<div dir="ltr">Cari Tutti,<div>seppure in contesti e con linguaggi diversi, parlate di <b>significazione, informazione e comunicazione,</b> ma</div><div>ma solo Kate e <span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px">Xueshan mi hanno chiamato in causa a tal proposito. Perchè?</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px">Affettuosamente, grazie,</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;font-size:14.6667px">Francesco</span></div><div><pre class="gmail-tw-data-text gmail-tw-text-large gmail-tw-ta" id="gmail-tw-target-text" dir="ltr" aria-label="Testo tradotto: Dear All,
albeit in different contexts and with different languages, talk about meaning, information and communication, but
but only Kate and Xueshan called me out on this. Why?
Sincerely, thank you,
Francis" style="font-size:28px;line-height:36px;background-color:rgb(248,249,250);border:none;padding:2px 0.14em 2px 0px;font-family:inherit;overflow:hidden;width:270px;color:rgb(31,31,31)"><span class="gmail-Y2IQFc" lang="en">Dear All,
albeit in different contexts and with different languages, talk about meaning, information and communication, but
but only Kate and Xueshan called me out on this. Why?
Sincerely, thank you,
Francis</span></pre></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno lun 9 dic 2024 alle ore 22:13 Gordana Dodig Crnkovic <<a href="mailto:gordana.dodig-crnkovic@chalmers.se" target="_blank">gordana.dodig-crnkovic@chalmers.se</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
<div lang="en-SE">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Dear
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Xueshan,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Here is how I see it.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Information and computation are deeply intertwined concepts, each lending structure and meaning to the other. Broadly speaking, information is the
</span><span lang="HR" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">structure</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""> that can be encoded, stored, transmitted, and interpreted,
while computation is the process that transforms, manipulates, or interprets that information according to well-defined rules or algorithms</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
<span lang="EN-US">(or laws in case of natural/physical computation)</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Foundation</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">s<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Information: At its most fundamental, information can be viewed as a measure of distinguishability between states.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">(A difference that makes a difference).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Computation: Computation involves
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">processes or
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">operations performed on
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">structures (</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">symbols</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
or data)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">which represent information.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Information as the Input, Computation as the Process<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">In classical computing, information is represented as binary data (bits), and computation is what a computer does when it executes algorithms—step-by-step
procedures that transform the input information into output information. Without information, there would be nothing to compute. Without computation, information would remain static and un</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">changed</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Information Processing<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Many computational tasks—searching a database, sorting a list, analyzing patterns—are about rearranging or interpreting information. For example, a search
algorithm processes information by examining data structures and determining whether certain pieces of information (like a keyword) are present. In doing so, it doesn't just store information; it actively transforms it.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Complexity and Information Content<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">The complexity of a computational task can often be related to how much information the algorithm must handle. Kolmogorov complexity, a concept at the intersection
of information and computation, measures the informational complexity of a string as the length of the shortest computer program (in some fixed language) that can produce that string. This
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">connects</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""> the notion of information content to computation.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Computing Nature -
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Physical and Quantum Considerations<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">From a physical standpoint, the laws of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics also link information to computation. Landauer’s principle states that erasing
one bit of information has a thermodynamic cost. In quantum computation, information is stored in quantum states (qubits) and manipulated through quantum gates, showing how the nature of what we consider “information” can influence how we conceive of “computation.”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Emergent Understandings</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
<span lang="EN-US">– Biological and Cognitive (Intelligent) Computing</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><br>
In modern interdisciplinary research, computation is often viewed as something the universe naturally “does” with information. Biological systems, for instance, process genetic information computationally to maintain life. Complex systems in nature can be understood
as performing computations on the information present in their environment.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">In
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">short</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">, information provides the content</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">/structure</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">,
and computation provides the mechanism for change. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Together, they form the
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">foundation</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""> of how we understand communication, problem-solving,
and the nature of intelligence, both artificial and natural.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">References<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2006) Elements of Information Theory (2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">nd</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
ed.) Wiley.<br>
This textbook connects the fundamental principles of information theory with practical computational applications, discussing how information can be stored, transmitted, and processed.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2010)</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">
</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th Anniversary ed.). Cambridge University Press.<br>
This book provides insight into how information and computation intersect at the quantum level, where the principles of quantum mechanics redefine what it means to compute and manipulate information.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">These references offer a variety of perspectives—mathematical, theoretical, practical, and physical—on how information and computation are deeply connected.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Chanda P, Costa E, Hu J, Sukumar S, Van Hemert J, Walia R. Information Theory in Computational Biology: Where We Stand Today. Entropy (Basel). 2020 Jun 6;22(6):627.
