<div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div>Dear Jason,</div><div><br>My answer is NONE!<br><br>Science is not a religion and there is no need to point fingers at the apostles.<br><br>Science develops according to completely different rules.<br><br>In the early years of information science education, the emphasis should be on the main scientific directions and schools, choosing for study those that are relevant in the respective region.</div><div><br>What is the point of explaining to future farmers who are Al‑Khwarizmi or Donald Knuth
?<br><br>We need to learn to create happy people, not unhappy knowledgeable people!</div><div><br>With respect,<br>Krassimir<br><br>PS: Since the New Year's lecture is in progress, we should stop other discussions and focus on the very important and interesting topic of art.<br></div><div><br></div><div>_____________________________________</div><div><br></div><div>> Dear Krassimir,
<div>> Thanks! Now consider our target audience is not graduate students doing
comprehensive reviews, but teenager to > college students getting a primer about
the field. There are only ten seats for the top ten, who would you name? </div><div>> Please
try your best! Best regards, Jason</div></div><br>
<div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container">
<div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Fri, Jan 9, 2026, 2:46 PM Krassimir Markov
<<a href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com">itheaiss@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br></div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="padding-left:1ex;margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204)">
<div dir="ltr">
<h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Dear
Jason,<br>Your question is difficult because there is no principle to be found
in the answer.<br>1. If these are members of the FIS list, it is one
principle.<br>2. Another principle is popularity at the moment.<br>3. A
different principle is the formation and affiliation to relevant schools in
different areas of information science.<br>Below I give you the AI answer based
on principles 2 and 3.<br>Respectfully,<br>Krassimir</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><br></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Top
7 Foundational Thinkers in Information Science (principle 2)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">1.
Al‑Khwarizmi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Foundations of
algorithmic information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> His systematic
procedures for calculation established the earliest formal concept of
algorithmic information processing. The very word <i>algorithm</i> comes from
his name.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">2.
Claude Shannon</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Mathematical theory of
information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Shannon defined
information quantitatively, introduced the bit, and created the theoretical
basis for communication, coding, and digital information
systems.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">3.
Alan Turing</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Information processing
and computability</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Turing’s model of
computation formalized the idea of information transformation by machines and
laid the groundwork for all digital information processing.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">4.
Donald Knuth</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Structure and
organization of information processes</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Knuth systematized
algorithms, data structures, and the analysis of information processes, shaping
the mathematical culture of information science.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">5.
George Miller</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Cognitive foundations
of information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Miller’s work on
memory, chunking, and human information processing established the cognitive
dimension of information science and influenced HCI, IR, and knowledge
organization.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">6.
Luciano Floridi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Philosophy and ethics
of information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Floridi developed the
modern “philosophy of information,” introducing the concept of the
<i>infosphere</i> and shaping contemporary thinking about digital ethics,
meaning, and informational ontology.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">7.
Mark Burgin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">General Theory of
Information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Burgin created the
most comprehensive formal framework for understanding different types of
information, unifying mathematical, semantic, and systemic perspectives across
disciplines.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><br><br></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Foundational
Thinkers in Information Science - thematic schools (principle 3)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Information
science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature, creation,
organization, representation, processing, communication, and use of information.
It integrates perspectives from computing, cognitive science, philosophy,
communication studies, and systems theory. The field can be understood through
several thematic schools, each illuminating a different dimension of
informational phenomena.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">1.
The Logical and Methodological School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school provides the formal foundations for understanding information as
structured, rule‑governed content. Key figures include:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Gottlob
Frege — modern logic and the structure of meaning</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Alonzo
Church — λ‑calculus and formal systems</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Alan
Turing — formal models of computation and information processing</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Al‑Khwarizmi
— algorithmic procedures as systematic information transformations</span>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">These
thinkers established the idea that information can be represented, manipulated,
and reasoned about through formal symbolic systems.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">2.
The Information Systems and Architecture School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school focuses on the technological infrastructures that store, transform, and
transmit information. Key contributors:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John
Atanasoff — early digital information processing</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John
von Neumann — architectures for information storage and manipulation</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Charles
Babbage — conceptual foundations of programmable information systems</span>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Their
work underlies modern information systems, databases, and digital
infrastructures.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">3.
The Representation and Language School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition studies how information is encoded, structured, and made accessible.
Key figures:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Grace
Hopper — machine‑independent symbolic representation</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John
Backus — formal grammars for information expression</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Niklaus
Wirth — structured information representation and modularity</span> </li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school connects information science with linguistics, metadata design, and
knowledge representation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">4.
The Algorithmic and Structural School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Here
the focus is on the organization, transformation, and optimization of
information. Key contributors:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Donald
Knuth — systematic analysis of information processes</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Edsger
Dijkstra — formal reasoning about information flows</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Robert
Tarjan — data structures as information architectures</span> </li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school forms the backbone of information retrieval, indexing, and data
organization.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">5.
The Cognitive and Human‑Information Interaction School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school examines how humans perceive, interpret, store, and use information. Key
figures:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Marvin
Minsky, Allen Newell, Herbert Simon — symbolic models of knowledge</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">George
Miller, Ulric Neisser — cognitive structures and memory</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">David
Marr — computational theories of perception</span> </li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition connects information science with psychology, HCI, and knowledge
organization.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">6.
The Communication and Networking School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school studies how information flows across systems and societies. Key
contributors:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Vint
Cerf, Robert Kahn — global information networks</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Leonard
Kleinrock — information flow and queuing theory</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Tim
Berners‑Lee — the Web as a universal information space</span> </li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Their
work defines the modern infosphere.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">7.
The Security and Trust School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition focuses on protecting information and ensuring its integrity. Key
figures:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Whitfield
Diffie, Martin Hellman — secure information exchange</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Rivest,
Shamir, Adleman — cryptographic foundations of trust</span> </li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school underpins digital identity, privacy, and secure communication.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">8.
The Intelligent Information Processing School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school studies how information can be interpreted, learned, and transformed by
artificial systems. Two major lines:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Symbolic
AI (McCarthy, Minsky) — information as structured knowledge</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Neural
AI (Hinton, Bengio, LeCun) — information as distributed representations</span>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition shapes modern information retrieval, recommendation systems, and
machine learning.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">9.
The Philosophy of Information School</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school investigates the ontological, epistemological, and ethical dimensions of
information. Key thinkers:</span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Luciano
Floridi — the infosphere and information ethics</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Kun
Wu — informational metaphysics</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Mark
Burgin — General Theory of Information</span>
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Krassimir
Markov — General Information Theory and informational structures</span>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">They
explore what information <i>is</i>, how it relates to reality, and how
informational processes shape cognition, society, and technology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif";margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"></p>
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