[Fis] Contingency signals: AI Information, Decision and Learning

[William Miller]

 Kassimir, I appreciated our astute comments. You might be interested to note that what you detailed is codified through the concept of infoautopoiesis, initiated by Jaime Cardenas-Garcia and emphasized by my work and our mutual papers. In this framework, all the information that any cell has of its external environment is the result of its internal measurement of received syntactic information from its receptors (syntactic information is stimuli resulting from matter-energy interactions devoid of intrinsic meaning). That received information, as a source of initial ambiguity, is measured internally by a cell for value as infocomputation for salience and valence, pertaining to its relationship to any cell's preferential state of flux). This is the cell's actual information (Effective Information, *EI) , which it has developed internally, which is the translation of syntactic information into semantic meaning-laden information that can be used by the cell for decision-making and problem-solving. A necessary correlate follows: all the information that any cell has is self-produced. Jaime and I regard this linkage as a fundamental aspect of the living frame.Best regards, Bill 
    On Monday, November 24, 2025 at 09:44:00 AM MST, Krassimir Markov <itheaiss at gmail.com> wrote:  
 
 Dear Steve,
I was pleased to read your letter. You are very close to the definition of what we call "information", but you have not yet separated information as a result of its mention on a par with the causes.
In fact, things are quite simple - what you call a "signal" is a two-sided entity.
On the one hand, the environment affects the receptors, on the other hand, the receptors are activated and send impulses further into the body. Not all external influences are perceived as signals. For example, no matter how loudly you speak to a 100% deaf person, he will not register the arrival of signals from you.
Therefore, it is correct to talk not about "signals", but about "reflections". Only when the receptors reflect the impact, only then does a process begin that leads to the appearance of "information".
Any perceived reflection is "data" until it is recognized by the body.
It is precisely the recognized data that is information, i.e. information is data with meaning.
Further, if the information is fixed in the long-term memory of the organism, it becomes "knowledge".
Some organisms can externalize their knowledge and thus interact with others.
Well, in everyday jargon, usually, either out of ignorance or laziness, people use the word "information" to denote either data or externalized knowledge, for example, it is usually said "I collect information from sensors", while the correct one is "I collect data from sensors", as well as "I read a lot of information in the library today", instead of, "I gained a lot of knowledge in the library today".
As an illustration, I attach a slide from my presentation at the 7th International Conference on Philosophy of Information (ICPI 2025), which was part of IS4SI 2025 - The 2025 Summit of the International Society for the Study of Information, June 2025, In-person and on-line, Varna, Bulgaria.
With respect,
Krassimir




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