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<p>Dear Mike, <br>
</p>
<p>Out of curiosity and trying to get to know your work in
preparation for your talk today, I asked Perplexity this question:<br>
</p>
<p>Werner: How does Levin explain cancer and relate to Werner's
theory of cancer networks?</p>
<p>Perplexity:</p>
<p>Michael Levin's explanation of cancer relates closely to Eric
Werner's theory of cancer networks, as both researchers emphasize
the importance of cellular communication and organization beyond
genetic mutations alone.</p>
<p>Levin's Bioelectric Perspective on Cancer<br>
Levin views cancer as a disease of geometry and information
processing rather than solely a genetic disorder. He proposes
that:</p>
<p> 1. Cancer results from a misregulation of the bioelectric
field that orchestrates individual cells' activities towards
normal anatomy[1].<br>
2. Abnormal depolarization of resting potential (Vmem) is a
marker for neoplasia and can activate metastatic phenotypes in
genetically-normal cells[1].<br>
3. Bioelectric signals trigger metastatic behaviors at a
distance, mediated by transcriptional and epigenetic effects[1].</p>
<p>Connections to Werner's Cancer Networks Theory<br>
Werner's theory aligns with Levin's perspective in several ways:</p>
<p> 1. Focus on Developmental Control: Both researchers
emphasize that cancer involves disruptions in the networks that
guide normal cellular development and organization[2][3].<br>
2. Beyond Genetic Mutations: While not dismissing genetic
factors, both theories propose that cancer cannot be fully
explained by genetic mutations alone[3][4].<br>
3. Cell Communication: Werner and Levin both highlight the
importance of cell-to-cell communication in cancer development,
with Werner focusing on developmental control networks and Levin
on bioelectric signaling[3][5].<br>
4. Systemic View: Both theories view cancer as a
system-level phenomenon rather than a disease originating in
single cells[1][4].<br>
</p>
<p>Key Differences and Complementary Aspects</p>
<p> 1. Bioelectric Emphasis: Levin's work specifically focuses
on bioelectric signals, while Werner's theory is broader in its
consideration of developmental control networks[1][2].<br>
2. Mathematical Modeling: Werner's approach includes more
extensive mathematical modeling and classification of cancer
networks[2][4].<br>
3. Experimental Approaches: Levin's research involves
direct manipulation of bioelectric signals in organisms like
planarians and frogs, while Werner's work is more theoretical and
computational[5][2].<br>
</p>
<p>In conclusion, Levin's bioelectric explanation of cancer
complements Werner's theory of cancer networks by providing a
specific mechanism (bioelectric signaling) through which
developmental control networks might be disrupted or altered in
cancer. Both approaches offer novel perspectives on cancer
development and potential avenues for treatment that go beyond
traditional genetic-focused strategies.<br>
⁂<br>
<br>
1. <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25525610/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsWQcp3gnY$">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25525610/</a> <br>
2. <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.5865__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsWZueEtZ8$">https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.5865</a> <br>
3. <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxwIN3Zh8dw__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsW4VQVwIw$">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxwIN3Zh8dw</a> <br>
4.
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.jyi.org/2014-december/2017/3/29/a-mathematical-model-of-cancer-networks-with-radiation-therapy__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsWNh6GNwM$">https://www.jyi.org/2014-december/2017/3/29/a-mathematical-model-of-cancer-networks-with-radiation-therapy</a>
<br>
5.
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theatomicmag.com/the-bioelectric-network-a-new-frontier-in-understanding-intelligence-and-morphogenesis/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsWgoZGmis$">https://www.theatomicmag.com/the-bioelectric-network-a-new-frontier-in-understanding-intelligence-and-morphogenesis/</a>
<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<i>
Dr. Eric Werner, FLS <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!T1ew23PvzWfCrd5Z2OWZGu7V2Q89hDFGpieomKrMx5KoH6-CPoHin8Pc05lXU_zmPtoTbul9TipL3XsW3SLS_Cs$">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</i></div>
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