<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal">Would you recognize a paradigm changing algorithm if it
jumped up from the grass and bit you?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right">2023 10 23<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">What is a paradigm?<span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">We appear to gravitate towards a concept of paradigm and
paradigm changes, which describes the idea as a new insight into basic
relations, necessitating a new recalculation of goals, resources, and methods. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">Examples of paradigm changes coming from technical progress:
introduction of the microscope changed radically the way of thinking about
cells; introduction of the steam engine changed attitudes towards labor;
invention of the atomic bomb changed attitudes towards war; invention of
computers changed attitude towards administration and intelligent
administration, and even intelligence as such.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Genius and finite
automaton <span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">The dividing line is whether the object is a subject, that
is whether it has its own impulses. As long as there is no spontaneous activity,
(there exists an idle state or being switched off), the entity is an object.
The problem-solving ability, that is ‘intelligence in the mechanical sense’, of
finite automata should be distinguished and termed ‘competence’. Intelligence
(in the second, ‘genius’ understanding of the term) begins if there exist
alternatives which are generated by the subject. React to alternatives posed by
external events, this is competence. Choose among alternatives that are
generated by internal processes, this is intelligence.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Cybernetic examples of
automata and biologic systems<span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">We know that thermostats are the elementary simplification
of the idea of a feedback loop and regulated processes. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Let me offer a similarly basic, fundamental demonstration
for the appearance of intelligence: the oedipal conflict. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">We have 3 actors, Mom, Dad, Kid. The task is discovering the
cartography of when and where rules according to M and/or those according to D
are to be followed. The infant has to develop an inner sense of relative positions
and gradate the values its liens to Mom and to Dad are worth. The child enters
a 3-way bargain situation, and brings M and D also into the market. All and
each have to recalculate their emotional balances towards the requirements
coming from the other 2 actors. If this is managed acceptably, socially usual
behavior patterns will develop. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The distinctive point is whether the child has sufficient
freedom to develop its own preferences and terms of change. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">An extremely over-supervised child will in the best case
lose its individuality and become an automaton, otherwise it must suppress the
non-realized alternatives’ hormonal-physiological-neurologic representations,
which can lead to manifestations of grossly disordered inner representations. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The existence of the child’s own urges and needs is usually
acknowledged. As long as the child learns to behave, and never does anything that
is not expected from it, it could be replaced by a competent finite automaton. As
it creates a strategic priority that can swing, according to its own desires, it
uses an ability that sets it into the group of geniuses. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">If the FIS server would allow drawings, here would be some
drawings: 3 points named M, C, D and arrows connecting the 3 points. The arrows
symbolize the bondage between two or more actors. One would draw schemata of
wished-for constellations from the 3 perspectives.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">In a different example, the main actors in Romeo and Julliet
would be simplified into dots with arrows. The bondages that exist between and
among individuals are called <b>liaison</b>
and they express a cohesion.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Paradigm change: learn to
count across, not only along <b>N</b><span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">The new technical discovery that leads to the paradigm
change re intelligence, competence, spontaneity comes to us in the form of a
family of algorithms. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <b>liaison
algorithms </b>give us the general form
of <span></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Alliances and coalitions among members of a cohesive group,<span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Aspects of coalition bondages,<span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Intensity extents for the strength of the alliances among members,<span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Opportunity costs of establishing, maintaining, dissolving alliances,<span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Profiles of individual members based on the member’<b> </b>s partaking
in alliances.<span></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <b>lien values </b>of
the diverse <b>alliances </b>of the elements can be read off the numeric values
of the elements aggregated into <b>cycles. </b>Cycles are generated as one
resorts the etalon collection on diverse aspects of the elements. The aspects
are properties of <i>(a,b), </i>like e.g. <i>{a,b,a+b,b-a,2a-3b}. </i>The etalon
collection is cohort 16 of pairs of <i>(a,b),
a</i><i> ≤ b, a,b ≤ 16. <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Counting relations between members of a consistent
collection opens up a wholly dew depth to the linear calculations done on <b>N</b>.
