<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Dear Christophe,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Thanks a lot for recalling this fundamental article!</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">It is important because it fixes the understanding of the authors at
that time.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">My understanding has not changed. Then I wrote the following:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Data = Reflection;</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Information = </font>
<span style="font-size:large">Reflection</span> <font size="4">+ Meaning</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information is a type of subjective reflection
that is recognized by the subject what it reflects.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">I.e. information is a class of subjective
reflections that the subject eventually uses to create mental models.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">The meaning is precisely the mental model by
which the reflection is recognized.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Here I would only add a small example.</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"><br></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">It is well known that the path of signals from the external environment
to the various types of INFOS memory is as follows:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><i><span lang="BG"><font size="4">external environment - sensor - sensory memory - working
(short-term) memory - long-term memory.</font></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">The passage of signals is related to relevant conditions, such as, for
example, a threshold of sensitivity of the sensor.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">This means that at each stage, the incoming signals are converted to
new, different signals that are specific to the respective (neuronal)
connection.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">So, the sensor received an external impact and reflected it,
"recording" in the sensor memory a corresponding reflection.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><span lang="BG">Next is the transfer of the reflection to working memory, where </span></font>
<span style="font-size:large">Infos </span> <font size="4"><span lang="BG">meets it with a mental model from long-term memory </span>called “Information Expectation (IE)” <span lang="BG">and (possibly)
recognizes the reflection by forming a new mental structure</span> called “Information”<span lang="BG">, incorporating the reflection into a </span>new <span lang="BG">mental model with the meaning of that reflection. Thus, incoming data
reflections are converted into information.</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><span lang="BG">(More detailed the Information expectation is discussed in the papers given below)</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><span lang="BG">Let's describe this process in Shannon's terms. Let each incoming
signal have two states of high and low potential, which we denote by </span>“No” (<span lang="BG">0</span>)<span lang="BG"> and </span>“Yes”(<span lang="BG">1</span>)<span lang="BG">. Upon entering first the sensory and then the working memory, this
signal gives rise to corresponding reflections.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><span lang="BG">If Infos finds in its long-term memory a mental model (</span>for instance, <span lang="BG">a question with two possible answers) to match with
the reflection received in working memory, it can combine the mental model with
the reflection (data) and turn it into information, i.e. in data with meaning.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Under certain conditions, for example, with
repetition, information is transferred to long-term memory. We call mental
models in long-term memory knowledge.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Here are some examples:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : Is it cold
outside?</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): Yes, it's cold
outside.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : Are you hungry?</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): Yes, you are
hungry.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : Do you have
money?</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): Yes, you have
money.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">But look what happens when the reflection
cannot be recognized.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:14.95px;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : </font><span style="font-size:large">none</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:14.95px;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:14.95px;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): none, the data remains data.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><br></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Examples of inadequate mental modes:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : What time is
it?</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): none, the data
remains data.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">IE (mental model - question) : Did Ptolemy
have a beard or a moustache?</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Reflection (data) : YES</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Information (new mental model): none, the data
remains data.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">You see that the information actually reflects
some relationship:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">- It is cold outside;</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">- You are hungry;</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">- You have money.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">So, let remember the first definition of the
term "information" given by me in 1988:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">"Information is a reflected (objective or
subjective) relationship (specific or general)."</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">The meaning is just the reflected relationship.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">That is all.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4"><br></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">*** </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="font-size:large"> </span><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">Dear Joseph,</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">You wrote:<br>
“Further, information is characterized by its <b>quality</b> as well as by scalar
quantities. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">I have not seen any algorithmic theory that captures quality, but
would of course be glad to know of one.”</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><br></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4">FYI:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><font size="4">Quality of
Information</font></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/81/1/118__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!VokTIM9w6khYBYvNJmo5pgd2vaVnuEFCJiWaaORHD54NYQWSNtAf1mDH-ELDm1X1N3ZV2f_HCv13U0C9uOI$" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/81/1/118</a></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><b><span lang="BG" style="font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"">Comparison
software systems based on Information quality measuring</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif""></span></b></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol24/ijita24-02-p01.pdf__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!VokTIM9w6khYBYvNJmo5pgd2vaVnuEFCJiWaaORHD54NYQWSNtAf1mDH-ELDm1X1N3ZV2f_HCv13BtQ4gmw$" target="_blank">http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol24/ijita24-02-p01.pdf</a></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><font size="4"> </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">With respect,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG"><font size="4">Krassimir</font></span></p></div></div>