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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=ZH-CN link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Gordana,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>I fully support Pedro's position that the FIS forum no longer considers the definition of information an important topic for discussion. Similarly, I believe that to break the longstanding impasse in Fundamental Information Science concerning the definition of information is to stop discussing it for the next three years, including at FIS forum and International Conferences of IS4SI.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Do you remember our conversation a few years ago? You mentioned that before the IS4SI Gothenburg Conference was held, very few people had registered to attend the conference. It was the participation of two groups from China—one focusing on information philosophy and the other addressing various information issues—that made your conference possible. Today, at the biennial IS4SI International Conference, this situation remains unchanged.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>We should consider what factors have led to this situation. At a time when nearly all disciplines are discussing information issues, what else can we—a group called "Fundamental Information Scientists"—do besides discussing information definitions? why is this the case? Why?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Fortunately, Krassimir is breaking this deadlock by beginning to focus on some new fundamental issues in information science.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Gordana, as someone familiar with both computer science and Mark Burgin's work, you may recall that Mark proposed three aspects of computer science in his 2005 article: Hardware, Software, and Infware. Nineteen years have passed, so why haven’t any computer scientists or information scientists conducted the research on his Infware? Is computer science still a representative field of information science? Can you provide an example and offer some valuable insights on this issue? If effective, it could become a significant achievement for our group.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes and weekend,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es <fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Gordana Dodig Crnkovic<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, December 14, 2024 6:13 PM<br><b>To:</b> yxs@pku.edu.cn; FIS <fis@listas.unizar.es><br><b>Cc:</b> José María Díaz-Nafría <jdian@unileon.es><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Addressing the Definition of Information in Fundamental Information Science<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"'>Xueshan,</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>You </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>say</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>:<br>“Our current priority should be to address the longstanding impasse in Fundamental Information Science regarding the definition of information.”</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I see a parallel with the ongoing work of Michael Levin, who aims to establish a state-of-the-art nomenclature across various fields. Here is a publication that </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>addresses</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> the current understanding of “diverse intelligences”:</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666675824000961__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!R32-idIDyCab1UHHBWH9t_6mUlJxEJKkOOMzJ0JpJvMu9tvhdmouY7EmZwD6sPpluWztAC9FHxnK0f4DKn5vXj3mXPfiUHim$"><span lang=EN-US>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666675824000961</span></a> </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Toward a nomenclature consensus for diverse intelligent systems: Call for collaboration</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";color:#0563C1;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p><span style='text-decoration:none'> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Recently, I participated in Michael’s initiative to explore current definitions of “life”</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>.<br></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Similar to “information,” the definitions of “life” are numerous and varied.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>This approach carries a</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>n important</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> lesson. It acknowledges the complexity of the phenomenon being defined, respects diverse perspectives, and presents them along with their mutual relationships. With the advent of new AI tools, it is now possible to visualize these relationships effectively. The article above highlights this potential</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> of better understanding possible approaches to nomenclature</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>The question of who could undertake similar </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>regarding the definitions of</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> “information” is undoubtedly of interest to our community. Marcus Abundis wrote on Wednesday, December 11, 2024, at 02:02:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>“Wasn’t there a BITrum project that was started a while back with that same purpose? Is that project still alive?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Avenir Book"'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/bitrumcontributions.wordpress.com/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QTxdFX2iNuThLW4Htd5ZKXctq2ynG2VP3pFjNeGjE30J1NR-x1yUnpDoNgHu0jnDgFibRhqStai7GnFN$">https://bitrumcontributions.wordpress.com/</a></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>”</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Avenir Book"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>We could ask José María </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>(in CC) </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>about the current status of that project.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I understand Pedro’s position that opening discussions on the definition of “information” on the FIS list should be avoided (the archives of FIS show how often this issue has resurfaced). </span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>However, this remains an important topic for a separate initiative, such as BITrum.</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>With new AI tools and the recognition that no single definition can fully encapsulate the meaning of “information,” it would be insightful to map these definitions in relation to one another and explore their practical uses</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>, </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>following Wittgenstein’s concept of meaning as use.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>All the best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"'>Gordana<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Organisation: </b>CHINA<br><b>Reply to: </b>"<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Tuesday, 10 December 2024 at 12:05<br><b>To: </b>FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Aptos'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:18.