<div dir="auto">Dear Krassimir, <div dir="auto">Thanks! Now consider our target audience is not graduate students doing comprehensive reviews, but teenager to college students getting a primer about the field. There are only ten seats for the top ten, who would you name? Please try your best! Best regards, Jason</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jan 9, 2026, 2:46 PM Krassimir Markov <<a href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com">itheaiss@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Dear Jason,<br>
Your question is difficult because there is no principle to be found in the
answer.<br>
1. If these are members of the FIS list, it is one principle.<br>
2. Another principle is popularity at the moment.<br>
3. A different principle is the formation and affiliation to relevant schools
in different areas of information science.<br>
Below I give you the AI answer based on principles 2 and 3.<br>
Respectfully,<br>
Krassimir</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Top 7
Foundational Thinkers in Information Science (principle 2)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">1. Al‑Khwarizmi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Foundations
of algorithmic information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> His systematic procedures for calculation established
the earliest formal concept of algorithmic information processing. The very
word <i>algorithm</i> comes from his name.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">2. Claude Shannon</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Mathematical
theory of information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">
Shannon defined information quantitatively, introduced the bit, and created the
theoretical basis for communication, coding, and digital information systems.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">3. Alan Turing</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Information
processing and computability</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Turing’s model of computation
formalized the idea of information transformation by machines and laid the
groundwork for all digital information processing.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">4. Donald Knuth</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Structure
and organization of information processes</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Knuth systematized algorithms, data
structures, and the analysis of information processes, shaping the mathematical
culture of information science.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">5. George Miller</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Cognitive
foundations of information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Miller’s work on memory, chunking, and human
information processing established the cognitive dimension of information
science and influenced HCI, IR, and knowledge organization.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">6. Luciano Floridi</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">Philosophy
and ethics of information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif""> Floridi developed the modern “philosophy of
information,” introducing the concept of the <i>infosphere</i> and shaping
contemporary thinking about digital ethics, meaning, and informational
ontology.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">7. Mark Burgin</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">General
Theory of Information</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif"">
Burgin created the most comprehensive formal framework for understanding
different types of information, unifying mathematical, semantic, and systemic
perspectives across disciplines.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><br>
<br>
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Foundational
Thinkers in Information Science - thematic schools (principle
3)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Information
science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature, creation,
organization, representation, processing, communication, and use of
information. It integrates perspectives from computing, cognitive science,
philosophy, communication studies, and systems theory. The field can be
understood through several thematic schools, each illuminating a different
dimension of informational phenomena.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">1. The Logical and Methodological School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school provides the formal foundations for understanding information as
structured, rule‑governed content. Key figures include:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Gottlob Frege — modern logic
and the structure of meaning</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Alonzo Church — λ‑calculus and
formal systems</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Alan Turing — formal models of
computation and information processing</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Al‑Khwarizmi — algorithmic
procedures as systematic information transformations</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">These
thinkers established the idea that information can be represented, manipulated,
and reasoned about through formal symbolic systems.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">2. The Information Systems and
Architecture School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school focuses on the technological infrastructures that store, transform, and
transmit information. Key contributors:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John Atanasoff — early digital
information processing</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John von Neumann —
architectures for information storage and manipulation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Charles Babbage — conceptual
foundations of programmable information systems</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Their
work underlies modern information systems, databases, and digital
infrastructures.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">3. The Representation and Language
School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition studies how information is encoded, structured, and made accessible.
Key figures:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Grace Hopper — machine‑independent
symbolic representation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">John Backus — formal grammars
for information expression</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Niklaus Wirth — structured
information representation and modularity</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school connects information science with linguistics, metadata design, and
knowledge representation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">4. The Algorithmic and Structural School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Here
the focus is on the organization, transformation, and optimization of
information. Key contributors:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Donald Knuth — systematic
analysis of information processes</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Edsger Dijkstra — formal
reasoning about information flows</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Robert Tarjan — data structures
as information architectures</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school forms the backbone of information retrieval, indexing, and data
organization.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">5. The Cognitive and Human‑Information
Interaction School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school examines how humans perceive, interpret, store, and use information. Key
figures:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell,
Herbert Simon — symbolic models of knowledge</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">George Miller, Ulric Neisser —
cognitive structures and memory</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">David Marr — computational
theories of perception</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition connects information science with psychology, HCI, and knowledge
organization.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">6. The Communication and Networking
School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school studies how information flows across systems and societies. Key
contributors:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn — global
information networks</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Leonard Kleinrock — information
flow and queuing theory</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Tim Berners‑Lee — the Web as a
universal information space</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Their
work defines the modern infosphere.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">7. The Security and Trust School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition focuses on protecting information and ensuring its integrity. Key
figures:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Whitfield Diffie, Martin
Hellman — secure information exchange</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Rivest, Shamir, Adleman —
cryptographic foundations of trust</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school underpins digital identity, privacy, and secure communication.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">8. The Intelligent Information
Processing School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school studies how information can be interpreted, learned, and transformed by
artificial systems. Two major lines:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Symbolic AI (McCarthy, Minsky)
— information as structured knowledge</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Neural AI (Hinton, Bengio,
LeCun) — information as distributed representations</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
tradition shapes modern information retrieval, recommendation systems, and
machine learning.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">9. The Philosophy of Information School</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">This
school investigates the ontological, epistemological, and ethical dimensions of
information. Key thinkers:</span></p><ul type="disc" style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Luciano Floridi — the
infosphere and information ethics</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Kun Wu — informational
metaphysics</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Mark Burgin — General Theory of
Information</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">Krassimir Markov — General
Information Theory and informational structures</span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,"sans-serif";font-weight:normal">They
explore what information <i>is</i>, how it relates to reality, and how
informational processes shape cognition, society, and technology.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">
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INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
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