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<p>Dear Xueshan,</p>
<p>With regard to your question: <span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">
How should we view CRISPR? Can we consider it a form of
(genetic) information technology?</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Superficial
Answer: It changes the code of the genome by changing the
molecular sequence. </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Deep
Answer1: Abstractly it is a way of transforming a genome G1 into
a different genome G2. Given the information in the genome has
developmental meaning, e.g., it is involved in the control of
how the organism develops, then CRISPR is an operator that
transforms the developmental meaning (semantics-pragmatics) of
the genome by way of its interpreter, the cell. </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Deep
Answer2: The genome can be viewed as a strategy that controls
the cell-agent in which it is housed. And CRISPR can be used to
change the cell's control strategy. <br>
</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Is
this understandable? FIS has so many different highly talented
specialists that much of what we say may be lost in translation.
<br>
</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">-Eric<br>
</span></p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/4/24 8:50 AM, Xueshan Yan wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
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<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Dear
Marcus,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">I
apologize for the late reply.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">A
few years ago, I coined the term "Inforware", which has
proven to be very useful in my teaching experience of
information science in my university, as my students have
found it to be a valuable addition to their vocabulary.
Currently, we have approximately 300 different professional
informatics or information science, and this term is
effective for classifying and distinguishing these subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Also,
can you find a single word to simply replace 'inforware' in
the sentence 'Communication between Inforwares' in Cloud 4?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Best
wishes</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#222222">，</span><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">-------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Dear
Eric,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Thank
you for your comment. Let's work together to advance our
understanding of Fundamental Information Science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Given
your personal research experience, I would like to ask: How
should we view CRISPR? Can we consider it a form of
(genetic) information technology?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.5gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Best
wishes</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#222222">，</span><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div
style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left"><b><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es"><fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es></a> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Eric
Werner<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 4, 2024 3:55 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Five Clouds over Fundamental
Information Science<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span lang="EN-US">Dear Xueshan,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">Thank you for the clear separation of
disciplines-themes-clouds! All of fundamental interest and
importance. In view of your interests, you might be
interested in my theoretical and applies work on
communication-cooperation theory for multi-agent systems
(part of the birth of distributed AI) and my later modeling
of genomes and their role in embryogenesis and cancer -which
applied my DAI theories to modeling dynamic, developing
multicellular communication systems. This work relates
strongly to your themes at the same time showing
crossovers. I welcome further communications from you! My
work on meaning was strongly influenced by Wittgenstein, von
Neumann's work on game theory and his mathematical
foundations of quantum mechanics. So a more
logical-philosophical-formal-foundations bent. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">-Eric <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">P.S. Since we have never met and since you
have probably have never heard of me, here is some info
about me: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">BACKGROUND: Dr. Eric Werner has a Ph.D. in
logic and is a research scientist with an interdisciplinary
focus in distributed artificial intelligence, systems
biology, computational embryology, cancer modeling and
simulation. He has developed new models and protocols to
understand and potentially treat cancer by combining CRISPR
genome editing methods with computational cancer modeling
and simulation software (cancer-CAD).<br>
As a founder of Distributed Artificial Intelligence DAI, he
worked in some of the world's top research institutes
including: The University of Oxford (Balliol College) for 11
years in both the department of computer science and the
department of physiology, anatomy and genetics, INRIA in
France, CNR in Rome, AAII (Australian Artificial
Intelligence Institute, Stanford Research International SRI
in Australia), SONY Research Labs in Tokyo, the Distributed
Systems Research Group, University of Hamburg where he led a
project with staff and students that developed the first
four legged "insect" robot in Germany. He was chairman of
the department of computer science and Dana Faculty Fellow
at Bowdoin College, Maine. He headed robotic software
development while professor of computer science at Montana
College of Mineral Science and Technology, Butte, Montana.