The consistent collection is an ordered collection, in which the numeric
aspects of <i>(a,b) </i>are subject to the
rule <i>a+b=c. </i>While Physics investigates,
<i>whether </i>a collection is ordered, and
at which degree, in matters relating to intelligence the unspoken understanding
is regarding Intelligence (be that Natural Intelligence NI or Artificial
Intelligence AI), that the intelligent system is working (“alive”), in possession
of its faculties and free of accidental errors. The biologic systems undertaking genetic coding
and decoding and of storing and recalling mental contents into and from <i>memory</i> would not function if not in an
optimally ordered state. The basis of functioning intelligence is that the
symbol set is consistent. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <b>liaison </b>values
refer to members that are (were or will be) <b>contemporaneous. </b>Coalitions
are made in the moment and for the moment. Whether coalitions are sustainable
and/or remain stable, is a methodically different question. <span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm" start="5" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Self-test: Am I an Automaton or a Genius?<span></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">If your
contributions to a discussion are mainly or exclusively of the form <i>“A says that …, B asserts that …, C’s
opinion is …”, </i>etc. then your inner organization is <i>heterokefal, </i>and your <i>locus
of impulse </i>is outside of you (in the so-called objective world) and the
mental ability of a competent automaton is correct.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If your
contributions to a discussion detail, how you yourself see a situation, what
your own ideas are, how the observed apparitions combine into a whole, and what
improvements can be suggested to explicatory models of others, then your inner
organization is <i>autokefal, </i>and your <i>locus of impulse </i>is internal (because
you have understood, that however much you insist that you speak about objective
realities, the fact is that it is <i>you </i>who
speaks), or if you discover something (even if that something has been invented
by someone different than you) and you wonder, how you could utilize that something
to generate new and creative insights with, then your classification is that of
a Genius (Eric’s term, meaning a system that looks for problems to solve and
tries to solve them).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Compare yourself to
someone who has been told<span></span></p>
<table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">To grind optical lenses and arrange them<span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">To see very small or very big objects<span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">Set up a boiling pot with valves and pistons<span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">To see that work can be done by steam<span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">Translate a number from Arabic into digital<span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">To see that a sequence of 0,1 is equivalent<span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">Calculate casualties and cost of a war<span></span></p>
</td>
<td width="302" valign="top" style="width:226.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;line-height:normal">To see that total war is not a good
business<span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now you are told to
generate a few databases that enumerate <i>which
objects are in alliance with which other objects in any given need of response,
</i>which knowledge is accessible by naming pairs of <i>(a,b) </i>as individual members of an etalon collection, and sorting
and resorting the etalon collection and keeping track of which elements can be
contemporaneous with each other under which understandings of order. Planetary
mechanics was more complicated to solve than the functioning of the tautomat.
There are problems to solve, insights to gain, advances to make aplenty. The
world being cohesive and ordered (in topics memory, genetic comparable to an
ideally ordered assembly), having access to a numeric measure of cohesion expressed
as properties of cycles, based on properties of <i>(a,b), </i>well, this should ring a bell even in the most solidly
heterokefal researchers taking part in the present fruitful discussion in FIS
about intelligence.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Post scriptum:<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ad Krassimir and
context and meaning.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The geometric
picture of the <b>liaison </b>shows us two 3D spaces transcended by further two
planes. Both 3D spaces have each a Central Element in them. The CEs have two
definite sets of geometric coordinates relating to an outside geometric
construct, also based on <b>N, </b>which we traditionally use, and which possesses
a Zero coordinate at <i>(0,0,0). <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Information is a
description of the diversity between A and B. The context of the information are
the cycles A and B are included in. The meaning is a description of the
diversities AB in relation to central elements. The absolute, formal meaning relates
the diversities AB to the absolute Zero coordinate, the subjective meaning
relates the diversity to either or to both central elements.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Bemerkund">Example: Information is the description of a pass in a