doi: 10.3390/e22060627. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Walker, S. I., Davies, P. C. W., & Ellis, G. F. R. (Eds.). (2017). From Matter to Life: Information and Causality. Cambridge University Press.<br>
This collection examines how information underlies complex systems and life itself, offering insights into how computation and information processing emerge from physical processes.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Zenil, H. (Ed.). (2012) A Computable Universe: Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation. World Scientific.<br>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">T</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">his anthology gathers leading thinkers to discuss the view of the
universe as a computational structure, linking fundamental concepts of information with computational processes at all scales.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Dodig-Crnkovic, G.,
<u><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://em.rdcu.be/wf/click?upn=KP7O1RED-2BlD0F9LDqGVeSONbIB-2FAliCb-2BvSZC3eo4Os-3D_Nn1qiV7do-2F6n7b35fZ9iS8k0dXKHt4Z9gJ450wZNHiMK0jA0CAFv4UZMtqsswu4PSTdfxhw8Ug3nTORBQ-2F9xRizuONw5TZqkZXeMReSC4V-2F2E9jByBOGwOs-2BcocBAVb57Izk5tqMnHNZIxmuDeIPiHfEKJHwJ4xR3ZD4Kub0t5ZwDZuqOK5oNA9bH98Z0vULzO6xdpP8YsN8rTABzaybmQ-3D-3D__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD8At_wHd$" target="_blank">"<b>Nature
as a Network of Morphological Infocomputational Processes for Cognitive Agents</b>"</a></u>,
<u><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://epjst.epj.org/component/toc/?task=topic&id=596__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD8h0cvcB$" target="_blank">The European Physical Journal Special Topics, DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9</a></u> Eur. Phys. J. 2017, 226, 181–195.
</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QRDwRrEgv1zDVj_A-xhmvwtQJDNX_PHWM0iVhqX1ArK8DWAJXhjq-kWb7jnDx_EB58OTfwTPOPcBWN5eyO9zyz2sD0jAWGhK$" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60362-9
</a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">With best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"">Gordana<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(181,196,223);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br>
<b>Organisation: </b>CHINA<br>
<b>Reply to: </b>"<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, 6 December 2024 at 09:36<br>
<b>To: </b>FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Gordana,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-indent:22pt;line-height:16pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">It can be argued that information processing and information transmission are two parallel issues; however, it may be inappropriate to suggest that information
processing and information structure are parallel. Drawing on Joseph's expertise, I am more inclined to see research on information structure as an ontological study of information, while research on information processing and transmission should be viewed
as a study of information dynamics. If we can provide both ontological and dynamic explanations for any specialized information problem, then we will have achieved a significant milestone.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:22pt;line-height:16pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Mark's proposal to study information problems in computers is very clear. Adhering to his rigorous academic standards, he has provided precise definitions
for each concept: Hardware, Software, and Infware. The computer science community is home to some of the brightest scientists in the world today, and after 20 years, if information problems in computer science can indeed be studied, why aren’t computer scientists
addressing them? I believe the issue lies in the nature of computer IPS; they are heteropoietic, whereas only autopoietic information systems hold genuine research value. I have not read Mark's original research on this topic, so my comments may not be entirely
accurate and should be taken as a reference.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>
<<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Gordana Dodig Crnkovic<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, December 6, 2024 1:42 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>; FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science. Information and Computation<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Dear
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Xueshan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">I would like to comment on the following passage:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">“Dear Gordana,<br>
They are not parallel. We are not discussing the same issue.<br>
I was shocked to see Mark's statement; we all coincidentally thought of the root of the word "information" in English. Mark used "inf," while I used "infor," and the root of the word "goods" is "ware." The significance of Mark's work lies in his attempt to
bring computer science back to the path of information science. ‘Hardware,’ ‘Software,’ and ‘Infware’ – three beautiful instances of parallelism. If it were me, I would likely have created this new word as well.