Dr. Werner was also a lecturer in philosophy and formal
logic in Africa at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Dear
colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">I
have summarized five sets of puzzles faced by fundamental
information science and called them 'clouds' — some of
which have been emphasized by Pedro on many occasions. I
am now glade to hear everyone's different opinions.</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;color:black"> </span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Best
wishes,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Xueshan
Yan</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Professor
Emeritus</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Department
of Information Management</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Peking
University, China</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="margin:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Five
Clouds over Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;layout-grid-mode:char;background:white"><em><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222;font-style:normal">Xueshan
Yan</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Inforware*</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">:
Information must exist in signs, and signs must exist on
substrates**. We define a trinity composed of information,
sign, and substrate as an Inforware.</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Four
Concomitant Disciplines: </span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Based
on the structure of an inforware, we have Informatics for
studying information, and Semiotics for studying signs—the
existence mode of information. Since communication is the
transmission of information and computation is the
processing of information, we also have another two
fundamental disciplines: Communication Studies and
Computation Studies. These four disciplines are
concomitant; that is, if one is present, the other three
(or more) will eventually emerge.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Cloud
1. Information and Meaning</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">:
What is information? Since 1948, information scientists
have been discussing it for 76 years, yet still cannot
provide a definitive answer. What is meaning? Since 1825,
linguists have been debating it for 200 years and still
cannot reach a definitive conclusion. Nevertheless,
linguistics has been established successfully. Let’s
consider a hypothesis: if we were to suspend all
discussions about the definition of information for three
years, what else could we do? From a human perspective,
are information and meaning two homogenous issues</span><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black">?
Or are they two different expressions of one existence</span><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">?</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Cloud
2. Brain Informatics or Animal Informatics</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">:<strong><span
style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"> </span></strong>It
has been demonstrated that any organism with a brain
inforware can communicate with others; therefore, brain
informatics must exist, —storing, sending, and receiving
information are fundamental functions of the brain—, and
human informatics already exists. Similarly, we could
explore bee informatics, elephant informatics, and so on.
Can we assume that there are as many types of animal
informatics as there are animal species?</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Cloud
3. Genetics as a Discipline of Informatics:</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">
Cells can communicate. The central dogma of molecular
biology describes the pathway of DNA→RNA→protein, through
which genetic information flows. In this process, DNA
serves as substrate, bases function as signs, and genomics
represents informatics. If we propose that genetics is the
most successful branch of informatics, what would be the
response from biologists? Could a similar phenomenon also
be observed in neuroscience and endocrinology?</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Cloud
4. Communication between Inforwares</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">:
Some speculate that two supramolecules can communicate
with each other. But can two ordinary molecules
communicate? Can two atoms communicate? Can two celestial
bodies communicate? Can plants communicate with one
another? Can different inforwares communicate across
different levels? Is the communication between humans and
cats true communication (language comprehension) or false
communication (conditional reflex)?</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.1pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">Cloud
5. Exploration of Fundamental Information Science</span></strong><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">:
Can we regard fundamental information science as an
exploration based on the inductive method, focusing on the
commonalities among various fundamental information
disciplines, especially the four concomitant disciplines
mentioned above? The complexity and enormity of this
venture have far exceeded anyone's imagination. Is it one
of the most challenging disciplines to study in
contemporary times? Or, does it not exist at all?</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:0cm;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-indent:22.0pt;line-height:13.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">---------------------</span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><em><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222">*Any
discipline has its own concept framework, which is why I
coined the new term <b>Inforware</b>. For example, the
computer science is built on the two primary concepts of
hardware and software.</span></em><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0cm;text-indent:20.15pt;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;background:white"><strong><i><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#222222;font-weight:normal">**Studies
focused solely on substrates typically fall under the
technical or natural sciences rather than information
science.</span></i></strong><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"
style="mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:left"><span
lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span lang="EN-US">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<pre><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
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<pre><span lang="EN-US">----------<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
</blockquote>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:left"><span
lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体">-- <br>
<i>Dr. Eric Werner, FLS <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a
href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!UkEPDBuVF41SE5BvV8FD65kkuzAUlR2CWYFJtzqsbnZop5kHX0aIPAOL8PYVRg4L7f5JLSZvvfyafF8PyBx0U5U$"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
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<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre wrap="" class="moz-quote-pre">_______________________________________________
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<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
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----------
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es">http://listas.unizar.es</a>
----------
</pre>
</blockquote>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<i>
Dr. Eric Werner, FLS <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QxFttZDFGFTYYsuDOPQN47MywJ9HGvVoGFpYU2CYMcaQTr-dCyivGEJNr8eepk4NF8DunQk8t5WUI1Y4zWIeLIM$">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
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