[Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12
Krassimir Markov
itheaiss at gmail.com
Wed Oct 18 21:31:47 CEST 2023
Dear Yixin, Eric and FIS colleagues,
Let me present some thoughts about
*The “Intelligence” Paradigm*
For those who are not familiar with the concepts of "paradigm" and
"paradigm shift", I would recommend texts from Wikipedia that explain it
clearly enough.
I myself maintain a neutral position in the dispute between Popper and Kuhn
regarding the development of science. Both theses have their grounds, but
at different levels and stages. In fact, in this case, the law of
quantitative accumulation, which leads to qualitative changes, applies.
Obviously, in a number of cases the paradigm shift happens in leaps and
bounds, while in others it happens smoothly and barely perceptibly.
For example, the accumulation of sufficient observations and evidences
regarding the shape of the earth required a shift to a new paradigm: from
the "Earth is flat" paradigm to the "Earth is not flat" paradigm.
Sometimes opposing paradigms can coexist, not negating each other, but
complementing each other. For example, this is the case with Euclid's fifth
postulate (the parallel postulate).
The postulate has long been considered self-evident or inevitable, but no
evidence has been found. Eventually, it was discovered that reversing the
postulate gave valid, albeit different, geometries. A geometry where the
parallelism postulate does not hold is known as non-Euclidean geometry.
With regard to the paradigm of "intelligence" we have a similar situation.
We have at least two opposing paradigms based on two opposing postulates.
The first, let's call it the "flat intelligence postulate", was well
articulated by Yixin in his post:
"Intelligence is the ability to solve problems, but not the ability to
detect and define problems, the latter of which is one of the faculties of
wisdom."
The second, let's call it the "non-flat intelligence postulate", will sound
unifying: "Intelligence is both the ability to solve problems and the
ability to detect and define problems" (Eric), but in different directions
in the hierarchy of intelligences (KM)". This is how we arrive at the idea
of cybernetic systems, where there is a controller and a controlled, but
the controller is connected to the environment from which it receives
controlling influences and is, in practice, both "controller" and
"controlled", but in different aspects of the system.
[image: image.png]
To be continued ...
На ср, 18.10.2023 г. в 15:07 ч. <fis-request at listas.unizar.es> написа:
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> Today's Topics:
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> 1. Re: Paradigm AI - I guess we call it Genius (Eric Werner)
>
>
>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------
> From: Eric Werner <eric.werner at oarf.org>
> To: Karl Javorszky <karl.javorszky at gmail.com>
> Cc: "钟义信" <zyx at bupt.edu.cn>, fis <fis at listas.unizar.es>
> Bcc:
> Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:07:13 +0200
> Subject: Re: [Fis] Paradigm AI - I guess we call it Genius
>
> Dear Karl,
>
> Thank you for bringing this important point to my attention. Here are some
> thoughts:
> I guess we call it Genius
>
> - Difference between generating and understanding or reading
> - Super intelligence, requires genius or generational understanding
> - Generative intelligence
> - Creative intelligence
> - Compositional intelligence
> - Formative intelligence
> - Evolutional intelligence
> - Restricting, intelligence to problem-solving, dismisses, creative
> acts of composition in science and the arts
> - Think of Heinz Kohut’s formation of the self in psychology versus
> Freudian reactive psychology
> - It’s the difference between discovering a theorem, and proving the
> theorem
> - It’s the difference between school-boy problem-solving, and Newton
> - Some psychologists think of intelligence in relationship to testing
> people for their ability to cope in educational institutions. They want to
> see if they are college material or not.
> - With future All systems were talking about Newton level intelligence
> not college level intelligence
> - Kantian synthetic intelligence
> - We better be ready for that! If not, we got some real problems.
> - That is why making these systems social and cooperative is so
> essential.
>
> We may quickly reach a point where the compositional creative intelligence
> of artificial models is so powerful, we will not be able to understand
> them. Not just how they work. We already don't understand how they work
> now. But their reasoning and new outputs such, as for example, mathematical
> insights. Imagine a system that can reason and develop 2,000 years of
> mathematics in a few minutes. It is precisely this overarching linking of
> knowledge that makes for real intelligence such as that of Leibniz or
> Newton. The old school model of psychological testing of intelligence
> uses a definition of intelligence that is to limiting for AI models. AI
> models are not your evey day student.
