<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">I agree, thanks Lou. Stu<br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage"><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 2, 2024, at 4:06 PM, Louis Kauffman <loukau@gmail.com> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Quantum Logic is what you want.<div>Fuzzy logic is not compatible with quantum mechanics.</div><div><br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 2, 2024, at 10:08 AM, Stuart Kauffman <<a href="mailto:stukauffman@gmail.com">stukauffman@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Lou am I correct that fuzzy logic does not handle quantum uncertainty where there are no "facts of the matter" between “measurements”? Stu<br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage"><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 2, 2024, at 9:01 AM, Louis Kauffman <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com">loukau@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Multiple valued logic with values in interval from 0 to 1 allows a continuity of possibilities.<div>To see more of what people have done and are doing with it see the whole literature on fuzzy logic.</div><div>I would be interested in what you hope to do with such ideas.</div><div><br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 2, 2024, at 5:12 AM, Dr. Eric Werner <<a href="mailto:evwerner@gmail.com">evwerner@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div dir="auto">Very nice Louis!<div>Now can we connect this to AI encodings and inference?</div><div>Best,</div><div>Eric <br><div><br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfSignature"><div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">On May 1, 2024, at 23:41, Louis Kauffman <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com">loukau@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">Dear Folks,<div>There is a very nice way (not the only way!) to start in multiple valued logics by extending from 0 and 1 to all the values between 0 and 1 in the real numbers.</div><div>This actually was done by Boole. In a modern version I will let ~x = 1-x where x is in [0,1] = {x| 0<= x<= 1}. We can let x AND y = x ^ y = xy the usual product of numbers.</div><div>Thus 0^0 = 0, 0^1=0, 1^1=1. Then define x v y = ~(~x ^ ~y) to preserve the DeMorgan rule.</div><div>Then x v y = ~(~x ^ ~y) = 1 - (1-x)(1-y) = 1-(1-x-y+xy) = x+y - xy. (Note that 1 v 1 = 1 + 1 - 1x1 = 1 as desired for Boolean algebra.) Then we have Boolean algebra for 0 and 1 and an extension that can be thought of as probabilistic for values between</div><div>0 and 1. Note that ~(1/2) = (1/2) so there is a Third Value that sits on the fence. Since this works for 0 and 1, you can write a computer program with these formulas and then compute in Boolean by taking 0 and 1 values.</div><div>Best,</div><div>Lou</div><div><br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 1, 2024, at 1:40 AM, <a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><font size="3">Dear Krassimir,</font><div><font size="3"><br></font></div><div><font size="3">You and others interested in this form of epistemic logic should by all means look at the 3VL neutrosophic logic of the Romanian-American Florentin Smarandache at the U. of New Mexico. It is a highly sophisticated fuzzy intuitionist logic that offers more operators than simple ternary logic.</font></div><div><font size="3"><br></font></div><div><font size="3">As I discussed with Florentin some ten years ago, there is <i>no </i>relation between neutrosophic logics and an ontological logic of processes. They can be applied without reference to it.</font></div><div><font size="3"><br></font></div><div><font size="3">Best wishes,</font></div><div><font size="3">Joseph<br></font><blockquote style="margin-right: 0px; margin-left:15px;">----Message d'origine----<br>De : <a href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com">itheaiss@gmail.com</a><br>Date : 30/04/2024 - 22:09 (E)<br>À : <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>Objet : [Fis] The ternary logic<br><br><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Dear Kate,<br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">I want to point out that my note was just one variation of the well-known ternary logic. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">The ternary logic, or three-valued logic (3VL), is a logic system with three truth values: TRUE, FALSE, and UNKNOWN. It is superior to binary logic, but because of the significantly larger set of 27 unary operators, the engineer who created the first electronic computer (do you know who he was?) preferred the simpler binary (Boolean) logic. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Boolean logic allows 2<sup>2</sup> = 4 unary operators; the addition of a third value in ternary logic leads to a total of 3<sup>3</sup> = 27 distinct operators on a single input value.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">At the same time, if we want to achieve development in the field of artificial intelligence and its applications, it is better to use ternary logic. It can be implemented programmatically without much effort, so it is not a question of implementation, but rather of using it expediently.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">For instance the database structural query language SQL implements ternary logic as a means of handling comparisons with NULL field content. NULL was originally intended to be used as a sentinel value in SQL to represent missing data in a database, i.e. the assumption that an actual value exists, but that the value is not currently recorded in the database. In SQL, the intermediate value is intended to be interpreted as UNKNOWN.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">In the 3VL logic based on -1,0,1 the intermediate value is 0. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Thank you Kate for the very interesting interpretation of intermediate value for the case of emotions!</font></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"> </font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Dear Stu,</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">I would like to touch briefly on the "Hindu Jain concept of Unmanifest, True, Unmanifest, False" you noted.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">This is not analogous to "I don't know," because "I don't know" means "I have no way of knowing." This is a ternary logic - "Yes", "No" and "Unknown".</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">In my opinion, "Unmanifest, True, Unmanifest, False", is based on the recommendation to perceive reality as "it is" and at the same time as "it is not", qualified with "perhaps", to understand Absolute Reality. This is a variant of binary logic, in probably one of its oldest versions.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">I will recall that any change in a given entity, as a result of interaction with another (= reflection = data = ontological information), only after being recognized by the Infos (= human = agent = subject) becomes a mental model (= information = data with meaning = knowledge = epistemological information). </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">This is what leads to the confusion of what "information" is, because in everyday life we use the term “information” for both data and knowledge. And in fact, information appears during the transition from data to knowledge, which takes place in the temporary (working) memory of the brain. Data enters it, is recognized, and is perceived as information (the data acquires meaning), after which it is stored in long-term memory. Thus, the temporary memory can be considered as a converter of the data coming at the input into information that is stored in the permanent memory and we usually call "knowledge". The opposite transition from knowledge to data is possible.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">But the reflection (the data, the ontological information) may not be recognized by the Infos (= human = agent = subject) and, under certain conditions, continue to exist in long-term memory as a reflection without meaning. This is exactly the case with "I don't know". Thus we enter the ternary aspect of consciousness, which is actually the engine of knowledge because it leads to the generation of new mental models.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">If we make an analogy with Schrödinger's Cat, then in ternary logic the observation can give one of three answers: "The cat is alive", "The cat is dead", "That in the box is not a cat and one cannot recognize what it is"!</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">This suggests that our brain is not quantum, but a vastly more complex system.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">If we want the Jain concept to become a ternary, then we should have three concepts - "Unmanifest, True", "Unmanifest, False", and "Unmanifest, Unknown ".</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">With respect,</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">Krassimir</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 10.0pt;line-height: 115.0%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif">PS: In the future, possibly it will be interesting to discuss information trialectics philosophy.</font></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><font size="4" face="tahoma, sans-serif"> </font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
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