<b>It is already a well-known mystery that computer science does not study information issues.<br>
</b>Gordana, thank you for providing this clue.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><br>
Best wishes,<br>
Xueshan”</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">This was
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">the
</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">response to my original inquiry regarding Mark Burgin's perspective, as described in his book:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Burgin, M. (2005).
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b138114__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBT_J-ci1$" target="_blank">
Super-Recursive Algorithms,</a> Springer Monographs in Computer Science. p. 4:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">"Any IPS, we denote it by W, consists of three components:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li style="margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Hardware, which consists of physical devices of the I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">nformation
</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">rocessing
</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">ystem, IPS</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">.
<u></u><u></u></span></li><li style="margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Software, which contains programs that regulate the IPS functioning.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li style="margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Infware, which represents information processed by the IPS."<u></u><u></u></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Mark’s concept of “infware” (which, in my opinion, could alternatively be termed “infoware”) aligns interestingly with the linguistic layers
of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This demonstrates a parallel between the structure of information and its processing within computational systems.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">The connection between information and computation is fundamental:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">I</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">nformation
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">is a</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"> structure. Computation is
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">information
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">processing.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">In Europe Computer Science (Computing) field is named “Informatics”.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">World Scientific has a book series</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/series/wssis__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYVjKnoR$" target="_blank">World
Scientific Series in Information Studies</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">to which many of the members of FIS community as well as IS4SI community have contributed during the years.<br>
Book series was edited for many years by Mark Burgin. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Here are the series volumes for reference:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13892__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYW3dvwG$" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US">Volume
17-Forthcoming </span>-<b>Understanding Information and Its Role as a Tool: In Memory of Mark Burgin</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Schroeder*2C*Marcin*J__;JSsr!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUGZmEr1$" title="Marcin J Schroeder" target="_blank">Marcin
J Schroeder</a> (Akita International University, Japan) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner" target="_blank">Wolfgang
Hofkirchner</a> (TU Wien, Austria & The Institute for a Global Sustainable Information Society (GSIS), Austria)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13319__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUdivYLu$" target="_blank">Volume
16-<b>Probability,</b> <b>Information, and Physics: Problems with Quantum Mechanics in the Context of a Novel Probability Theory</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Rocchi*2C*Paolo__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBekIwcmz$" title="Paolo Rocchi" target="_blank">Paolo
Rocchi</a> (IBM, Italy & LUISS University, Italy)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/13280__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBW01EbBy$" target="_blank">Volume
15-Chaos, <b>Information, and the Future of Physics: The Seaman-Rössler Dialogue with Information Perspectives by Burgin and Seaman</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Seaman*2C*William__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBYn6b74U$" title="William Seaman" target="_blank">William
Seaman</a> (Duke University, USA), <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/R**Assler*2C*Otto*E__;w7YlKys!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBb9um78c$" title="Otto E Rössler" target="_blank">Otto
E Rössler</a> (University of Tübingen, Germany), and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12985__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBWdrmfg_$" target="_blank">Volume
14-<b>The Logic of the Third: A Paradigm Shift to a Shared Future for Humanity</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner" target="_blank">Wolfgang
Hofkirchner</a> (The Institute for a Global Sustainable Information Society, Vienna, Austria)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12601__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBTq6KVOl$" target="_blank">Volume
13-<b>Ontological Information: Information in the Physical World</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Krzanowski*2C*Roman__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBb9S5XBP$" title="Roman Krzanowski" target="_blank">Roman
Krzanowski</a> (The Pontifical University of John Paul II, Poland)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12273__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBbT7TUfM$" target="_blank">Volume
12-<b>Trilogy of Numbers and Arithmetic: Book 1: History of Numbers and Arithmetic: An Information Perspective</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11191__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSXQQw3y$" target="_blank">Volume
11-<b>Theoretical Information Studies: Information in the World</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic" target="_blank">Gordana
Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden & Mälardalen University, Sweden)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11190__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBcIS1l8V$" target="_blank">Volume
10-<b>Philosophy and Methodology of Information: The Study of Information in the Transdisciplinary Perspective</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic" target="_blank">Gordana
Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden & Mälardalen University, Sweden) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10016__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBfGrG9Am$" target="_blank">Volume
9-<b>Information Studies and the Quest for Transdisciplinarity: Unity through Diversity</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (UCLA) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner" target="_blank">Wolfgang
Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10015__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBcM2J8QZ$" target="_blank">Volume
8-<b>The Future Information Society: Social and Technological Problems</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner" target="_blank">Wolfgang
Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (UCLA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10214__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBaVBzZd-$" target="_blank">Volume
7-<b>Information Theory Models of Instabilities in Critical Systems</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Wallace*2C*Rodrick__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBROy9dnY$" title="Rodrick Wallace" target="_blank">Rodrick
Wallace</a> (Columbia University, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10017__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBWaXmXsF$" target="_blank">Volume
6-<b>Information and Complexity</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (UCLA) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Calude*2C*Cristian*S__;JSsr!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSTArZ-E$" title="Cristian S Calude" target="_blank">Cristian
S Calude</a> (University of Auckland, New Zealand)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8893__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBblAH5xR$" target="_blank">Volume
5-<b>Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (UCLA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9527__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBUYD48yX$" target="_blank">Volume
4-<b>An Information Approach to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Extending Swerdlow's Hypothesis</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Wallace*2C*Rodrick__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBROy9dnY$" title="Rodrick Wallace" target="_blank">Rodrick
Wallace</a> (Columbia University, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7805__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBaUNOhHO$" target="_blank">Volume
3-<b>Emergent Information: A Unified Theory of Information Framework</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Hofkirchner*2C*Wolfgang__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBZlMFRWP$" title="Wolfgang Hofkirchner" target="_blank">Wolfgang
Hofkirchner</a> (Vienna University of Technology, Austria)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7637__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBd-8XUyw$" target="_blank">Volume
2-<b>Information and Computation: Essays on Scientific and Philosophical Understanding of Foundations of Information and Computation</b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Dodig-Crnkovic*2C*Gordana__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBay1vt5B$" title="Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic" target="_blank">Gordana
Dodig-Crnkovic</a> (Mälardalen University, Sweden) and <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18pt"><b><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7048__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBfHZ6ruC$" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight:normal">Volume
1-</span>Theory of Information: Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification</a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.worldscientific.com/author/Burgin*2C*Mark__;JSs!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SZCLtfB-RpGZJrjsbZ9Wcw-pVbw69K8QbmBoBOD435-v1mdSbK8iefs6_k8nawrcKY1naRZEoxIAn7LNgp0LB-uaBSLYs8Sa$" title="Mark Burgin" target="_blank">Mark
Burgin</a> (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">This collection, especially Volume 2, provides insights into the relationship between information (structure) and computation
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">(</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">its dynamics), with contributions from
prominent scholars like Marvin Minsky, Aaron Sloman, Oron Shagrir, John Collier, Greg Chaitin, and Søren Brier, among others.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Best regards,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif">Gordana<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(181,196,223);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br>
<b>Organisation: </b>CHINA<br>
<b>Reply to: </b>"<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, 5 December 2024 at 14:31<br>
<b>To: </b>FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Joseph,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">No, no, we are your students, forever. For many years, you have always used beautiful language and a natural scientist's perspective to sharply narrate
every information issue, which is evident to all.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Today, from a philosophical perspective, you have examined every question I have raised, and I am very pleased. Especially your review: “Hidden in Cloud
4 is the 'philosopher's stone' with which the nature of information can be tested. The question is whether the phenomenon under study is capable of effecting change.”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">We have exchanges over 10 years and understand each other very easily.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:DengXian">，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">==========================<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Marcus,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Explanation 1*: It explains the background behind my proposal for the concept of inforware.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Explanation 2**: An inforware is divided into three levels: Information, Sign, and Substrate. The substrate is at the bottom level and is typically outside
the scope of information science research. "ENTITY" and "AGENT" are good words, feel free to use them instead of worrying too much about what I said.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">==========================<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Eric,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">I really appreciate your explanation. When reviewing the different definitions of "information" by information scientists, we find that many scholars define
it as "code" or "sequence". At the same time, when looking back at the history of the definition of genes, from the original concept of “gene” to “genetic material”, most molecular biologists prefer to use "information" instead of "gene" today. Therefore,
