<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dear Colleagues,</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Thank you very much for the
answers and recommendations, especially to look at Wikipedia!</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">But my goal was to follow
the advice from Carl's parable "to empty the cup"!</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dear Lou,</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">I treat your answer and the
efforts you made with deep respect and admiration. I will note that I have
already read your articles and understood everything. It is truly impressive
work!</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Usually, when I ask a
"simple question", I know the answer that I want to reach the
audience, but I want to overcome the psychological resistance to hearing
something different and sometimes not quite pleasant against the background of
enormous efforts and work.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Here is this answer,
transmitted as a dialogue with Microsoft Copilot.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">***</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Me:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">What is "quantum information"?</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Copilot:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Quantum information</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> is a field at the intersection of quantum physics and
information theory. In classical information theory, the basic unit of
information is the bit, which can be either 0 or 1. However, in quantum information
theory, the basic unit of information is the <b>qubit</b> (quantum bit), which
can exist in a superposition of states. This means a qubit can be both 0 and 1
at the same time, thanks to the principles of quantum mechanics.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Quantum information
leverages the unique properties of quantum systems, such as superposition,
entanglement, and quantum interference, to perform tasks that would be
difficult or impossible for classical systems. This has exciting applications
in quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum communication.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Me:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Is this data about the state
of the qubit? That is, the answer to the question "what is the state of
the qubit?"</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Copilot:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Exactly, you got it! Quantum
information indeed involves data about the state of a qubit. The state of a
qubit can be represented as a combination of 0 and 1, thanks to the phenomenon
of superposition. When we talk about "quantum information," we're referring
to the information that describes this state.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">For instance, if we measure
a qubit, we might get a 0 or a 1, but until we measure it, the qubit exists in
a superposition of both states. The exact information about its state before
measurement is what constitutes quantum information.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Me:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">So, does this mean that
"quantum information", like "bit information", is just data
about physical states and does not apply to meaningful information, right?</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Copilot:</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Yes, both classical bits and
quantum bits primarily represent the state of a physical system. In classical
information theory, a bit (0 or 1) represents a physical state, such as a low
or high voltage in a circuit. Similarly, in quantum information theory, a qubit
represents the state of a quantum system, like the spin of an electron or the
polarization of a photon.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">However, the meaningfulness
of the information often depends on how these states are interpreted and used.
For example:</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In classical computing,
strings of bits (like 0110) can encode text, numbers, images, and any data that
we want to process.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In quantum computing,
strings of qubits can encode information that can be used to perform complex
calculations, factor large numbers, or simulate quantum systems.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">So, while bits and qubits
represent physical states, the interpretation and application of these states
give rise to meaningful information. It's the context and usage that provide
the value and meaning to the data they represent.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">***</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In other words, we are witnessing a
revival of the Shannon approach today.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">But </span><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">„</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">so called information theory developed by Shannon is
not a theory of information at all, but a theory of communication. Shannon
never defined the concept of information in his great study of communication,
which does not tell us anything about the structural characteristics or properties
of information and even its quantitative characteristic in the form of entropy
is problematic</span><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
(Marcin J. Schroeder. <i>Proceedings </i><b>2017</b>, <i>1</i>, 221; doi:10.3390/IS4SI-2017-04043.
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.mdpi.com/journal/proceedings__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wl80BIWIl6zIaxHniXps7Q4EkDtQgZ_UyYafU1u9CgQMKRDxf0d696ULbcVnephoOiRt_85CgRG0iDDJXCU$" style="color:blue">www.mdpi.com/journal/proceedings</a>).</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We could conclude the same about the "</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">quantum information theory</span><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">",
i.e. it "is not a theory of information at all".</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">With respect,</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Krassimir</span></p></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br><table style="border-top:1px solid #d3d4de"><tr><td style="width:55px;padding-top:13px"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wl80BIWIl6zIaxHniXps7Q4EkDtQgZ_UyYafU1u9CgQMKRDxf0d696ULbcVnephoOiRt_85CgRG03gBP49c$" target="_blank"><img src="https://s-install.avcdn.net/ipm/preview/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" width="46" height="29" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;"></a></td><td style="width:470px;padding-top:12px;color:#41424e;font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:18px">Virus-free.<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wl80BIWIl6zIaxHniXps7Q4EkDtQgZ_UyYafU1u9CgQMKRDxf0d696ULbcVnephoOiRt_85CgRG03gBP49c$" target="_blank" style="color:#4453ea">www.avast.com</a></td></tr></table><a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"></a></div>