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<p>There is an interesting <b>field of normative modelling and
empirical research at the intersection of logics and probability
in psychology and philosophy as well.</b> One has to distinguish
ternary logics, many-valued logics, fuzzy logic, quantum
probability accounts applied to logical issues. Particularly
interesting, in my view, are some accounts, adressing apparent
deviations from normative probability theory and logics (like the
Conjunction fallacy). </p>
<p>I allow myself to draw your attention to <b>Bayesian Logic</b>
(or Bayesian pattern logic), that I have been working on. This is
an inductive, probabilistic logic, concerned with the classical
(16 combinatorically possible) binary logical connectives of
propositional logics. It is based on standard Kolmogorov
probabilities, but is concerned with logical *patterns*
(probabilistic analogues of truth tables as a whole). The logic
assigns priors, likelihoods (based on frequency data) and
posteriors to probability tables as wholes. This may sound quite
standard Bayesian, but the results here differ strongly from
(extensional) probabilities which use relative frequencies or
subjective probability measures (based on priors and likelihoods
based on relative frequencies) more directly. Bayesian logics
instead provides a kind of rational re-formulation of intensional
(<> intentional) probability. The 'emergent' intensional
probability linked to the pattern of a particilar connector
differs substantially from the composing standard extensional
probabilities. In my ideosyncratic view this logic seems to
provide a rational reconstruction for a number of biases discussed
in psychology and philosophy as supposedly irrational. For
instance it allows a logical conjunction A AND B to be more
probable than inclusive disjunction A OR B (or both), which would
not be possible using Kolmorgorov probabilities with logical
connectives more directly. <br>
</p>
<p>Of course, this parsimonic Bayesian logic, on its normative side,
is required to make assumtions, in particular that random
variables are iid (otherwise it would fall pray to the Humean
problem of induction) and it is only developed and empirically
supported (as minority position) as an inductive logic. It is not
jet developed in the traditional core field of logic, i.e. that of
reasoning and drawing inferences. Nonetheless, perhaps someone
wants to have a look at it.<br>
</p>
<p><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228529771_The_Bayesian_logic_of_frequency-based_conjunction_fallacies__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wkpc6gXEAUa7vTN073irJvmiGFm1M04ePrzamc3puONiLj0j7VhXXNyOKSfhw7vlOZkl9aV2Cf3k1dD6zyBvCQ$">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228529771_The_Bayesian_logic_of_frequency-based_conjunction_fallacies</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289489883_Towards_a_Pattern-Based_Logic_of_Probability_Judgements_and_Logical_Inclusion_Fallacies__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wkpc6gXEAUa7vTN073irJvmiGFm1M04ePrzamc3puONiLj0j7VhXXNyOKSfhw7vlOZkl9aV2Cf3k1dD4d49YjQ$">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289489883_Towards_a_Pattern-Based_Logic_of_Probability_Judgements_and_Logical_Inclusion_Fallacies</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316248863_Rational_and_Semi-Rational_Explanations_of_the_Conjunction_Fallacy_A_Polycausal_Approach_Momme_von_Sydow__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wkpc6gXEAUa7vTN073irJvmiGFm1M04ePrzamc3puONiLj0j7VhXXNyOKSfhw7vlOZkl9aV2Cf3k1dC06pUjIw$">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316248863_Rational_and_Semi-Rational_Explanations_of_the_Conjunction_Fallacy_A_Polycausal_Approach_Momme_von_Sydow</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326719115_Is_there_a_Monadic_as_well_as_a_Dyadic_Bayesian_Logic_Two_Logics_Explaining_Conjunction_'Fallacies'?_sg*5B0*5D=off0L4Q8oHh8xAUUBUFcPOxlGLfGnPAHbDZSx7Vmtq11m8Z4n2X9-QKquQAnyiRHJX6abs99Qd8X6_IYBEU1YtiNV37Z9OBgNc8O_IhY.-X-5XcXwnj-KbyGiVCkbIQR3ORzC5PNiSdTAiU6-_3V3YIUO5up--0oidXT4bHC1wZVBtQG5bmHHu9eXLuVVbA&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InByb2ZpbGUiLCJwb3NpdGlvbiI6InBhZ2VDb250ZW50In19__;JSU!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Wkpc6gXEAUa7vTN073irJvmiGFm1M04ePrzamc3puONiLj0j7VhXXNyOKSfhw7vlOZkl9aV2Cf3k1dCt6Ou4RA$">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326719115_Is_there_a_Monadic_as_well_as_a_Dyadic_Bayesian_Logic_Two_Logics_Explaining_Conjunction_'Fallacies'?_sg%5B0%5D=off0L4Q8oHh8xAUUBUFcPOxlGLfGnPAHbDZSx7Vmtq11m8Z4n2X9-QKquQAnyiRHJX6abs99Qd8X6_IYBEU1YtiNV37Z9OBgNc8O_IhY.-X-5XcXwnj-KbyGiVCkbIQR3ORzC5PNiSdTAiU6-_3V3YIUO5up--0oidXT4bHC1wZVBtQG5bmHHu9eXLuVVbA&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InByb2ZpbGUiLCJwb3NpdGlvbiI6InBhZ2VDb250ZW50In19</a><br>
<br>
Sorry, don't want to provide Spam, in this mailing list, which I
do value very much. But sometimes - as you know - aspects of the
'TAO' could be revealed by technicalities ;-) <br>
<br>
Best regards Momme <br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 02.05.2024 um 17:08 schrieb Stuart
Kauffman:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:AEAC4E93-BD91-4025-A306-2949F1A4E363@gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Lou am I correct that fuzzy logic does not handle quantum
uncertainty where there are no "facts of the matter" between
