and correcting) student
responses. A fascinating finding was that some students provided
unanticipated proofs that the Logic Teacher program "learned." This
taught me that intelligence systems always must be capable of learning
and "self-instruction" ... as occurs in the human teachers whose
intelligence and behaviors I was modeling.
My second foray into intelligence sciences involved a simple attempt
at modeling dialogues in conflict mediation and instruction (Smith,
1973). A computer model was crafted to determine how and when to enter
a dialogue between two or more entities (i.e., man and/or machines) in
three situations. One situation involved the computer as instructor
(as in classroom instruction). A second situation involved
non-conflict dialogues. The third situation involved conflicts in
dialogues. A central teaching in this study involved the crucial role
of 'syntaxes of discourses'. [NB: It should not escape one’s notice
that the OMBUSDMAN was a somewhat simplified model of intelligences
required in Turing tests.]
I should note, in passing, that the OMBUDSMAN generated my
foundational interest in “browsing” (Smith, 1982). Working with my
UCSB undergraduate student Phillip Karlton (in 1973), we explored the
metaphorical challenges of artificial intelligence “browsing”
programs modeling a butterfly ‘flittering about’ and
pseudo-randomly seeking honey while pollinating plants. Karlton
subsequently earned a PhD in computer sciences from Carnegie Mellon
University and was an early employee at Netscape prior to his untimely
accidental death.
My next foray into intelligence studies came about because of a UCSF
requirement (as a UCSF medical student) to produce a one-unit credit
independent study on the molecular biology of long-term memory. In
experiments with Dr. Arthur Löve (now a professor at the University
of Iceland) in Professor Stanley Prusiner’s UCSF laboratories, we
affirmed my hypotheses that thyroxine could “speed up” scrapie
infectivity and methimazole could “slow down” scrapie infectivity
in Syrian Golden hamsters. We rejected Prusiner’s hypotheses that
scrapie infectivity would be affected by Syrian Golden hamster diets
of avitaminosis A, avitaminosis C and avitaminosis E. Our finding
provided indirect evidence that scrapie could be a ‘gene’ (cf.
Pattison and Jones, 1967; Pattison and Jones, 1968; Pattison, 1982).
When taken in the context of research on slow infections in Icelandic
sheep (Sigurdsson,1954a; Sigurdsson,1954b; Sigurdsson, 1954c),
transposons (McClintock,), immunoglobulin hyper-variability (Tonegawa
et al., 1978), and an observation by Linus Pauling that brains store
more vitamin C than other organs (Pauling, personal communication in
1977), I then inferred that DNA most likely is the repository of
long-term memories in brains in living systems ([LTM], Smith, 1979).
[NB:Axel's and Buck's subsequent research on odorant memories (Buck
and Axel, 1991) provide further support for my hypothesis.] A testable
prediction was that selected regions of brain would reveal increasing
G*C :: A*T base-pair ratios. [NB: This would be an a priori finding
when compared to a posteriori neural networking (cf. Chuan’s remarks
about Eric Kandel’s profoundly important a posteriori research on
aplysia).] A second prediction was that immune dementia were a
distinct possibility. [NB: This prediction proved to true in 1981 with
discoveries of GRIDS, lav, and, subsequently HIV/AIDS (Smith, 1983;
Smith et al., 1984a, Smith et al., 1984b; Smith, 1984; Smith, 1985;
cf. Smith RD, 1984). It also should not escape one's attention that
visna/maedi is the sheep equivalent of HIV, Johne's disease is a sheep
equivalent of an opportunistic disorder as was Jaagziekte (cf. Smith,
2001). Thus, Sigurdsson’s findings reveal AIDS-like disorders as
early as 1933!]
In citing possibilities that DNA molecules likely are repositories of
LTM, one should not overlook the evolutionary implications for
intelligence sciences. To wit, intelligences … whether in cells,
organelles (e.g., mitochondria; et al.), phyla, species, etc …will
have evolved beginning “syntropically” with the earliest
biological molecules (Smith, 2011). Nor should one overlook ways
“nature” avails itself to parsimonious opportunities and creates
novel parsimonious possibilities. Importantly, the evolution of
symmetry is unlikely to be a necessary or sufficient finding. Even
entropy and syntropy need not be symmetrical.
Now to the matters of critical thinking, common sense and aberrant
common sense. In a "math lab" (for both remedial instruction and math
enrichment) in 1985 at a Sunnyvale, California elementary school, I
observed several students who, I perceived, lacked "common sense." My
perception was based on their error responses to various mathematics
and other questions. I mentioned this to the school librarian. She
mentioned that those same students exhibited difficulties in reading.
I then mentioned this to the school principal who advised that we
discuss our findings in a parent-teacher conference. To my
astonishment, each of the parents were "negative" ... about themselves
and their kids. This experience provided the foundations for my
research on common sense (Smith, 1988; Smith, 2007; Smith, 2008).