I would like try to express this issue using a language of fundamental information science: CRISPR is a technology that edits base signs sequences through genetic engineering, ultimately leading to changes in genetic information. I don't know if this statement
is correct.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">==========================<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Gordana,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">They are not parallel. We are not discussing the same issue.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">I was shocked to see Mark's statement; we all coincidentally thought of the root of the word "information" in English. Mark used "inf," while I used "infor,"
and the root of the word "goods" is "ware." The significance of Mark's work lies in his attempt to bring computer science back to the path of information science. “Hardware”, “Software”, “Infware" – three beautiful instances of parallelism. If it were me,
I would likely have created this new word as well. It is already a well-known mystery that computer science does not study information issues.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Gordana, thank you for providing this clue.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">==========================<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Dear Francesco,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:22pt;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Your triad of meaning, information and communication is very interesting. Let's hear everyone's comments.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6pt;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6pt;margin-left:0cm;text-align:justify;line-height:15pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">==========================<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a> <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b><a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch" target="_blank">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 4, 2024 6:32 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>; FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Professor Yan,
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">You have given us
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">–</span><span lang="EN-US"> your "students"
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">– </span><span lang="EN-US">a very difficult assignment. To make it a little easier for myself, I decided to look at the different issues from the perspective of
the ontic-epistemic distinction, starting with those in your title. The real problem for me, thus is with the two lines of the second footnote (**):
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Clouds
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> On first thought, a homogeneous form constituted by water droplets; on a second, the very embodiment of ontic change, appearance, growth and disappearance, with violent exchanges
of energy as lightning. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Signs <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> The sign is a representation, as accurate as you please, of a real object or process. On this basis it is essentially epistemic. Information, on the other hand, has both epistemic
and ontic properties, and cannot be reduced to signs. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Meaning (Cloud 1)
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Following the second point, information and meaning can be considered as two different expressions of one existence (or existence
<em><span style="font-family:SimSun">tout court</span></em>), both embodying and applicable to
<em><span style="font-family:SimSun">change.</span></em> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Brain or Animal Informatics (Cloud 2)
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> This Cloud seems mainly concerned with Informatics as an epistemic field, essentially self-defined. I have nothing particular to add.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Genetics as a Discipline of Informatics (Cloud 3)
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> What is being elaborated here is a further aspect of what I have concluded is an epistemic domain. Bases can function as signs, if you will, but the phenomena of interest are,
exactly, those in neuroscience and endocrinology and it is the ontic properties of the bases (residual charge,
<em><span style="font-family:SimSun">etc.</span></em>) that determine how the genetic material functions.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Communication between Infowares
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Hidden in this Cloud 4 is the
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">“</span><span lang="EN-US">philosopher</span><span lang="ZH-CN">’</span><span lang="EN-US">s
stone</span><span lang="ZH-CN">”</span><span lang="EN-US"> with which the nature of information can be tested. The question, as many have stated in their definitions of information, is whether
the phenomenon under study is capable of effecting <em><span style="font-family:SimSun">change.
</span></em>On this basis, I can confirm by experience that my cats (<em><span style="font-family:SimSun">pace</span></em>) and I communicated.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Exploration of Fundamental Information Science
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> The commonalities between in information disciplines, as embodied in most of the above Clouds, remain for me epistemic, questions of semantic modes of existence. That their
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">“</span><span lang="EN-US">complexity and enormity</span><span lang="ZH-CN">”</span><span lang="EN-US">
exist all right and have been difficult to handle in science and philosophy is clear. In this view, however, Cloud 2 on Meaning is the counterargument to Line **, which I reproduce here:
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
<span lang="ZH-CN">“</span><span lang="EN-US">Studies focused solely on substrates
<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">typically </span></strong>(emphasis mine) fall under the technical or natural sciences rather than information science.</span><span lang="ZH-CN">”
</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> What this says to me is that at worst (at best?), my ontic approach to meaning-information is a-typical but can exist. It thus co-exists with the largely epistemic standard view,
and this co-existence can be studied as an aspect of information science as well. I give the last word to the 5<sup>th</sup> Century BCE Greek playwright Aristophanes, whose a-typical play
<em><span style="font-family:SimSun">The Clouds </span></em>focused on problems of knowledge and existence (</span><span lang="ZH-CN">“</span><span lang="EN-US">The Thinkery</span><span lang="ZH-CN">”</span><span lang="EN-US">).