soccer game between two players. Context are the other players A and B could
have also played/received a ball from. Meaning is orienting the pass in
relation to the goal posts which are the central elements. The absolute meaning
is relating the pass to the UEFA catalogue of goal posts and balls having been passed.<span></span></p></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Am Mo., 23. Okt. 2023 um 11:33 Uhr schrieb Eric Werner <<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org">eric.werner@oarf.org</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
<p>
</p>
<div lang="x-unicode">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<h1><br>
</h1>
Dear Yixin, Ma</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thank you all for your thoughtful contributions Krassimir,
Marcus, Pedro, Yixin. Thinking about wisdom and human nature
and AI. Recently viewing the uses of AI in weapons systems
already being designed and produced by corporations that sell
to governments, made me hesitate about what we are doing. We
need a deep discussion about artificial intelligence in a
social industrial governmental military context. <br>
<h1>AI in love and war</h1>
<div align="center"><i><b>We walk lightly along the edge of a
deep ravine, </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>where can be seen </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>the results of passions played. </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>Oh, I loved too much, </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>and by such, by such </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>is happiness thrown away.</b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>I had wooed not as I should</b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>a creature made of clay</b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>When the angel woos the clay </b></i></div>
<div align="center"><i><b>he'd lose his wings<br>
</b></i></div>
<div align="center"><b>at the dawning of the day</b></div>
<div align="center"><b><br>
</b></div>
<div align="center">(Adapted from a poem 'On Raglan Road' by
Patrick Kavanagh)<br>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Wisdom in the wide human sense</li>
<ul>
<li>Fairness</li>
<li>Kindness</li>
<li>Love</li>
<li>For all humans </li>
<li>For all life</li>
</ul>
<li>Military uses of AI</li>
<ul>
<li>Goal directed</li>
<li>Antagonistic</li>
<li>Cooperative</li>
<li>Destructive</li>
<li>Murderous </li>
<li>Anti-human</li>
<li>Financially motivated</li>
</ul>
<li>An AI model is like a child</li>
<ul>
<li>It can be molded to the wishes of the user</li>
<li>At the same time, it’s like a mother that responds to
every wish</li>
<li>It is an all knowing God</li>
<li>Connected to a robotic system, it can heal, but it can
also murder</li>
<li>AI is a child of humankind</li>
<li>All too human</li>
<li>A savior and genocidal</li>
</ul>
<li>What will we do?<br>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div lang="x-unicode">King regards,</div>
<div lang="x-unicode"><br>
</div>
<div lang="x-unicode">Eric</div>
<div lang="x-unicode"><br>
<div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
</div>
<div>On 10/22/23 9:43 AM, <a href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn" target="_blank">zyx@bupt.edu.cn</a>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="auto">Dear Eric,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>You proposed a number of points which are interesting and
important Thank you very much!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I would like to discuss at least some of them not now, but
a few days later because my notebook was trouble some the day
before yesterday. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best wished,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Yixin<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div id="m_5852419801937130185hw_signature">发自我的手机</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height:1.5"><br>
<br>
-------- 原始邮件 --------<br>
发件人： Eric Werner <a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a><br>
日期： 2023年10月19日周四 傍晚5:56<br>
收件人： 钟义信 <a href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn" target="_blank"><zyx@bupt.edu.cn></a>, fis
<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a><br>
主 题： Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12<br>
<blockquote>
<div>
<p>Dear Yixin,</p>
<p>Can you be more specific what you mean by "change the
paradigm used in AI". It might help to give a specific
example. </p>
<p>*At present AI systems certainly behave as if they are
goal directed. <br>
</p>
<p>*AI systems appear to have wisdom in that they can
propose wise courses of action</p>
<p>* What do you mean by "pure formalism"? It seems one of
the powers of formalism is to understand AI and human
intelligence. <br>
</p>
<p>* It seems AI systems exhibit human-like wisdom when they
offer advice or guide the actions of a virtual assistant
or self driving car. The react based on the circumstances
and goals of the other, at leas to an extent. <br>
</p>
<p>* Why can't a machine understand human goals and purposes
if it gains a model of those from human data? <br>
</p>
<p>* Why can't an AI system have intentions? <br>
</p>
<p>My overall problem is understanding your specific
criticism of the present AI paradigm? This notion seems to
me to need clearer definition. <br>
</p>