I then hypothesized (based on Piaget's and Inhelder's theories on the
development of logical reasoning) that negativism could be a
transmissible "psychovirus" that interrupted or disturbed the
development of logical reasoning. [NB: I studied other
“psychoviruses” too (1987; Smith, 1992).] My subsequent research
across phyla and species reveals both evolutionary and developmental
bases for common sense. Indeed, at a molecular level, I recently
patented devices and methods designed to elucidate and explicate,
among other matters, how stress et al. effectively can alter molecular
logics (e..g., because selected common viruses effectively can change
the genetic code; Smith and Shadel, 2010; Smith, 2015). [NB:
Effectively is italicized because the actual molecular mechanism is
that the stress-activated viruses secondarily deploy selected
transmissible and infectious small RNAs that, in turn, contribute to
mistranscribed and/or mistranslated epigenetic byproducts (i.e., a
process of 'autovirulence'; Smith, 1984; Smith, 2003a; Smith, 2003b;
Smith, 2009).] In short, whereas psychoviruses may contribute to
chaotic behavioral outcomes, stress-activated epigenetic molecular
outcomes may contribute to immediate and/or downstream pathological
responses. I mention these possibilities to underscore a need to
appreciate parsimonious and intelligence issues associated with both
the normal and pathological.
As an aside, I presently am drafting a manuscript entitled "Common
Sense, Aberrant Common Sense and Chaos: Learning from Ebola in West
Africa, Measles Vaccinations, and IPIS/ISIL." Ebola is cited to
underscore chaotic consequences of nascent and poor knowledge. Measles
Vaccinations will illustrate stupidites associated with vaccine
“deniers.” ISIS/ISIL hopefully can make a case for teaching
(disciplinarily) common sense (developmentally).
Bottom line: I do not believe that intelligence is static and/or
merely "logical" (in any mathematical sense). Indeed, as I anticipate
cosmological (interplanetary and other) travel, I anticipate needs for
unexpected and unanticipated evolutionary and developmental changes in
"intelligence." I even advised selected members of NASA research teams
that planned travel to Mars by humans should not overlook
possibilities that stress-activated disorders could profoundly alter
any planned agenda. The underlying message was that intelligence
sciences must be sufficiently well-developed for both normal and
pathological responses involving interplanetary travel, etc.
One last point. As I contemplated Chuan's and others' interests, I
realized that in order to explicate intelligence sciences, one could
benefit from concrete attempts to disambiguate features of allopathic,
ayuvedic and traditional medicines across cultures ... at sea level
and at high altitudes. The syntactic, semantic, semiotic and other
issues will thoroughly 'shake-out' any underlying scholarly issues.
And, regarding parsimony, intelligence sciences could shed light on
parsimony associated with normal (say, genetic) processes in contrast
to aberrant (say, selected epigenetic and/or pathological) processes.
It is interesting to me that the "crab" (symbol) often is associated
with cancer. Of the animals I have studied, crabs appear to exhibit
the least amounts of normal intelligence (Smith, 2007; Smith, 2008).
Likewise, parsimony associated with cancers reveal significant
differences from parsimony associated with normal genetic processes.
Roulette Wm. Smith, Ph.D. - Director
Institute for Postgraduate Interdisciplinary Studies
P. O. Box 60846
Palo Alto, CA 94306 USA
(650) 493-0200 Voicemail only
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/pub/roulette-wm-smith/8/ab9/255/
Email:najms at postgraduate-interdisciplinary-studies.org
Email: najms at humanized-technologies.com
References
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Agent in Tissues of Normal Mice and in Tumours of Tumour-bearing but
Otherwise Normal Mice, Nature 218, 102-104
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Modified Code? Could Kuru be Caused by Cannibalism of Autotoxic
Factors in Brain and Lymphoid Tissue? Does Purification of Molecular
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[Salzburg, AUSTRIA — July] 4:358-362.
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>
> --- Original message ---
> Subject: [Fis] Chuan's reply12 - THE FRONTIERS OF INTELLIGENCE SCIENCE
> -more and enough dimentions
> From: 赵川 <zhaoc at cdut.edu.cn>
> To: <joe.brenner at bluewin.ch>, Pedro C. Marijuan
> <pcmarijuan.iacs at aragon.es>
> Cc: =?UTF-8?Q?FIS=E8=AE=BA=E5=9D=9B?= <fis at listas.unizar.es>
> Date: Sunday, 29/03/2015 8:18 AM
>
> Dear Joseph, Pedro and the leaguers,
> Just as Pedro emphasized, the evolutionary dimension or say
> biography dimension of intelligence discussion, I have many want to
> say with this point.
> 1. I think of Eric R Kandel( 1929～). In his own academic
> story, he described: while he first went to Prof. Grundfest’s
> laboratory in 1955. He said he want to know where the Id, ego and
> superego in Freud’s theorem are in brain. Instead of laughing at
> him, the teacher told him the strategy of brain study as every time
> one cell. Finally Kandel’s research was prized by Nobel Prize,
> though he can not straightly answer his first will yet.
> 2. Brain Science has many achievements. But we have not
> absorbed these achievements enough. Once I am amazing and deep
> inspired while I learned one discover of Kandel: within the memory
> process there are protein formed! That is great- the bridge of matter
> and mind!
> 3. Another amazing and enjoy was while I study Joseph’s
> thesis he send to me: oh, it is so nice and interesting that this
> scholar study “forget”! Pedro mentioned: Otherwise we leave
> “empty”. That is good idea – I welcome it very much for
> “empty” is the superiority in orient. Beside the two fields are
> mentioned we can gain some in methodology: Memory – forget; exist
> – empty, add Rafael’s intelligence – stupidity, all are symmetry
> dimensions measures to approach Intelligence/Information, symmetry is
> a kind of manner, symmetry study is an engine of thought. All such
> effort are strutting the space of Intelligence study space till it is
> big enough.
>
> There are another such issues later.
>
> Best regards,
> Chuan
> March 29, 2015
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