[Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 16

Fri Oct 20 23:13:28 CEST 2023

Dear Colleagues, I want to comment shortly the Yixin points about:

*The Paradigm Shift*

I reordered points according their importance.

(2) There may have different understanding on the concept of paradigm.
However, the concept of paradigm for a scientific discipline has been
re-defined as the scientific world view and the associated
methodology because the scientific worldview and its methodology as a whole
is the only factor that can determine whether a scientific discipline needs
a "revolution" (Kuhn's language).

*I agree. This is a basic consideration. *

(4) There is difference between human intelligence and human wisdom. One of
the functions of human wisdom is to find the to-be-solved problem which
must be meaningful for human purpose of improving the living and
developing. Yet, the function of human intelligence is to solve the problem
defined by human wisdom.

(5) Human intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human wisdom cannot
be simulated by machine because machine is non-living beings that has no
its own purpose and cannot understand human purpose. No purpose means no
wisdom.

*I agree if we discuss the current “state of the art”. But in the future
... who knows?*

*And now, the most important points.*

(1) The purpose of the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI" is to make an
appeal for change the paradigm used in AI.

(3) The major result of "paradigm change in AI" is to change the
methodology used in AI, including the principles of "pure formalism" and
"divide and conquer".  This is because of the fact that the former
principle leads to the ignoring the meaning and value and thus leads to the
loss of understanding ability and explaining ability while the latter one
leads to the loss of the general theory for AI. Note that "no explaining
ability" and "no general theory" are the most typical and also most
concerned problems for current AI.

*I agree. What is needed, from my point of view, is to edit the Declaration
to become clearer just in this sense.*

***

*Let me remember that in the literature there are many publications about
paradigm shifts in AI. *

For instance, in

*The Paradigm Shifts in Artificial Intelligence*

Vasant Dhar,  New York University, Stern School of Business and the Center
for Data Science. July 2023,
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2308/2308.02558.pdf__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-u6rM4KI$ 

the author proposed four paradigm shifts in AI as they are presented in the
next table
[image: image.png]

Another point of view to the paradigm shifts one may see in the paper from
2007:

Kerstin Dautenhahn, (*2007*). A Paradigm Shift in Artificial Intelligence:
Why Social Intelligence Matters in the Design and Development of Robots
with Human-Like Intelligence. In: Lungarella, M., Iida, F., Bongard, J.,
Pfeifer, R. (eds) 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science(), vol 4850. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-Djomz7U$ 

https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-aFSZR-Y$ 

In the work:

Shirish Bahirat, Why the AI is the biggest paradigm shift and how its
reshaping humanity, Jun 19, 2023

https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://shirishbahirat.medium.com/why-the-ai-is-the-biggest-paradigm-shift-yet-6a277e2a0c0e__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-8iiXLCc$ 

author discusses the possibility to emerge a “Human-AI Symbiosis” and, what
he calls, a “superintelligence”.

To be continued ...

Best regards, Krassimir

На чт, 19.10.2023 г. в 21:52 ч. <fis-request at listas.unizar.es> написа:

