<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">Dear all, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">I am organizing, as <b>managers</b> do, a few <b>words </b>to pose
two problems and provide a <b>com-munication</b>: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">- in the analysis of<b>
trans-information</b>, the <b>theorem of the probability of probabilities</b> underlying </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><b>quantum mechanics</b> or <b>fuzzy logic</b> is very important; </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">- rather than <b>intelligence
or artificial intelligences</b>, we must speak of <b>technological artifice</b>, </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">because
<b>true emotional-rational intelligence is human</b>;- </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">- I am concluding the narration
of a book on <b><i>Information. Communicative language of art, </i></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><b><i>science, or the
science of art</i></b>. Anyway, thank you and remember that humanity is a <b>love that in
love,</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><b> love creates</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:14.2pt;line-height:normal;background:rgb(248,249,250);font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)">Francesco Rizzo.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(31,31,31)"></span></p></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Cari tutti,<div><b>organizzo</b>, come fanno i <b>manager</b>, alcune <b>parole </b>per porre due problemi e dare una <b>com-unicazione</b>:</div><div>-nell' analisi della <b>tras-in-formazione</b> conta molto il <b>teorema</b> della <b>probabilità delle probabilità </b></div><div>sottesa dalla <b>meccanica quantistica</b> o dalla<b> logica fuzzy</b>;</div><div>- più che di <b>intelligenza</b> o <b>intelligenze artificiali</b>, bisogna parlare di <b>artificio tecnologico,</b> perchè la vera i<b>ntelligenza</b></div><div><b>emo-razionale è umana</b>- </div><div>- sto concludendo la narrazione di un libro su <i><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;text-indent:14.2pt">Informazione. </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;text-indent:14.2pt">Linguaggio comunicativo dell’arte
della </span></b></i></div><div><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;text-indent:14.2pt"><i><b>scienza o della scienza dell’arte</b></i>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;text-indent:14.2pt">Comunque, grazie e ricordateVi che l'umanità è un <b>amore</b> che nell'<b>amore</b> , <b>amore</b> crea.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;text-indent:14.2pt">Francesco Rizzo.</span></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno gio 20 nov 2025 alle ore 13:59 Mark Johnson <<a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">Hi John</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div>There's a deep question about contingency and wholes. A whole might be seen as a totality of contingency. Here we represent contingency as a probability distribution, just as all AI is stochastic (and indeed, most modern science - particularly obviously quantum mechanics)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I have a doubt in my mind with regard to this as to whether there are things which are parts of wholes which appear impossible but nevertheless causal in some way. Bhaskar includes this in his conception of the real and his insistence on the importance of absence (echoed by Terry Deacon, Bob Ulanowicz and others). After all, contingency depends on our position as observers of the contingent. Are miracles contingencies, for example?</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So the question to ask is not about AI itself, but about probability and wholeness. We mentioned Spiegelhalter in the paper, and his view is that probability is useful, but not ontological. That position also works for AI 😉</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">So those are my 2 messages this week!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Best wishes</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Mark</div><div><br></div><div><div dir="ltr">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health</div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">University of Manchester</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Department of Eye and Vision Science (honorary)</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">University of Liverpool</div>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Tg7hDb7B01M7jm7lxLzMIb1w4DLpEcqy1F6wrZi8357ObosXOeTOY0wI5VE2fGhJp8PXcrh1QJliMdPWp-o5E5A$" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, 20 Nov 2025, 11:54 JOHN TORDAY, <<a href="mailto:jtorday@ucla.edu" target="_blank">jtorday@ucla.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Any way to test whether the AI 'parts' are representative of a 'whole'? or just space-filling stuff....</div><div><br></div><div>John Torday</div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Nov 20, 2025 at 4:29 AM Mark Johnson <<a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear all,</div><div><br></div><div>A group of colleagues and I have been working on diagnostic AI for some years using a comparison technique. A few of us just published this paper on the inter-relationship between management decision making, the learning of decision-making and technology: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296325006654__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!WPhKwNIaSyPehSx-1rv1IXkLmAKWvfhjcSoF8ycbMGpQLKjNmUeRHbMR7LBpcGoUSKLBgkQAwLAnZMgvKms0B4w$" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Developing judgement for business: an AI-based model of independent management learning - ScienceDirect</a></div><div><br></div><div>The role of information in this is obviously crucial - as is the criticism of AI that it is an unreliable assistant. How might AI tell us when it's not sure about things? While Shannon's H is a kind of contingency signal, it is curious how with AI this aspect of mathematical information theory is easily forgotten! However, there does seem to be an intersection between the way information is conceived and effective social decision-making where:</div><div><br></div><div>a. information is framed in terms of varying degrees of contingency</div><div>b. good decision concerns the effective allocation of scarce human expertise to maximise organisational effectiveness</div><div><br></div><div>In essence, the greater the contingency in a judgement, the greater the need to allocate human resource to debate choices; the less the contingency, the less the need for humans in decision processes. </div><div><br></div><div>The fundamental message is a management cybernetic one (i.e. Stafford Beer) - it is not what the technology itself does, it is how we organise ourselves with it that matters.</div><div><br></div><div>The technique in the paper illustrates a way in which degrees of contingency in decision-making can be identified by the technology. It is, we would suggest, this signal which we need from our technology, not an "answer" to questions. So the pursuit of "answer engines" (as Google and others are discussing) is barking up the wrong tree. </div><div><br></div><div>A deeper question is whether some kind of "contingency signal" lies at the heart of biological information itself. This would have resonance with deeper cybernetic ideas about contingency (Luhmann, Leydesdorff, Shannon, etc) and cellular organisation (Torday and colleagues, Levin, etc) - whether a biological "contingency signal" is produced in the gap between the internal biological selection process of a cell (referencing its evolutionary history acquired through symbiogenesis, for example) and external selection pressure. </div><div><br></div><div>Any thoughts?</div><div><br></div><div>Best wishes,</div><div><br></div><div>Mark</div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health</div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">University of Manchester</div><div dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><br></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Department of Eye and Vision Science (honorary)</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">University of Liverpool</div>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!WPhKwNIaSyPehSx-1rv1IXkLmAKWvfhjcSoF8ycbMGpQLKjNmUeRHbMR7LBpcGoUSKLBgkQAwLAnZMgv378sKxM$" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a></div></div></div>
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