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Dear Gordana,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:9.9pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;margin:1rem 0px 0px;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;word-spacing:0px'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>I wholeheartedly agree with your detailed insights on information, computing, processing, emergence, and related issues. Personally, I believe that as fundamental members of IS4SI or FIS, our current priority should be to address the longstanding impasse in Fundamental Information Science regarding the definition of information. If possible, I’d appreciate your thoughts on this matter, and look forward to discussing it together.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:18.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:18.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:18.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:等线'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> <a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a> <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Gordana Dodig Crnkovic<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, December 10, 2024 5:12 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a><br><b>Cc:</b> FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"'>Xueshan,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Here is how I see it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Information and computation are deeply intertwined concepts, each lending structure and meaning to the other. Broadly speaking, information is the </span><span lang=HR style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>structure</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> that can be encoded, stored, transmitted, and interpreted, while computation is the process that transforms, manipulates, or interprets that information according to well-defined rules or algorithms </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>(or laws in case of natural/physical computation)</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Foundation</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>s<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Information: At its most fundamental, information can be viewed as a measure of distinguishability between states. </span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>(A difference that makes a difference).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Computation: Computation involves </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>processes or </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>operations performed on </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>structures (</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>symbols</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> or data) </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>which represent information.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Information as the Input, Computation as the Process<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>In classical computing, information is represented as binary data (bits), and computation is what a computer does when it executes algorithms—step-by-step procedures that transform the input information into output information. Without information, there would be nothing to compute. Without computation, information would remain static and un</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>changed</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Information Processing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Many computational tasks—searching a database, sorting a list, analyzing patterns—are about rearranging or interpreting information. For example, a search algorithm processes information by examining data structures and determining whether certain pieces of information (like a keyword) are present. In doing so, it doesn't just store information; it actively transforms it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Complexity and Information Content<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>The complexity of a computational task can often be related to how much information the algorithm must handle. Kolmogorov complexity, a concept at the intersection of information and computation, measures the informational complexity of a string as the length of the shortest computer program (in some fixed language) that can produce that string. This </span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>connects</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> the notion of information content to computation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Computing Nature - </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Physical and Quantum Considerations<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>From a physical standpoint, the laws of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics also link information to computation. Landauer’s principle states that erasing one bit of information has a thermodynamic cost. In quantum computation, information is stored in quantum states (qubits) and manipulated through quantum gates, showing how the nature of what we consider “information” can influence how we conceive of “computation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Emergent Understandings </span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>– Biological and Cognitive (Intelligent) Computing</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br>In modern interdisciplinary research, computation is often viewed as something the universe naturally “does” with information. Biological systems, for instance, process genetic information computationally to maintain life. Complex systems in nature can be understood as performing computations on the information present in their environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>In </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>short</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>, information provides the content</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>/structure</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>, and computation provides the mechanism for change. </span><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Together, they form the </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>foundation </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>of how we understand communication, problem-solving, and the nature of intelligence, both artificial and natural.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2006) Elements of Information Theory (2</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>nd</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> ed.) Wiley.<br>This textbook connects the fundamental principles of information theory with practical computational applications, discussing how information can be stored, transmitted, and processed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2010) Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th Anniversary ed.). Cambridge University Press.<br>This book provides insight into how information and computation intersect at the quantum level, where the principles of quantum mechanics redefine what it means to compute and manipulate information.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>These references offer a variety of perspectives—mathematical, theoretical, practical, and physical—on how information and computation are deeply connected.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Chanda P, Costa E, Hu J, Sukumar S, Van Hemert J, Walia R. Information Theory in Computational Biology: Where We Stand Today. Entropy (Basel). 2020 Jun 6;22(6):627. doi: 10.3390/e22060627. </span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Walker, S. I., Davies, P. C. W., & Ellis, G. F. R. (Eds.). (2017). From Matter to Life: Information and Causality. Cambridge University Press.