[Fis] John Torday

[Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz]

Dear John, dear Fis participants,

Many thanks to John for his message.

Apparently, my text was not clear enough and could have given rise to  
misunderstanding.

“Thomas's statement that Quantum Mechanics constitutes something  
greater than itself”

Cosmic and biological evolution primarily concerns material and  
energetic developments. Ultimately, living beings emerge after solid,  
cool celestial bodies such as planets. Living beings differ from  
non-living beings in their “homeostatic control.”

In my view, such control processes can also be described as regulation  
(Steuerung).

The essential factor here is not the energy that is always used. The  
essential factor is the meaning that a receiving system assigns to the  
control impulses.

In my understanding, the essential factor in control is not the energy  
involved, but the effect caused by the transmitted influence, i.e.,  
the meaning of information.

Photons with a wavelength of 550 nm, i.e., with an energy of about  
2.25 eV, hit my retina. That is pretty uninteresting. It becomes more  
interesting when I say that I see a tree, its leaves, its state of  
health. This information is essential to me, not the wavelength of  
photons. For non-physicists, it is usually sufficient to know that the  
light reflected by trees cannot cause sunburn.

In this example, the color and thus the value of the energy is part of  
the interesting information.
When I read a text, the color of the letters on the paper is  
irrelevant (unless it is light yellow on white, which makes it  
unreadable, as is the case with some modern designs).

So what is the essence of quantum theory?

Just as we no longer consider electrodynamics to be part of mechanics,  
quantum theory should be divided into three areas.
Quantum mechanics works with a fixed number of quantum particles and,  
as a rule, with a classical force field. If one wants to describe this  
force field in terms of quantum theory, one must move on to quantum  
field theory.
Quantum field theories differ from quantum mechanics in that not only  
properties can be created and eliminated, but also quantum particles  
themselves.

Thus, one must move from the classical electromagnetic field to the  
abundance of real and virtual photons that can be created and destroyed.
Quantum field theories, with their uncountably infinite dimensional  
state spaces, are the most complex structures with which access to  
experiments is still possible.

Max Planck writes in his memoirs that he arrived at quantum theory via  
entropy.
This was in contrast to his contemporaries, who tried in vain to make  
radiation processes understandable through the concept of energy.
Entropy is information that is either uninteresting, unknown, or  
unrecognizable. Therefore, quantum theory is, from its origins, a  
theory about information.
The small particles were added later.

Max Planck's formula E=hν or ϱ=hc/λ4 shows that ever smaller quantum  
structures also mean an excessively growing energy density. And even  
the infinitely dimensional state space of a quantum particle is no  
indication of any particular simplicity.

The mathematically simplest of all possible quantum structures have  
only a two-dimensional state space, albeit over complex numbers. (The  
Bloch sphere of the states of a quantum bit in a quantum computer is a  
two-dimensional real space.)

Now, in my opinion, a particularly important aspect of quantum theory  
comes into play:
To my knowledge, quantum theory is the first and probably the only  
mathematically structured theory that allows the emergence of  
something new to be explained mathematically.

Otherwise, the term “emergence” is usually used to describe “the  
appearance of something new.”
I understand emergence as the task of actually explaining a previously  
inexplicable and incomprehensible “turn up” (Latin emergere).


The mathematical structure and basis of quantum theory, which is  
capable of explaining emergence mathematically, consists in the way in  
which subsystems are assembled into a holistic whole.

Classical physics combines subsystems into a complete system by adding  
the state spaces together.
Quantum theory, in fundamental contrast to this, forms the tensor  
product of the state spaces of the parts. Except for 1×1=1 and  
2+2=2×2, in all cases with more parts or larger numbers, a product is  
greater than the sum: 2×2×2>2+2+2.


When subsystems are combined to form a quantum physical overall  
system, the state space is greatly enlarged. This allows for states  
for which there is not the slightest indication in the parts.
The best example of all this is chemistry. Molecules have different  
and completely new properties than the atoms from which they are  
constructed in quantum physics. Consider the differences between  
hydrogen and oxygen and their connection to water.

The multiplicative composition of state spaces, in which the dimension  
of the state space of the whole is the product of the dimensions of  
the state spaces of the parts, is the reason why quantum particles and  
quantum fields can also be constructed from absolute and still  
meaning-free quantum bits, the AQIs.


For practical reasons, it is useful to distinguish between the quantum  
structures of matter, energy, and information.
Matter has a rest mass, is inert, and maintains its current state.
We call the entity that is necessary to change the state of matter and  
influence it energy.
Information is the entity that can trigger energies that are available  
in living beings.
Since Einstein's E=mc2, it has been known in physics that motion  
(kinetic energy) can be converted into matter and, conversely, matter  
into motion.

Quantum theory has made it possible to extend this equivalence of  
matter and energy to abstract and as yet meaning-free absolute quantum  
information.

This allows a completely new understanding of the quantum particles of  
matter and energy.

Mathematically, in tensor product formation, the initial parts  
disappear into the holistic, partless wholeness of the product space.
This is the case when, for example, photons are constructed from AQIs.  
The AQIs disappear in the state space of the photon. But the  
construction of a photon from quantum structures with a  
two-dimensional state space also explains why properties can be  
perceived in a photon that can be accurately interpreted as quantum  
bits.

However, especially in chemical interactions, the energies involved  
are so small that no new or different material particles can be formed.
Therefore, in many cases it is possible to speak of entangled  
particles as if these particles were completely unchanged during the  
entanglement.

In high-energy processes, where the interaction energy is sufficiently  
large, completely new and different particles can be created. The  
simplest such process is the annihilation of an electron-positron pair  
into two photons.

Quantum theory therefore does not make anything bigger than itself.
However, quantum theory shows that entangled systems can have new and  
significantly different properties than the parts from which they are  
composed or than the parts into which they can be broken down.

The tensor product structure of quantum theory is the mathematical  
expression for the situation in which, in quantum physical  
interactions, the whole is more than the sum of its parts.

I wish everyone a relaxing weekend.
Best regards,
Thomas



Quoting JOHN TORDAY <jtorday at ucla.edu>:

> Dear fis, I wanted to thank you all for your patience with my
> non-information-based energy position regarding evolution. I would like to
> close from my perspective to say that in my opinion evolution is
> constituted by serial homeostatic control of energy, relegating
> "information" to a sufficient place in the process. Evolution is the flow
> of energy, beginning from the Big Bang through all organisms on earth as a
> continuum. I am happy to field comments and questions. Moreover, in
> response to my comment about gravity generating 'something greater than
> ourselves' I don't understand Thomas's statement that Quantum Mechanics
> constitutes something greater than itself when all of the energy and matter
> involved are accounted for? Perhaps Thomas could comment?
>
> Best, John
>
> John S. Torday
> Professor of Pediatrics
> Obstetrics and Gynecology
> Evolutionary Medicine
> UCLA
>
> *Fellow, The European Academy of Science and Arts*



Prof. Dr. Thomas Görnitz
Fellow of the INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF INFORMATION STUDIES

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Fachbereich Physik
J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main