>
> Best wishes,
>
> Eric
> On 10/18/23 12:59 PM, Karl Javorszky wrote:
>
> Dear Eric,
>
>
>
> Your statement: „The essence of general intelligence is the ability to not
> only solve an externally given problem but to be creative and find and
> define problems.” is at deviance to accepted delineations of concepts in
> the trade of psychology. Rohracher [1] has defined in 1969 (and to my
> knowledge, no one has disputed this wording): “Intelligence is the degree
> of efficiency [of the CNS] while solving new problems.”
>
> What you refer to is subsumed variously under: creativity, alertness,
> curiosity, vitality, spontaneity.
>
> There is consensus in the epistemology of psychology that there can exist
> no final, conclusive, all-encompassing theory of personality (in which
> intelligence and adaptability/curiosity would or would not be separated as
> concepts), because if such an ultimate, final, true theory of personality
> would exist, that assumption would negate the axiomatic rule that one can
> always learn something new, at least about himself. There is, by
> definition, no end to introspection and philosophy. One can always come up
> with a new theory of personality and one cannot rule out that a new theory
> of personality would be more reasonable, truer, more conclusive than
> anything that has existed before.
>
> Psychologists see theories about mind and soul in the same way believers
> see their God. It is impossible to recognize all features of God, let alone
> to insist that one has a correct reading.
>
> So, if you decide not to distinguish between efficiency of solving new
> problems and ability and tendency towards finding new problems to solve,
> you are free to do so. Established use of words splits the two personality
> traits.
>
> I have prepared a statement about the key word “otherwise”. The word is
> needed to scale the efficiency of mental processes while solving new
> problems (aka ‘intelligence’) by scaling the diversity/similarity
> properties of alternatives. To be able to efficiently choose between
> alternatives, one needs to have alternatives that are different among each
> other. The task is to find such collections of symbols that are
> alternatives to each other, not by machinations by humans, but as members
> of a symbols collection. This task is not easy to solve while using the
> symbols set in the traditional, Sumerian ways only. One needs to assume
> that symbols have their own properties, by their nature, immanent to them.
>
> Due to the two-messages-per-week rule, the contribution shall come next
> week.
>
> Karl
>
> [1] Rohracher, H.: Einführung in die Psychologie, Urban & Schwarzenberg,
> Wien 1951
>
> Am Mi., 18. Okt. 2023 um 12:01 Uhr schrieb Eric Werner <
> eric.werner at oarf.org>:
>
>> Dear Yixin,
>>
>> Thank you for you comments!
>>
>> To your point (2): The essence of general intelligence is the ability to
>> not only solve an externally given problem, but to be creative and find and
>> define problems. For example, given a knowledge of mathematics and physics
>> and data to generate new mathematics and new insights into the nature of
>> the world.
>>
>> To your point (3): Biotechnology and AI are somewhat independent fields.
>> AI can help genome research and decoding genomes. But once genomes are
>> decoded that information can be used to construct more general AI models.
>> When I say "architecture" I meant the architecture of the human brain
>> encoded in the human genome. This architectural information can be used to
>> guide the structuring of AI models be be more potent and more human like.
>> And, AI may well help in the process of structuring its future version.
>> That is what I meant by selfreferencing.
>>
>> To the more general point, formalization of social information can help
>> guide the improvement of AI models to be more social and have greater
>> abilities in a AI-robot social setting.
>>
>> All the best,
>>
>> Eric
>> On 10/18/23 9:16 AM, 钟义信 wrote:
>>
>> Dear Eric,
>>
>> Thank you for the interesting talk on "Paradigm AI" from which I learned
>> a lot.
>>
>> As a discussant, may I propose some of my understanding. Comments are
>> welcome.
>>
>> (1) I appreciate your idea that saying "Physics paradigm PPD does not fit
>> well with AI paradigm" and "Information paradigm PID is a better fit". This
>> is the valuable common basis, between you and me, concerning the PPD, PID
>> and AI.