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best wishes,
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Joseph
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Le 02.12.2024 10:09 CET, Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" target="_blank">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>> a
</span><span lang="ZH-CN">é</span><span lang="EN-US">crit :
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Dear colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">I have summarized five sets of puzzles faced by fundamental information science and called them 'clouds' ― some of which have been emphasized
by Pedro on many occasions. I am now glade to hear everyone's different opinions.</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:SimSun;color:black"> </span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Best wishes,</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Xueshan Yan</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Professor Emeritus</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Department of Information Management</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Peking University, China</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"> </span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"> </span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"> </span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Five Clouds over Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34);font-style:normal">Xueshan Yan</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Inforware*</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">:
Information must exist in signs, and signs must exist on substrates**. We define a trinity composed of information, sign, and substrate as an Inforware.</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Four Concomitant Disciplines:
</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Based on the structure of an inforware, we have Informatics for studying information, and Semiotics for studying signs―the
existence mode of information. Since communication is the transmission of information and computation is the processing of information, we also have another two fundamental disciplines: Communication Studies and Computation Studies. These four disciplines
are concomitant; that is, if one is present, the other three (or more) will eventually emerge.</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Cloud 1. Information and Meaning</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">:
What is information? Since 1948, information scientists have been discussing it for 76 years, yet still cannot provide a definitive answer. What is meaning? Since 1825, linguists have been debating it for 200 years and still cannot reach a definitive conclusion.
Nevertheless, linguistics has been established successfully. Let’s consider a hypothesis: if we were to suspend all discussions about the definition of information for three years, what else could we do? From a human perspective, are information and meaning
two homogenous issues</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black">? Or are they two different expressions of one existence</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">?</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Cloud 2. Brain Informatics or Animal Informatics</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">:<strong><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">
</span></strong>It has been demonstrated that any organism with a brain inforware can communicate with others; therefore, brain informatics must exist, ―storing, sending, and receiving information are fundamental functions of the brain―, and human informatics
already exists. Similarly, we could explore bee informatics, elephant informatics, and so on. Can we assume that there are as many types of animal informatics as there are animal species?</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Cloud 3. Genetics as a Discipline of Informatics:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">
Cells can communicate. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the pathway of DNA→RNA→protein, through which genetic information flows. In this process, DNA serves as substrate, bases function as signs, and genomics represents informatics. If we propose
that genetics is the most successful branch of informatics, what would be the response from biologists? Could a similar phenomenon also be observed in neuroscience and endocrinology?</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Cloud 4. Communication between Inforwares</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">:
Some speculate that two supramolecules can communicate with each other. But can two ordinary molecules communicate? Can two atoms communicate? Can two celestial bodies communicate? Can plants communicate with one another? Can different inforwares communicate
across different levels? Is the communication between humans and cats true communication (language comprehension) or false communication (conditional reflex)?</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Cloud 5. Exploration of Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">:
Can we regard fundamental information science as an exploration based on the inductive method, focusing on the commonalities among various fundamental information disciplines, especially the four concomitant disciplines mentioned above? The complexity and
enormity of this venture have far exceeded anyone's imagination. Is it one of the most challenging disciplines to study in contemporary times? Or, does it not exist at all?</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22pt;line-height:13pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">---------------------</span><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">*Any discipline has its own concept framework, which is why I coined the new term
</span></em><strong><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">Inforware</span></i></strong><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">.
For example, the computer science is built on the two primary concepts of hardware and software.</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12pt;background:white">
<em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)">**Studies focused solely on substrates typically fall under the technical or natural sciences rather than information science.</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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