<div dir="ltr"><div><font size="4">Dear Eric, I am afraid you have misunderstood my allusion to the role gravity plays in evolution, in my opinion, based totally on experimental evidence. It becomes most apparent and relevant in the vertebrate transition from water to land, when fish adapted to land (a known fact). During that transition there were three hormone receptors that duplicated- the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor (PTHrP), the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR). Which came first is the question I have pondered for many years, only recently coming to the realization that it must have been the PTHrP receptor that duplicated first, given that it determines bone 'stiffness', and the skeleton would have been under stress due to the effective force of gravity on land versus in water. Those members of the species that were able to 'up-regulate' their PTHrP receptor most readily for bone would have done so successively in the swim bladder to drive its evolution in becoming the lung, as evidenced by the fact that in the absence of PTHrP the lung does not alveolarize (Rubin et al, 2004), followed by the role of PTHrP in forming kidney glomeruli from the fish kidney glomus, and the augmentation of the stress signal from pituitary to adrenal cortex to produce adrenaline and cortisol. We know that there must have been such a scenario since fish attempted to breech land on at least 5 separate occasions (see Clack, J.A., Gaining Ground, 2012). The relevance of these physiologic adaptations can be seen in astronauts who experience osteoporosis due to PTHrP deficiency (see Torday, 2003 for evidence of such) as well as kidney complications due to down-regulation of PTHrP control of salt and water balance. So in the aggregate, in reply to your comment that "gravity would not directly control the growth of a bilateral gynandromorph that is half female and half male down the middle", I would beg to differ based on</font><span style="font-size:large"> the hormonal adaptations for land life, which are fundamental to land vertebrate physiologic adaptations for skeletal integrity, breathing, salt and water balance, if you get my point. And all of these physiologic traits are essential for the bipedalism that freed our forelimbs for tool-making, including speaking, and locomotion, all of which are under the control of the FoxP2 gene and are 'housed' within the Area of Broca (</span><font size="4">see <span style="color:rgb(33,33,33);font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Fira Sans","Droid Sans","Helvetica Neue",sans-serif">Torday JS. A central theory of biology. Med Hypotheses. 2015 Jul;85(1):49-57)</span></font><span style="font-size:large">. It is this transition from crawling on all fours to standing on two legs due to the advent of endothermy that marks the evolution of our over-seized central nervous system....and as a consequence, at some point in human evolution our heads became too large to fit in the birth canal so we are born prematurely, with only 25% of brain capacity, requiring decades of nurturing by family and society in order to effectively mature as a species, if ever (I note my current President). </span></div><div><span style="font-size:large"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:large">As for your glib comment abou</span><font size="4">t "The issue is more understanding the information that makes a difference (Oh dear I have slipped into Spencer Brown"......In this regard, I think you misunderstand Spencer-Brown too in that what he was telling us is that we are fractals of a 'holism' as the unmarked space.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">And as for your flippant comment about "gravity does not make the difference between a whale and a dog" I again beg your pardon, but gravity is exactly what makes the difference between a whale and a dog, referring again to gravity's effects on the physiologic traits of each on land (dog) and in water (whale) given that seals are thought to have evolved back to water from dogs......</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">But you may take exception to what I am saying, so have at it. I am of the opinion that the way I have traced evolution from cell to our 'selves' accounts for the evolution of consciousness from the former to the latter as I have expressed in numerous peer-reviewed articles, and 14 monographs.</font></div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div><div><font size="4">Best, John</font></div><div><span style="font-size:large"> </span></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Nov 23, 2025 at 11:11 AM OARF <<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org">eric.werner@oarf.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">Dear john,<div>There is a difference between necessary conditions that are just that and offer no information that controls the growth of detailed structure in multicellular organisms that differentiates one from another and conditions like gravity that apply to all such developmental processes. Thus, for example, gravity would not directly control the growth of a bilateral gynandromorph that is half female and half male down the middle. See: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5439__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SqqytOi9HSAwtpz1HUW7U8AqTefa_Iq6JAxPGJfLVwQROWWpu1w2S34Gr7BOfsgWzjYJzo_2m9ttM5IVb-A$" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5439</a> for more details. </div><div><br></div><div>But I agree that gravity and oxygen certainly have their effects on development. </div><div> </div><div>The issue is more understanding the information that makes a difference (Oh dear I have slipped into Spencer Brown ;-) ).</div><div>and gravity does not make the difference between a whale and a dog.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Eric</div><div><br></div><div><div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPad</div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">On Nov 23, 2025, at 3:05 PM, JOHN TORDAY <<a href="mailto:jtorday@ucla.edu" target="_blank">jtorday@ucla.edu</a>> wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="4">To Eric, Gordana, Howard, regarding the role of sex in evolution, I would like to point out that the role of gravity in evolution also entails sex in the following way. In the study of the effect of microgravity on yeast, the simplest eukaryote, they cannot 'bud' as form of asexual reproduction in microgravitational conditions (<span style="color:rgb(33,33,33);font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Fira Sans","Droid Sans","Helvetica Neue",sans-serif">Purevdorj-Gage B, Sheehan KB, Hyman LE. Effects of low-shear modeled microgravity on cell function, gene expression, and phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul;72(7):4569-75). I am of the opinion that it is only in addressing the evolutionary ontology as it corresponds with the epistemology that an adaptive trait can be understood, as in the case of sex as a means of adapting to an ever-changing environment. In the case of yeast, budding is a means of epigenetic inheritance of environmental factors relevant to its adaptation, and the force of gravity affects that process. These authors also observed that the yeast could not conduct a calcium flux under microgravity, rendering them unconscious 'zombies'. I share this information with you in an attempt to find a final common pathway for the process of evolution, ultimately referring to the elements in the Cosmos as the latter's 'logic', as I expressed it in an accompanying email earlier today....Best, John</span></font></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Nov 23, 2025 at 8:13 AM OARF <<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank">eric.werner@oarf.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Hi Gordana,</span><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">I was just responding to Howard’s more general point beyond bacteria. Eukaryotes have sex an inherently social process. Sexuality is fundamentally a cooperative process, at many levels of organization. Even social at the level of the genome: See my theory of meta-genome interactions between the sexes. It is particularly clear in the case physically mixed sex organisms (this can be neurological as well). See the theory applied to mixed sex organisms or gynandropmorphs: </div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5439__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!XLF-Q-SqJ-AuvQ-dic9ptw82Ooe57dI4UX6ePa7CTWADakJMPTruAnfSd0yTCHhsfb-S3Rv04mCA4h3ClsatzQ4$" style="color:rgb(37,37,255)" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1212.5439</a></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">So the sexuality of being is inherently social. </div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">-Eric</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ericwerner.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!XLF-Q-SqJ-AuvQ-dic9ptw82Ooe57dI4UX6ePa7CTWADakJMPTruAnfSd0yTCHhsfb-S3Rv04mCA4h3CaUt82MM$" target="_blank">https://www.ericwerner.com/</a></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPad</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
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