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> than "Re: Contents of Fis digest..."
> Today's Topics:
>
>    1. Re: Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12 (Pedro C. Mariju?n)
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: "Pedro C. Marijuán" <pedroc.marijuan at gmail.com>
> To: fis at listas.unizar.es
> Cc:
> Bcc:
> Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 20:51:56 +0200
> Subject: Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12
> Dear All,
>
> As the themes fly so fast, I have mixed some of the ideas previously
> circulated
>
> When Krassimir was asking about definitions of intelligence, responded by
> several parties (Karl, Yixin, Eric, Marcus...), I was reminded of a curious
> fact. Nobody would dare speak about intelligence in the "inanimate" world.
> Undoubtedly intelligence appears with life, with the biologic system. Given
> that life is hardly definable, no wonder that intelligence, one of its
> essential characteristics neither is. Of course, we can produce many
> empirical notions approaching it... Nevertheless, where exactly can be
> situated the emergence of intelligence in the biologic?
>
> A very recent contribution letter in Nature was claiming with good and
> brief arguments that sentience and cognition are absolutely related to the
> living cell, even the simplest ones (our occasional FIS colleague Bill
> Miller was one of the signatories--in Vol 620, p. 37, 3 August 2023). In a
> similar direction I also very recently have published a contribution in
> BioSystems journal (with Jorge Navarro --233, 2023, 105039) attempting the
> intellective link from cells to nervous systems and the human case,
> connecting with AI. In human intelligence, the extraordinary role played by
> social emotions, we argue, should be put in a new light (remember Kahneman
> about S1 and S2 utterly different human responses to novelty), at least if
> we want to contribute somehow to a better understanding of today's mounting
> techno-troubles. Let me state that referring to human intentions, purposes,
> values, etc., they do not quite make a cogent sense except properly
> connected with the reality of our life courses or "cycles"... In fact,
> these connections are frequently established in a biased and tricky way by
> most commercial AI systems. But there are positive hints there (see the
> field of "sentiment analysis"), for the hope is that AI might open new
> windows to the rather limited understanding of our whole intellection
> (intelligence/emotions), and even evolve towards a new understanding of AI
> itself, more properly intertwined with the extended realms of, say, natural
> intelligence.
>
> It is in the above sense that I welcome the call to a new paradigm, etc.,
> as a possibility to provoke new discussions. Although I disagree with the
> scientific-philosophical validity of the term, and with some of the gross
> simplifications about the characterization of physical paradigm. (Some of
> the most magnificent syntheses of human history precisely were there: what
> was the Newtonian theory but a fantastic synthesis of the celestial motions
> and all the diverse motions on Earth? An amazing, epochal integration). I
> also fail to make sense of "wisdom"-- does it abide in common folks, in
> social networks, in "experts", in committees, in governments, in entire
> societies or cultures, in our civilization? Is it just a vague idealization
> out from common sense? In any event, wisdom seems to be the most scarce,
> depleted public resource today. In particular, I think a well-arranged AI
> system for medical diagnosis could be far more reliable and wiser than a
> facultative of primary care or a specialist (I mean, becoming a great
> helping hand for the troubled practitioners of our overwhelmed public
> health systems). And thinking more in general, these days I was trying to
> compile a list of our common intellectual limitations (maybe I will send
> them to the list for advise later on), in this respect the mirror that AI
> could offer on us could be scary...
>
> To conclude, it looks as if a good rhetoric instrumentation has been
> deployed by the presenters (thanks!), which is important and interesting at
> the time being to promote a general debate on the AI complex and somehow
> risky enterprise, but in my opinion with some gaps yet. I will try to
> advance more precisions in later exchanges.
>
> Best regards,
> --Pedro
>
> El 19/10/2023 a las 11:55, Eric Werner escribió:
>
> Dear Yixin,
>
> Can you be more specific what you mean by "change the paradigm used in
> AI".  It might help to give a specific example.
>
> *At present AI systems certainly behave as if they are goal directed.
>
> *AI systems appear to have wisdom in that they can propose wise courses of
> action
>
> * What do you mean by "pure formalism"?  It seems one of the powers of
> formalism is to understand AI and human intelligence.
>
> * It seems AI systems exhibit human-like wisdom when they offer advice or
> guide the actions of a virtual assistant or self driving car. The react
> based on the circumstances and goals of the other, at leas to an extent.
>
> * Why can't a machine understand human goals and purposes if it gains a
> model of those from human data?
>
> * Why can't an AI system have intentions?
>
> My overall problem is understanding your specific criticism of the present