“measurements”? Stu<br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage">
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On May 2, 2024, at 9:01 AM, Louis Kauffman
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com"><loukau@gmail.com></a> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div
style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Multiple
valued logic with values in interval from 0 to 1 allows a
continuity of possibilities.
<div>To see more of what people have done and are doing
with it see the whole literature on fuzzy logic.</div>
<div>I would be interested in what you hope to do with
such ideas.</div>
<div><br>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On May 2, 2024, at 5:12 AM, Dr. Eric Werner
<<a href="mailto:evwerner@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">evwerner@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<meta http-equiv="content-type"
content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="auto">Very nice Louis!
<div>Now can we connect this to AI encodings and
inference?</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Eric <br>
<div><br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfSignature">
<div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
<blockquote type="cite">On May 1, 2024, at
23:41, Louis Kauffman <<a
href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">loukau@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Dear Folks,
<div>There is a very nice way (not the
only way!) to start in multiple valued
logics by extending from 0 and 1 to
all the values between 0 and 1 in the
real numbers.</div>
<div>This actually was done by Boole. In
a modern version I will let ~x = 1-x
where x is in [0,1] = {x| 0<=
x<= 1}. We can let x AND y = x ^ y
= xy the usual product of numbers.</div>
<div>Thus 0^0 = 0, 0^1=0, 1^1=1. Then
define x v y = ~(~x ^ ~y) to preserve
the DeMorgan rule.</div>
<div>Then x v y = ~(~x ^ ~y) = 1 -
(1-x)(1-y) = 1-(1-x-y+xy) = x+y - xy.
(Note that 1 v 1 = 1 + 1 - 1x1 = 1 as
desired for Boolean algebra.) Then we
have Boolean algebra for 0 and 1 and
an extension that can be thought of as
probabilistic for values between</div>
<div>0 and 1. Note that ~(1/2) = (1/2)
so there is a Third Value that sits on
the fence. Since this works for 0 and
1, you can write a computer program
with these formulas and then compute
in Boolean by taking 0 and 1 values.</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Lou</div>
<div><br>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On May 1, 2024, at 1:40 AM, <a
href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a>
wrote:</div>
<br
class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div><font size="3">Dear
Krassimir,</font>
<div><font size="3"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="3">You and
others interested in this
form of epistemic logic
should by all means look at
the 3VL neutrosophic logic
of the Romanian-American
Florentin Smarandache at the
U. of New Mexico. It is a
highly sophisticated fuzzy
intuitionist logic that
offers more operators than
simple ternary logic.</font></div>
<div><font size="3"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="3">As I
discussed with Florentin
some ten years ago, there is
<i>no </i>relation between
neutrosophic logics and an
ontological logic of
processes. They can be
applied without reference to
it.</font></div>
<div><font size="3"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="3">Best wishes,</font></div>
<div><font size="3">Joseph<br>
</font>
<blockquote
style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left:15px;">----Message d'origine----<br>
De : <a
href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">itheaiss@gmail.com</a><br>
Date : 30/04/2024 - 22:09
(E)<br>
À : <a
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
Objet : [Fis] The ternary
logic<br>
<br>
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">Dear Kate,<br>
</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">I want to point out that my note was just one
variation of the
well-known ternary
logic. </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">The ternary logic, or three-valued logic
(3VL), is a logic
system with three
truth values: TRUE,
FALSE, and UNKNOWN. It
is superior to binary
logic, but because of
the significantly
larger set of 27 unary
operators, the
engineer who created
the first electronic
computer (do you know
who he was?) preferred
the simpler binary
(Boolean) logic. </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">Boolean logic allows 2<sup>2</sup> = 4 unary
operators; the
addition of a third
value in ternary logic
leads to a total of 3<sup>3</sup>
= 27 distinct
operators on a single
input value.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">At the same time, if we want to achieve
development in the
field of artificial
intelligence and its
applications, it is
better to use ternary
logic. It can be
implemented
programmatically
without much effort,
so it is not a
question of
implementation, but
rather of using it
expediently.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">For instance the database structural query
language SQL
implements ternary
logic as a means of
handling comparisons
with NULL field
content. NULL was
originally intended to
be used as a sentinel
value in SQL to
represent missing data
in a database, i.e.