<br>This collection examines how information underlies complex systems and life itself, offering insights into how computation and information processing emerge from physical processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Zenil, H. (Ed.). (2012) A Computable Universe: Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation. World Scientific.<br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>T</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>his anthology gathers leading thinkers to discuss the view of the universe as a computational structure, linking fundamental concepts of information with computational processes at all scales.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dodig-Crnkovic, G., <u><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/em.rdcu.be/wf/click?upn=KP7O1RED-2BlD0F9LDqGVeSONbIB-2FAliCb-2BvSZC3eo4Os-3D_Nn1qiV7do-2F6n7b35fZ9iS8k0dXKHt4Z9gJ450wZNHiMK0jA0CAFv4UZMtqsswu4PSTdfxhw8Ug3nTORBQ-2F9xRizuONw5TZqkZXeMReSC4V-2F2E9jByBOGwOs-2BcocBAVb57Izk5tqMnHNZIxmuDeIPiHfEKJHwJ4xR3ZD4Kub0t5ZwDZuqOK5oNA9bH98Z0vULzO6xdpP8YsN8rTABzaybmQ-3D-3D__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD8At_wHd$" target="_blank">"<b>Nature as a Network of Morphological Infocomputational Processes for Cognitive Agents</b>"</a></u>, <u><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/epjst.epj.org/component/toc/?task=topic&id=596__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD8h0cvcB$" target="_blank">The European Physical Journal Special Topics, DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9</a></u> Eur. Phys. J. 2017, 226, 181–195. </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD0jAWGhK$" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9 </a></span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>With best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Gordana<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Book";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Organisation: </b>CHINA<br><b>Reply to: </b>"<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Friday, 6 December 2024 at 09:36<br><b>To: </b>FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Aptos'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Gordana,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:16.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>It can be argued that information processing and information transmission are two parallel issues; however, it may be inappropriate to suggest that information processing and information structure are parallel. Drawing on Joseph's expertise, I am more inclined to see research on information structure as an ontological study of information, while research on information processing and transmission should be viewed as a study of information dynamics. If we can provide both ontological and dynamic explanations for any specialized information problem, then we will have achieved a significant milestone.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:16.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Mark's proposal to study information problems in computers is very clear. Adhering to his rigorous academic standards, he has provided precise definitions for each concept: Hardware, Software, and Infware. The computer science community is home to some of the brightest scientists in the world today, and after 20 years, if information problems in computer science can indeed be studied, why aren’t computer scientists addressing them? I believe the issue lies in the nature of computer IPS; they are heteropoietic, whereas only autopoietic information systems hold genuine research value. I have not read Mark's original research on this topic, so my comments may not be entirely accurate and should be taken as a reference.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> <a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a> <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Gordana Dodig Crnkovic<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, December 6, 2024 1:42 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>; FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Xueshan</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I would like to comment on the following passage:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>“Dear Gordana,<br>They are not parallel. We are not discussing the same issue.<br>I was shocked to see Mark's statement; we all coincidentally thought of the root of the word "information" in English. Mark used "inf," while I used "infor," and the root of the word "goods" is "ware." The significance of Mark's work lies in his attempt to bring computer science back to the path of information science. ‘Hardware,’ ‘Software,’ and ‘Infware’ – three beautiful instances of parallelism. If it were me, I would likely have created this new word as well. <b>It is already a well-known mystery that computer science does not study information issues.<br></b>Gordana, thank you for providing this clue.</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><br>Best wishes,<br>Xueshan”</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>This was </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>the </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>response to my original inquiry regarding Mark Burgin's perspective, as described in his book:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Burgin, M. (2005). <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b138114__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBT_J-ci1$">Super-Recursive Algorithms,</a> Springer Monographs in Computer Science. p. 4:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>"Any IPS, we denote it by W, consists of three components:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Hardware, which consists of physical devices of the I</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>nformation </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>P</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>rocessing </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>S</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>ystem, IPS</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Software, which contains programs that regulate the IPS functioning.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Infware, which represents information processed by the IPS."<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Mark’s concept of “infware” (which, in my opinion, could alternatively be termed “infoware”) aligns interestingly with the linguistic layers of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This demonstrates a parallel between the structure of information and its processing within computational systems.</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>The connection between information and computation is fundamental: </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>nformation </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>is a</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> structure. Computation is </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>information </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>processing.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>In Europe Computer Science (Computing) field is named “Informatics”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>World Scientific has a book series</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/series/wssis__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYVjKnoR$">World Scientific Series in Information Studies</a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>to which many of the members of FIS community as well as IS4SI community have contributed during the years.