<p>How would you overcome the present AI paradigm and what
specifically is different when you want to "change the
paradigm used in AI"???</p>
<p>This is not a criticism it is a real question in trying
to understand you. At present I just don't see the
difference between the present AI paradigm and your new AI
paradigm. <br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 10/19/23 8:48 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Krassimir,
Dear Eric, and Dear Colleagues,</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The discussion
is going on well thanks to all your efforts.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is a few
points I would like to mention (or re-mention).</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) The purpose
of the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI" is to
make an appeal for <u>change the paradigm used in AI.</u> </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) There may
have different understanding on the concept of
paradigm. However, <u>the concept of paradigm for a
scientific discipline has been re-defined as the
scientific world view and the associated methodology</u> because
the scientific worldview and its methodology as a
whole is the only factor that can determine whether a
scientific discipline needs a "revolution" (Kuhn's
language).</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) The major
result of "paradigm change in AI" is <u>to change the
methodology used in AI, including the principles of
"pure formalism" and "divide and conquer"</u>. This
is because of the fact that <u>the former
principle leads to the ignoring the meaning and
value and thus leads to the loss of understanding
ability and explaining ability</u> while <u>the
latter one leads to the loss of the general theory
for AI</u>. Note that "no explaining ability" and
"no general theory" are the most typical and also most
concerned problems for current AI.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(4) There is <u>difference
between human intelligence and human wisdom</u>. One
of the functions of human wisdom is to find the
to-be-solved problem which must be meaningful for
human purpose of improving the living and developing.
Yet, the function of human intelligence is to solve
the problem defined by human wisdom. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(5) Human
intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human
wisdom cannot be simulated by machine because machine
is non-living beings that has no its own purpose and
cannot understand human purpose. No purpose means no
wisdom.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I wonder if you
agree or not. Comments are welcome!</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best regards,</font></div>
<div>
<div><font size="4" face="SimSun,STSong"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="font-size:14px;font-family:verdana;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>
<div style="float:left;height:100px;margin:35px 10px 10px 0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 15px;border-right:1px solid rgb(222,222,222)">
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><img src="https://exmail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewfile?type=logo&domain=bupt.edu.cn"></div>
</div>
<div style="float:left;padding-top:35px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)">
<h4 style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Prof.
Yixin ZHONG</h4>
<div>AI School, BUPT</div>
<div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
<p style="margin:0px"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div style="font-size:12px;font-family:"arial narrow";padding:2px 0px">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
<div style="font-size:12px;background:rgb(239,239,239);padding:8px">
<div><b>From: </b> "Krassimir Markov"<a href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com" target="_blank"><itheaiss@gmail.com></a>;</div>
<div><b>Date: </b> Thu, Oct 19, 2023 03:32 AM</div>
<div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>;
</div>
<div><b>Subject: </b> Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol
105, Issue 12</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">Dear Yixin, Eric and FIS
colleagues,
<div>Let me present some thoughts about </div>
<div>
<p style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><b>The “Intelligence”
Paradigm</b></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">For
those who are not familiar with the concepts
of "paradigm" and "paradigm shift", I would
recommend texts from Wikipedia that explain
it clearly enough.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">I
myself maintain a neutral position in the
dispute between Popper and Kuhn regarding
the development of science. Both theses have
their grounds, but at different levels and
stages. In fact, in this case, the law of
quantitative accumulation, which leads to
qualitative changes, applies. Obviously, in
a number of cases the paradigm shift happens
in leaps and bounds, while in others it
happens smoothly and barely perceptibly.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">For
example, the accumulation of sufficient
observations and evidences regarding the
shape of the earth required a shift to a new
paradigm: from the "Earth is flat" paradigm
to the "Earth is not flat" paradigm.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">Sometimes
opposing paradigms can coexist, not negating
each other, but complementing each other.