> AI paradigm? This notion seems to me to need clearer definition.
>
> How would you overcome the present AI paradigm and what specifically is
> different when you want to "change the paradigm used in AI"???
>
> This is not a criticism it is a real question in trying to understand
> you.  At present I just don't see the difference between the present AI
> paradigm and your new AI paradigm.
>
> Best wishes,
>
> Eric
>
>
>
> On 10/19/23 8:48 AM, 钟义信 wrote:
>
> Dear Krassimir, Dear Eric, and Dear Colleagues,
>
> The discussion is going on well thanks to all your efforts.
>
> Here is a few points I would like to mention (or re-mention).
>
> (1) The purpose of the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI" is to make
> an appeal for *change the paradigm used in AI.*
>
> (2) There may have different understanding on the concept of paradigm.
> However, *the concept of paradigm for a scientific discipline has been
> re-defined as the scientific world view and the associated methodology* because
> the scientific worldview and its methodology as a whole is the only factor
> that can determine whether a scientific discipline needs a "revolution"
> (Kuhn's language).
>
> (3) The major result of "paradigm change in AI" is *to change the
> methodology used in AI, including the principles of "pure formalism" and
> "divide and conquer"*.  This is because of the fact that *the former
> principle leads to the ignoring the meaning and value and thus leads to the
> loss of understanding ability and explaining ability* while *the latter
> one leads to the loss of the general theory for AI*. Note that "no
> explaining ability" and "no general theory" are the most typical and also
> most concerned problems for current AI.
>
> (4) There is *difference between human intelligence and human wisdom*.
> One of the functions of human wisdom is to find the to-be-solved problem
> which must be meaningful for human purpose of improving the living and
> developing. Yet, the function of human intelligence is to solve the problem
> defined by human wisdom.
>
> (5) Human intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human wisdom
> cannot be simulated by machine because machine is non-living beings that
> has no its own purpose and cannot understand human purpose. No purpose
> means no wisdom.
>
> I wonder if you agree or not. Comments are welcome!
>
> Best regards,
>
>
>
> Prof. Yixin ZHONG
> AI School, BUPT
> Beijing 100876, China
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ------------------ Original ------------------
> *From: * "Krassimir Markov"<itheaiss at gmail.com> <itheaiss at gmail.com>;
> *Date: * Thu, Oct 19, 2023 03:32 AM
> *To: * "fis"<fis at listas.unizar.es> <fis at listas.unizar.es>;
> *Subject: * Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12
>
> Dear Yixin, Eric and FIS colleagues,
> Let me present some thoughts about
>
> *The “Intelligence” Paradigm*
>
> For those who are not familiar with the concepts of "paradigm" and
> "paradigm shift", I would recommend texts from Wikipedia that explain it
> clearly enough.
>
> I myself maintain a neutral position in the dispute between Popper and
> Kuhn regarding the development of science. Both theses have their grounds,
> but at different levels and stages. In fact, in this case, the law of
> quantitative accumulation, which leads to qualitative changes, applies.
> Obviously, in a number of cases the paradigm shift happens in leaps and
> bounds, while in others it happens smoothly and barely perceptibly.
>
> For example, the accumulation of sufficient observations and evidences
> regarding the shape of the earth required a shift to a new paradigm: from
> the "Earth is flat" paradigm to the "Earth is not flat" paradigm.
>
> Sometimes opposing paradigms can coexist, not negating each other, but
> complementing each other. For example, this is the case with Euclid's fifth
> postulate (the parallel postulate).
>
> The postulate has long been considered self-evident or inevitable, but no
> evidence has been found. Eventually, it was discovered that reversing the
> postulate gave valid, albeit different, geometries. A geometry where the
> parallelism postulate does not hold is known as non-Euclidean geometry.
>
> With regard to the paradigm of "intelligence" we have a similar situation.
> We have at least two opposing paradigms based on two opposing postulates.
>
> The first, let's call it the "flat intelligence postulate", was well
> articulated by Yixin in his post:
>
> "Intelligence is the ability to solve problems, but not the ability to
> detect and define problems, the latter of which is one of the faculties of
> wisdom."
>
> The second, let's call it the "non-flat intelligence postulate", will
> sound unifying: "Intelligence is both the ability to solve problems and the
> ability to detect and define problems" (Eric), but in different directions
> in the hierarchy of intelligences (KM)". This is how we arrive at the idea
> of cybernetic systems, where there is a controller and a controlled, but
> the controller is connected to the environment from which it receives
> controlling influences and is, in practice, both "controller" and
> "controlled", but in different aspects of the system.
>
>
> [image: image.png]
>
>
>
>
> To be continued ...
>
>
> ----------
>
>
>
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