<br>Book series was edited for many years by Mark Burgin. </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Here are the series volumes for reference:</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13892__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYW3dvwG$"><span lang=EN-US>Volume 17-Forthcoming </span>-<b>Understanding Information and Its Role as a Tool: In Memory of Mark Burgin</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Schroeder*2C*Marcin*J__;JSsr!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUGZmEr1$" title="Marcin J Schroeder">Marcin J Schroeder</a> (Akita International University, Japan) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner">Wolfgang Hofkirchner</a> (TU Wien, Austria & The Institute for a Global Sustainable Information Society (GSIS), Austria)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13319__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUdivYLu$">Volume 16-<b>Probability,</b> <b>Information, and Physics: Problems with Quantum Mechanics in the Context of a Novel Probability Theory</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Rocchi*2C*Paolo__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBekIwcmz$" title="Paolo Rocchi">Paolo Rocchi</a> (IBM, Italy & LUISS University, Italy)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13280__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBW01EbBy$">Volume 15-Chaos, <b>Information, and the Future of Physics: The Seaman-Rössler Dialogue with Information Perspectives by Burgin and Seaman</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Seaman*2C*William__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYn6b74U$" title="William Seaman">William Seaman</a> (Duke University, USA), <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/R**Assler*2C*Otto*E__;w7YlKys!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBb9um78c$" title="Otto E Rössler">Otto E Rössler</a> (University of Tübingen, Germany), and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12985__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBWdrmfg_$">Volume 14-<b>The Logic of the Third: A Paradigm Shift to a Shared Future for Humanity</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner">Wolfgang Hofkirchner</a> (The Institute for a Global Sustainable Information Society, Vienna, Austria)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12601__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBTq6KVOl$">Volume 13-<b>Ontological Information: Information in the Physical World</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Krzanowski*2C*Roman__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBb9S5XBP$" title="Roman Krzanowski">Roman Krzanowski</a> (The Pontifical University of John Paul II, Poland)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12273__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBbT7TUfM$">Volume 12-<b>Trilogy of Numbers and Arithmetic: Book 1: History of Numbers and Arithmetic: An Information Perspective</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11191__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSXQQw3y$">Volume 11-<b>Theoretical Information Studies: Information in the World</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic">Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden & Mälardalen University, Sweden)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11190__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBcIS1l8V$">Volume 10-<b>Philosophy and Methodology of Information: The Study of Information in the Transdisciplinary Perspective</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic">Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden & Mälardalen University, Sweden) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10016__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBfGrG9Am$">Volume 9-<b>Information Studies and the Quest for Transdisciplinarity: Unity through Diversity</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (UCLA) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner">Wolfgang Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10015__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBcM2J8QZ$">Volume 8-<b>The Future Information Society: Social and Technological Problems</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner">Wolfgang Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (UCLA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10214__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBaVBzZd-$">Volume 7-<b>Information Theory Models of Instabilities in Critical Systems</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Wallace*2C*Rodrick__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBROy9dnY$" title="Rodrick Wallace">Rodrick Wallace</a> (Columbia University, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10017__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBWaXmXsF$">Volume 6-<b>Information and Complexity</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (UCLA) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Calude*2C*Cristian*S__;JSsr!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSTArZ-E$" title="Cristian S Calude">Cristian S Calude</a> (University of Auckland, New Zealand)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8893__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBblAH5xR$">Volume 5-<b>Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (UCLA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9527__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUYD48yX$">Volume 4-<b>An Information Approach to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Extending Swerdlow's Hypothesis</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Wallace*2C*Rodrick__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBROy9dnY$" title="Rodrick Wallace">Rodrick Wallace</a> (Columbia University, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7805__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBaUNOhHO$">Volume 3-<b>Emergent Information: A Unified Theory of Information Framework</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner">Wolfgang Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7637__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBd-8XUyw$">Volume 2-<b>Information and Computation: Essays on Scientific and Philosophical Understanding of Foundations of Information and Computation</b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic">Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Mälardalen University, Sweden) and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7048__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBfHZ6ruC$"><span style='font-weight:normal'>Volume 1-</span>Theory of Information: Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:54.0pt'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin">Mark Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang=SV style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>This collection, especially Volume 2, provides insights into the relationship between information (structure) and computation </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>(</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>its dynamics), with contributions from prominent scholars like Marvin Minsky, Aaron Sloman, Oron Shagrir, John Collier, Greg Chaitin, and Søren Brier, among others.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Gordana<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Avenir Light";mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=SV style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Organisation: </b>CHINA<br><b>Reply to: </b>"<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Thursday, 5 December 2024 at 14:31<br><b>To: </b>FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Aptos'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Joseph,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>No, no, we are your students, forever. For many years, you have always used beautiful language and a natural scientist's perspective to sharply narrate every information issue, which is evident to all.