For example, this is the case with Euclid's
fifth postulate (the parallel postulate).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">The
postulate has long been considered
self-evident or inevitable, but no evidence
has been found. Eventually, it was
discovered that reversing the postulate gave
valid, albeit different, geometries. A
geometry where the parallelism postulate
does not hold is known as non-Euclidean
geometry.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">With
regard to the paradigm of "intelligence" we
have a similar situation. We have at least
two opposing paradigms based on two opposing
postulates.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">The
first, let's call it the "flat intelligence
postulate", was well articulated by Yixin in
his post:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">"Intelligence
is the ability to solve problems, but not
the ability to detect and define problems,
the latter of which is one of the faculties
of wisdom."</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">The
second, let's call it the "non-flat
intelligence postulate", will sound
unifying: "Intelligence is both the ability
to solve problems and the ability to detect
and define problems" (Eric), but in
different directions in the hierarchy of
intelligences (KM)". This is how we arrive
at the idea of cybernetic systems, where
there is a controller and a controlled, but
the controller is connected to the
environment from which it receives
controlling influences and is, in practice,
both "controller" and "controlled", but in
different aspects of the system.</p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></p>
<img alt="image.png" width="472" height="359"><br>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><span style="line-height:115%"></span><span style="line-height:115%"></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><br>
</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,"sans-serif"">To
be continued ...</p>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">На ср, 18.10.2023 г. в 15:07 ч.
<a href="mailto:fis-request@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis-request@listas.unizar.es></a> написа:<br>
</div>
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Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. Re: Paradigm AI - I guess we call it
Genius (Eric Werner)<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>
From: Eric Werner <a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a><br>
To: Karl Javorszky
<a href="mailto:karl.javorszky@gmail.com" target="_blank"><karl.javorszky@gmail.com></a><br>
Cc: "钟义信" <a href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn" target="_blank"><zyx@bupt.edu.cn></a>, fis
<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a><br>
Bcc: <br>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:07:13 +0200<br>
Subject: Re: [Fis] Paradigm AI - I guess we call
it Genius<br>
<div>
<p>Dear Karl,</p>
<p>Thank you for bringing this important point
to my attention. Here are some thoughts:<br>
</p>
<div>
<h1>I guess we call it Genius </h1>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Difference between generating and
understanding or reading</li>
<li>Super intelligence, requires genius or
generational understanding</li>
<li>Generative intelligence</li>
<li>Creative intelligence</li>
<li>Compositional intelligence</li>
<li>Formative intelligence</li>
<li>Evolutional intelligence</li>
<li>Restricting, intelligence to
problem-solving, dismisses, creative acts
of composition in science and the arts</li>
<li>Think of Heinz Kohut’s formation of the
self in psychology versus Freudian
reactive psychology</li>
<li>It’s the difference between discovering
a theorem, and proving the theorem</li>
<li>It’s the difference between school-boy
problem-solving, and Newton</li>
<li>Some psychologists think of intelligence
in relationship to testing people for
their ability to cope in educational
institutions. They want to see if they are
college material or not. <br>
</li>
<li>With future All systems were talking
about Newton level intelligence not
college level intelligence</li>
<li>Kantian synthetic intelligence </li>
<li>We better be ready for that! If not, we
got some real problems. <br>
</li>
<li>That is why making these systems social
and cooperative is so essential.<br>
</li>
</ul>
<p>We may quickly reach a point where the
compositional creative intelligence of
artificial models is so powerful, we will
not be able to understand them. Not just how
they work. We already don't understand how
they work now. But their reasoning and new
outputs such, as for example, mathematical
insights. Imagine a system that can reason
and develop 2,000 years of mathematics in a
few minutes. It is precisely this
overarching linking of knowledge that makes
for real intelligence such as that of
Leibniz or Newton. The old school model of
psychological testing of intelligence uses a
definition of intelligence that is to
limiting for AI models. AI models are not
your evey day student. <br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes,</p>
<p>Eric<br>
</p>
<div>On 10/18/23 12:59 PM, Karl Javorszky
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<p>Dear Eric,</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Your statement: „The essence of
general intelligence is the ability to
not only solve an externally given
problem but to be creative and find
and define problems.” is at deviance
to accepted delineations of concepts
in the trade of psychology. Rohracher
[1] has defined in 1969 (and to my
knowledge, no one has disputed this
wording): “Intelligence is the degree
of efficiency [of the CNS] while
solving new problems.”</p>
<p>What you refer to is subsumed
variously under: creativity,
alertness, curiosity, vitality,
spontaneity. </p>
<p>There is consensus in the
epistemology of psychology that there
can exist no final, conclusive,
all-encompassing theory of personality
(in which intelligence and
adaptability/curiosity would or would
not be separated as concepts), because
if such an ultimate, final, true
theory of personality would exist,
that assumption would negate the
axiomatic rule that one can always
learn something new, at least about
himself. There is, by definition, no
end to introspection and philosophy.