>>
>> (2) How to define the concept of intelligence? This is a very difficult
>> problem. To my own understanding, the following short statement may serve
>> as one of the candidates: *Intelligence is the ability to solve problem
>> but not the ability to find and define problem, the latter of which is one
>> of the abilities for wisdom.*
>>
>> (3) The paradigm for AI can be used as the paradigm for bio-technology
>> with certain simplification and specialization. This judgement is not based
>> on their "structure/architecture", but based on their "information
>> function" - which is the basic function in both AI and biotechnology, that
>> is to seek opportunity for "living (or solving problem)" and to avoid the
>> "danger (or failing to problem solving)".
>>
>> Once again, comments and criticisms are most welcome.
>>
>>
>> Best regards,
>>
>>
>> Prof. Yixin ZHONG
>> AI School, BUPT
>> Beijing 100876, China
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> ------------------ Original ------------------
>> *From: * "Eric Werner"<eric.werner at oarf.org> <eric.werner at oarf.org>;
>> *Date: * Tue, Oct 17, 2023 02:32 AM
>> *To: * "fis"<fis at listas.unizar.es> <fis at listas.unizar.es>;
>> *Subject: * [Fis] Paradigm AI
>>
>>
>> Here are some brief thoughts on Paradigms and AI by I presume was written
>> by Yixin Zhong since I cannot read Chinese.
>> Paradigm AI
>>
>> - I agree that the physics paradigm PPD doesn’t fit well with the AI
>> paradigm, and that the information paradigm PID is a better fit
>> - Artificial intelligence systems, don’t necessarily learn from human
>> beings. In unsupervised learning they learn from data and not from humans.
>> - The problem, and becomes really how to define what intelligence is:
>> Which of the following is it?
>> - Rational inference
>> - Summarizing large amounts of text and data
>> - Making new predictions based on scientific theories and
>> available data
>> - Developing new theories that explain the data in the more
>> succinct way, and making new predictions
>> - Developing new technologies independently of human input
>> - Planning and executing the actions and intentions of a robot
>> - Having social intelligence
>> - Being cooperative with a human being in achieving a task
>> - Interrelating two discipline, such as physics and mathematics,
>> to make new discoveries
>> - Understanding, genomes in the way that human beings cannot
>> - Designing new organisms by designing their genomes
>> - I agree with the language of a new paradigm, such as artificial
>> intelligence will develop slowly step by step in conjunction with its use
>> -both conceptually and experimentally .
>> - In a new paradigm entire new language is created as a paradigm is
>> developed
>> - The language evolves in concert with a new ontology suggested by
>> the paradigm
>> - It is an ontology of objects, technologies, actions, and
>> strategies
>> - What will be particularly interesting, is the *linking of the
>> paradigm of artificial intelligence with the paradigm of biotechnology*
>> - Biotechnology and AI will truly link the human brain with the
>> artificial brain
>> - The genome of the natural brain will be reflected in the
>> architecture of the artificial brain
>> - Hence by using AI to decode the genome of the natural brain, it
>> will be self-reflected in the design of the developing artificial brain
>> - This will bring unprecedented social and rational functionality
>> to the artificial brain
>> - Note that the biotech-genome paradigm also is founded on the
>> information paradigm.
>>
>> Thank you Yixin Zhong for your input and emphasizing the intimate
>> relationship of information and AI paradigms.
>>
>> Best wishes,
>>
>> Eric
>> --
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * Dr. Eric Werner Oxford Advanced Research Foundation https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QlVCxxAeKwv-qK67v_Y3KP-S2LV31Dq4YxKtRDkvjk0Yq1WlDHYLybJDGLr7Gkcoyt0EvvXycNLb87vCLP0$
>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!TIIx5Wtklq6f08o-lkfpzmVltSrC8Oy2oMP7tcMZsYwSN5x_BDJBF1vtN9DOTbE6BXCYP2mXThgkBtz8Hin4ZKg$>
>> *
>>
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>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * Dr. Eric Werner Oxford Advanced Research Foundation https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QlVCxxAeKwv-qK67v_Y3KP-S2LV31Dq4YxKtRDkvjk0Yq1WlDHYLybJDGLr7Gkcoyt0EvvXycNLb87vCLP0$
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> --
>
>
>
>
>
> * Dr. Eric Werner Oxford Advanced Research Foundation https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QlVCxxAeKwv-qK67v_Y3KP-S2LV31Dq4YxKtRDkvjk0Yq1WlDHYLybJDGLr7Gkcoyt0EvvXycNLb87vCLP0$
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