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Today, from a philosophical perspective, you have examined every question I have raised, and I am very pleased. Especially your review: “Hidden in Cloud 4 is the 'philosopher's stone' with which the nature of information can be tested. The question is whether the phenomenon under study is capable of effecting change.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>We have exchanges over 10 years and understand each other very easily.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:等线'>，</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>==========================<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Marcus,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Explanation 1*: It explains the background behind my proposal for the concept of inforware.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Explanation 2**: An inforware is divided into three levels: Information, Sign, and Substrate. The substrate is at the bottom level and is typically outside the scope of information science research. "ENTITY" and "AGENT" are good words, feel free to use them instead of worrying too much about what I said.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>==========================<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Eric,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>I really appreciate your explanation. When reviewing the different definitions of "information" by information scientists, we find that many scholars define it as "code" or "sequence". At the same time, when looking back at the history of the definition of genes, from the original concept of “gene” to “genetic material”, most molecular biologists prefer to use "information" instead of "gene" today. Therefore, I would like try to express this issue using a language of fundamental information science: CRISPR is a technology that edits base signs sequences through genetic engineering, ultimately leading to changes in genetic information. I don't know if this statement is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>==========================<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Gordana,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>They are not parallel. We are not discussing the same issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>I was shocked to see Mark's statement; we all coincidentally thought of the root of the word "information" in English. Mark used "inf," while I used "infor," and the root of the word "goods" is "ware." The significance of Mark's work lies in his attempt to bring computer science back to the path of information science. “Hardware”, “Software”, “Infware" – three beautiful instances of parallelism. If it were me, I would likely have created this new word as well. It is already a well-known mystery that computer science does not study information issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Gordana, thank you for providing this clue.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>==========================<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Dear Francesco,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Your triad of meaning, information and communication is very interesting. Let's hear everyone's comments.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-top:.5gd;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:15.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'>==========================<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> <a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a> <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b><a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a><br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 4, 2024 6:32 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>; FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Dear Professor Yan, <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>You have given us </span>–<span lang=EN-US> your "students" </span>– <span lang=EN-US>a very difficult assignment. To make it a little easier for myself, I decided to look at the different issues from the perspective of the ontic-epistemic distinction, starting with those in your title. The real problem for me, thus is with the two lines of the second footnote (**): <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Clouds <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> On first thought, a homogeneous form constituted by water droplets; on a second, the very embodiment of ontic change, appearance, growth and disappearance, with violent exchanges of energy as lightning. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Signs <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> The sign is a representation, as accurate as you please, of a real object or process. On this basis it is essentially epistemic. Information, on the other hand, has both epistemic and ontic properties, and cannot be reduced to signs. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Meaning (Cloud 1) <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> Following the second point, information and meaning can be considered as two different expressions of one existence (or existence <em><span style='font-family:宋体'>tout court</span></em>), both embodying and applicable to <em><span style='font-family:宋体'>change.</span></em> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Brain or Animal Informatics (Cloud 2) <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> This Cloud seems mainly concerned with Informatics as an epistemic field, essentially self-defined. I have nothing particular to add. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Genetics as a Discipline of Informatics (Cloud 3) <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> What is being elaborated here is a further aspect of what I have concluded is an epistemic domain. Bases can function as signs, if you will, but the phenomena of interest are, exactly, those in neuroscience and endocrinology and it is the ontic properties of the bases (residual charge, <em><span style='font-family:宋体'>etc.</span></em>) that determine how the genetic material functions. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Communication between Infowares <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> Hidden in this Cloud 4 is the </span>“<span lang=EN-US>philosopher</span>’<span lang=EN-US>s stone</span>”<span lang=EN-US> with which the nature of information can be tested. The question, as many have stated in their definitions of information, is whether the phenomenon under study is capable of effecting <em><span style='font-family:宋体'>change. </span></em>On this basis, I can confirm by experience that my cats (<em><span style='font-family:宋体'>pace</span></em>) and I communicated. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Exploration of Fundamental Information Science <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> The commonalities between in information disciplines, as embodied in most of the above Clouds, remain for me epistemic, questions of semantic modes of existence. That their </span>“<span lang=EN-US>complexity and enormity</span>”<span lang=EN-US> exist all right and have been difficult to handle in science and philosophy is clear. In this view, however, Cloud 2 on Meaning is the counterargument to Line **, which I reproduce here: <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> </span>“<span lang=EN-US>Studies focused solely on substrates <strong><span style='font-family:宋体'>typically </span></strong>(emphasis mine) fall under the technical or natural sciences rather than information science.