One can always come up with a new
theory of personality and one cannot
rule out that a new theory of
personality would be more reasonable,
truer, more conclusive than anything
that has existed before.</p>
<p>Psychologists see theories about mind
and soul in the same way believers see
their God. It is impossible to
recognize all features of God, let
alone to insist that one has a correct
reading.</p>
<p>So, if you decide not to distinguish
between efficiency of solving new
problems and ability and tendency
towards finding new problems to solve,
you are free to do so. Established use
of words splits the two personality
traits.</p>
<p>I have prepared a statement about the
key word “otherwise”. The word is
needed to scale the efficiency of
mental processes while solving new
problems (aka ‘intelligence’) by
scaling the diversity/similarity
properties of alternatives. To be able
to efficiently choose between
alternatives, one needs to have
alternatives that are different among
each other. The task is to find such
collections of symbols that are
alternatives to each other, not by
machinations by humans, but as members
of a symbols collection. This task is
not easy to solve while using the
symbols set in the traditional,
Sumerian ways only. One needs to
assume that symbols have their own
properties, by their nature, immanent
to them. </p>
<p>Due to the two-messages-per-week
rule, the contribution shall come next
week.</p>
<p>Karl</p>
<p>[1] Rohracher, H.: Einführung in die
Psychologie, Urban &
Schwarzenberg, Wien 1951</p>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">Am Mi., 18. Okt. 2023 um
12:01 Uhr schrieb Eric Werner
<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>Dear Yixin,</p>
<p>Thank you for you comments! <br>
</p>
<p>To your point (2): The essence of
general intelligence is the ability
to not only solve an externally
given problem, but to be creative
and find and define problems. For
example, given a knowledge of
mathematics and physics and data to
generate new mathematics and new
insights into the nature of the
world. <br>
</p>
<p>To your point (3): Biotechnology
and AI are somewhat independent
fields. AI can help genome research
and decoding genomes. But once
genomes are decoded that information
can be used to construct more
general AI models. When I say
"architecture" I meant the
architecture of the human brain
encoded in the human genome. This
architectural information can be
used to guide the structuring of AI
models be be more potent and more
human like. And, AI may well help
in the process of structuring its
future version. That is what I meant
by selfreferencing. <br>
</p>
<p>To the more general point,
formalization of social information
can help guide the improvement of AI
models to be more social and have
greater abilities in a AI-robot
social setting. <br>
</p>
<p>All the best,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<div>On 10/18/23 9:16 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear
Eric,</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thank you
for the interesting talk on
"Paradigm AI" from which I
learned a lot. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As a
discussant, may I propose some
of my understanding. Comments
are welcome. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) I
appreciate your idea that saying
"Physics paradigm PPD does not
fit well with AI paradigm" and
"Information paradigm PID is a
better fit". This is the
valuable common basis, between
you and me, concerning the PPD,
PID and AI.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) How
to define the concept of
intelligence? This is a very
difficult problem. To my own
understanding, the following
short statement may serve as one
of the candidates: <u>Intelligence
is the ability to solve
problem but not the ability to
find and define problem, the
latter of which is one of the
abilities for wisdom.</u></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><u><br>
</u></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) The
paradigm for AI can be used as
the paradigm for bio-technology
with certain simplification and
specialization. This judgement
is not based on their
"structure/architecture", but
based on their "information
function" - which is the basic
function in both AI and
biotechnology, that is to seek
opportunity for "living (or
solving problem)" and to avoid
the "danger (or failing to
problem solving)".</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Once
again, comments and criticisms
are most welcome.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best
regards,</font></div>
<div>
<div style="font-size:14px;font-family:verdana;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>
<div style="float:left;height:100px;margin:35px 10px 10px 0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 15px;border-right:1px solid rgb(222,222,222)">
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><img src="https://exmail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewfile?type=logo&domain=bupt.edu.cn"></div>
</div>
<div style="float:left;padding-top:35px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)">
<h4 style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Prof.