the assumption that an
actual value exists,
but that the value is
not currently recorded
in the database. In
SQL, the intermediate
value is intended to
be interpreted as
UNKNOWN.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">In the 3VL logic based on -1,0,1 the
intermediate value is
0. </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">Thank you Kate for the very interesting
interpretation of
intermediate value for
the case of emotions!</font></p>
<div
style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif"> </font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">Dear Stu,</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">I would like to touch briefly on the "Hindu
Jain concept of
Unmanifest, True,
Unmanifest, False" you
noted.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">This is not analogous to "I don't know,"
because "I don't know"
means "I have no way
of knowing." This is a
ternary logic - "Yes",
"No" and "Unknown".</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">In my opinion, "Unmanifest, True, Unmanifest,
False", is based on
the recommendation to
perceive reality as
"it is" and at the
same time as "it is
not", qualified with
"perhaps", to
understand Absolute
Reality. This is a
variant of binary
logic, in probably one
of its oldest
versions.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">I will recall that any change in a given
entity, as a result of
interaction with
another (= reflection
= data = ontological
information), only
after being recognized
by the Infos (= human
= agent = subject)
becomes a mental model
(= information = data
with meaning =
knowledge =
epistemological
information). </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">This is what leads to the confusion of what
"information" is,
because in everyday
life we use the term
“information” for both
data and knowledge.
And in fact,
information appears
during the transition
from data to
knowledge, which takes
place in the temporary
(working) memory of
the brain. Data enters
it, is recognized, and
is perceived as
information (the data
acquires meaning),
after which it is
stored in long-term
memory. Thus, the
temporary memory can
be considered as a
converter of the data
coming at the input
into information that
is stored in the
permanent memory and
we usually call
"knowledge". The
opposite transition
from knowledge to data
is possible.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">But the reflection (the data, the ontological
information) may not
be recognized by the
Infos (= human = agent
= subject) and, under
certain conditions,
continue to exist in
long-term memory as a
reflection without
meaning. This is
exactly the case with
"I don't know". Thus
we enter the ternary
aspect of
consciousness, which
is actually the engine
of knowledge because
it leads to the
generation of new
mental models.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">If we make an analogy with Schrödinger's Cat,
then in ternary logic
the observation can
give one of three
answers: "The cat is
alive", "The cat is
dead", "That in the
box is not a cat and
one cannot recognize
what it is"!</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">This suggests that our brain is not quantum,
but a vastly more
complex system.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">If we want the Jain concept to become a
ternary, then we
should have three
concepts -
"Unmanifest, True",
"Unmanifest, False",
and "Unmanifest,
Unknown ".</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">With respect,</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">Krassimir</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4"
face="tahoma, sans-serif">PS: In the future, possibly it will be
interesting to discuss
information
trialectics
philosophy.</font></p>
<div
style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><font size="4"
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<span>Puede encontrar toda la
información sobre como tratamos sus
datos en el siguiente enlace: <a
href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a></span><br>
<span>Recuerde que si está suscrito a
una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse
de baja desde la propia aplicación en
el momento en que lo desee.</span><br>
<span><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://listas.unizar.es</a></span><br>
<span>----------</span><br>
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</blockquote>
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_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACI�N SOBRE PROTECCI�N DE DATOS DE CAR�CTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo
gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la informaci�n sobre como tratamos sus
datos en el siguiente enlace:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si est� suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud.
puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicaci�n en el momento
en que lo desee.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
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</blockquote>
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<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Fis mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a>
----------
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listas.unizar.es">http://listas.unizar.es</a>
----------
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