</span>” <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> What this says to me is that at worst (at best?), my ontic approach to meaning-information is a-typical but can exist. It thus co-exists with the largely epistemic standard view, and this co-existence can be studied as an aspect of information science as well. I give the last word to the 5<sup>th</sup> Century BCE Greek playwright Aristophanes, whose a-typical play <em><span style='font-family:宋体'>The Clouds </span></em>focused on problems of knowledge and existence (</span>“<span lang=EN-US>The Thinkery</span>”<span lang=EN-US>). <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Best wishes, <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Joseph <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Le 02.12.2024 10:09 CET, Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>> a </span>é<span lang=EN-US>crit : <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Dear colleagues,</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>I have summarized five sets of puzzles faced by fundamental information science and called them 'clouds' ― some of which have been emphasized by Pedro on many occasions. I am now glade to hear everyone's different opinions.</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;color:black'> </span></strong><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Best wishes,</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Xueshan Yan</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Professor Emeritus</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Department of Information Management</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Peking University, China</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'> </span></strong><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'> </span></strong><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'> </span></strong><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white'><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222;font-style:normal'>Xueshan Yan</span></em><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Inforware*</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>: Information must exist in signs, and signs must exist on substrates**. We define a trinity composed of information, sign, and substrate as an Inforware.</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Four Concomitant Disciplines: </span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Based on the structure of an inforware, we have Informatics for studying information, and Semiotics for studying signs―the existence mode of information. Since communication is the transmission of information and computation is the processing of information, we also have another two fundamental disciplines: Communication Studies and Computation Studies. These four disciplines are concomitant; that is, if one is present, the other three (or more) will eventually emerge.</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Cloud 1. Information and Meaning</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>: What is information? Since 1948, information scientists have been discussing it for 76 years, yet still cannot provide a definitive answer. What is meaning? Since 1825, linguists have been debating it for 200 years and still cannot reach a definitive conclusion. Nevertheless, linguistics has been established successfully. Let’s consider a hypothesis: if we were to suspend all discussions about the definition of information for three years, what else could we do? From a human perspective, are information and meaning two homogenous issues</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black'>? Or are they two different expressions of one existence</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>?</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Cloud 2. Brain Informatics or Animal Informatics</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>:<strong><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif'> </span></strong>It has been demonstrated that any organism with a brain inforware can communicate with others; therefore, brain informatics must exist, ―storing, sending, and receiving information are fundamental functions of the brain―, and human informatics already exists. Similarly, we could explore bee informatics, elephant informatics, and so on. Can we assume that there are as many types of animal informatics as there are animal species?</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Cloud 3. Genetics as a Discipline of Informatics:</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'> Cells can communicate. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the pathway of DNA→RNA→protein, through which genetic information flows. In this process, DNA serves as substrate, bases function as signs, and genomics represents informatics. If we propose that genetics is the most successful branch of informatics, what would be the response from biologists? Could a similar phenomenon also be observed in neuroscience and endocrinology?</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Cloud 4. Communication between Inforwares</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>: Some speculate that two supramolecules can communicate with each other. But can two ordinary molecules communicate? Can two atoms communicate? Can two celestial bodies communicate? Can plants communicate with one another? Can different inforwares communicate across different levels? Is the communication between humans and cats true communication (language comprehension) or false communication (conditional reflex)?</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Cloud 5. Exploration of Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>: Can we regard fundamental information science as an exploration based on the inductive method, focusing on the commonalities among various fundamental information disciplines, especially the four concomitant disciplines mentioned above? The complexity and enormity of this venture have far exceeded anyone's imagination. Is it one of the most challenging disciplines to study in contemporary times? Or, does it not exist at all?</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>---------------------</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>*Any discipline has its own concept framework, which is why I coined the new term </span></em><strong><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>Inforware</span></i></strong><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>. For example, the computer science is built on the two primary concepts of hardware and software.</span></em><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style='margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white'><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222'>**Studies focused solely on substrates typically fall under the technical or natural sciences rather than information science.</span></em><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US>_______________________________________________ <br>Fis mailing list <br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a> <br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a> <br>---------- <br>INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL <br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza. <br>Puede encontrar toda la informaci</span>ó<span lang=EN-US>n sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a> <br>Recuerde que si est</span>á<span lang=EN-US> suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicaci</span>ó<span lang=EN-US>n en el momento en que lo desee. <br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es">http://listas.unizar.es</a> <br>---------- <o:p></o:p></span></p></blockquote></div></body></html>