Yixin ZHONG</h4>
<div>AI School, BUPT</div>
<div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
<p style="margin:0px"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div style="font-size:12px;font-family:"arial narrow";padding:2px 0px">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
<div style="font-size:12px;background:rgb(239,239,239);padding:8px">
<div><b>From: </b> "Eric Werner"<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a>;</div>
<div><b>Date: </b> Tue, Oct
17, 2023 02:32 AM</div>
<div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>;
</div>
<div><b>Subject: </b> [Fis]
Paradigm AI</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<p>Here are some brief
thoughts on Paradigms and AI
by I presume was written by
Yixin Zhong since I cannot
read Chinese. <br>
</p>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<h1>Paradigm AI</h1>
</div>
<ul>
<li>I agree that the
physics paradigm PPD
doesn’t fit well with
the AI paradigm, and
that the information
paradigm PID is a better
fit</li>
<li>Artificial
intelligence systems,
don’t necessarily learn
from human beings. In
unsupervised learning
they learn from data and
not from humans.</li>
<li>The problem, and
becomes really how to
define what intelligence
is: Which of the
following is it?<br>
</li>
<ul>
<li>Rational inference</li>
<li>Summarizing large
amounts of text and
data</li>
<li>Making new
predictions based on
scientific theories
and available data</li>
<li>Developing new
theories that explain
the data in the more
succinct way, and
making new predictions</li>
<li>Developing new
technologies
independently of human
input</li>
<li>Planning and
executing the actions
and intentions of a
robot</li>
<li>Having social
intelligence</li>
<li>Being cooperative
with a human being in
achieving a task </li>
<li>Interrelating two
discipline, such as
physics and
mathematics, to make
new discoveries</li>
<li>Understanding,
genomes in the way
that human beings
cannot</li>
<li>Designing new
organisms by designing
their genomes</li>
</ul>
<li>I agree with the
language of a new
paradigm, such as
artificial intelligence
will develop slowly step
by step in conjunction
with its use -both
conceptually and
experimentally .</li>
<li>In a new paradigm
entire new language is
created as a paradigm is
developed</li>
<li>The language evolves
in concert with a new
ontology suggested by
the paradigm</li>
<ul>
<li>It is an ontology of
objects, technologies,
actions, and
strategies</li>
</ul>
<li>What will be
particularly
interesting, is the <b><font size="5">linking of
the paradigm of
artificial
intelligence with
the paradigm of
biotechnology</font></b></li>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology and AI
will truly link the
human brain with the
artificial brain</li>
<li>The genome of the
natural brain will be
reflected in the
architecture of the
artificial brain</li>
<li>Hence by using AI to
decode the genome of
the natural brain, it
will be self-reflected
in the design of the
developing artificial
brain </li>
<li>This will bring
unprecedented social
and rational
functionality to the
artificial brain </li>
<li>Note that the
biotech-genome
paradigm also is
founded on the
information paradigm.<br>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Thank you Yixin Zhong for
your input and emphasizing
the intimate relationship of
information and AI
paradigms. <br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<div>-- <br>
<i> Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research
Foundation <br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!TIIx5Wtklq6f08o-lkfpzmVltSrC8Oy2oMP7tcMZsYwSN5x_BDJBF1vtN9DOTbE6BXCYP2mXThgkBtz8Hin4ZKg$" target="_blank">https://oarf.org</a>
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<br>
<br>
</i></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
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<div>-- <br>
<i> Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research
Foundation <br>
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Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a>
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<div>-- <br>
<i> Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Tp73mvJuJUMNK3m6xXu_VUCsW-Poi0CFq_XnfNau9_R6RtJ9H97j8KIdmljPVTZ5fp9ugRtDL4oKZu_gxjwG2pY$" target="_blank">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</i></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div>-- <br>
<i>
Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!ULTdPadjetHQaFjDWHSRq3NTGl5cum0ToYkM5RPNPmDlsElQtx0BarbTaNClj9Gs3pK5uLq7CNAT1ZjBQdOJxfo$" target="_blank">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</i></div>
</div>
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----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div>