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          <h1><br>
          </h1>
          Dear Yixin, Ma</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Thank you all for your thoughtful contributions  Krassimir,
          Marcus, Pedro, Yixin.  Thinking about wisdom and human nature
          and AI.  Recently viewing the uses of AI in weapons systems
          already being designed and produced by corporations that sell
          to governments, made me hesitate about what we are doing. We
          need a deep discussion about artificial intelligence in a
          social industrial governmental military context. <br>
          <h1>AI in love and war</h1>
          <div align="center"><i><b>We walk lightly along the edge of a
                deep ravine, </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>where can be seen </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>the results of passions played. </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>Oh, I loved too much, </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>and by such, by such </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>is happiness thrown away.</b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>I had wooed not as I should</b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>a creature made of clay</b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>When the angel woos the clay </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><i><b>he'd lose  his wings<br>
              </b></i></div>
          <div align="center"><b>at the dawning of the day</b></div>
          <div align="center"><b><br>
            </b></div>
          <div align="center">(Adapted from a poem 'On Raglan Road' by
            Patrick Kavanagh)<br>
          </div>
        </div>
        <ul>
          <li>Wisdom in the wide human sense</li>
          <ul>
            <li>Fairness</li>
            <li>Kindness</li>
            <li>Love</li>
            <li>For all humans </li>
            <li>For all life</li>
          </ul>
          <li>Military uses of AI</li>
          <ul>
            <li>Goal directed</li>
            <li>Antagonistic</li>
            <li>Cooperative</li>
            <li>Destructive</li>
            <li>Murderous </li>
            <li>Anti-human</li>
            <li>Financially motivated</li>
          </ul>
          <li>An AI model is like a child</li>
          <ul>
            <li>It can be molded to the wishes of the user</li>
            <li>At the same time, it’s like a mother that responds to
              every wish</li>
            <li>It is an all knowing God</li>
            <li>Connected to a robotic system, it can heal, but it can
              also murder</li>
            <li>AI is a child of humankind</li>
            <li>All too human</li>
            <li>A savior and genocidal</li>
          </ul>
          <li>What will we do?<br>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="moz-text-html" lang="x-unicode">King regards,</div>
    <div class="moz-text-html" lang="x-unicode"><br>
    </div>
    <div class="moz-text-html" lang="x-unicode">Eric</div>
    <div class="moz-text-html" lang="x-unicode"><br>
      <div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
    </div>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/22/23 9:43 AM, <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn">zyx@bupt.edu.cn</a>
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:oulfnhm7rh8c-vg9w87-kmisn1-rza50q8pbkz38b265mwdnibl4d7p1v-eb28gdg4qgxtxzbzsc-zi819v-9d85nrf3ndnfm3kmu8-75zglub87grw-4oytqc-4f">
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      <div dir="auto">Dear Eric,
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>You proposed a number of points which are interesting and
          important  Thank you very much!</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>I would like to discuss at least some of them not now, but
          a few days later because my notebook was trouble some the day 
          before yesterday. </div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Best wished,</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Yixin<br>
          <br>
          <br>
          <br>
          <br>
          <div id="hw_signature">发自我的手机</div>
        </div>
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        <br>
        -------- 原始邮件 --------<br>
        发件人: Eric Werner <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a><br>
        日期: 2023年10月19日周四 傍晚5:56<br>
        收件人: 钟义信 <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn"><zyx@bupt.edu.cn></a>, fis
        <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a><br>
        主 题: Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12<br>
        <blockquote>
          <div>
            <p>Dear Yixin,</p>
            <p>Can you be more specific what you mean by "change the
              paradigm used in AI".  It might help to give a specific
              example. </p>
            <p>*At present AI systems certainly behave as if they are
              goal directed. <br>
            </p>
            <p>*AI systems appear to have wisdom in that they can
              propose wise courses of action</p>
            <p>* What do you mean by "pure formalism"?  It seems one of
              the powers of formalism is to understand AI and human
              intelligence. <br>
            </p>
            <p>* It seems AI systems exhibit human-like wisdom when they
              offer advice or guide the actions of a virtual assistant
              or self driving car. The react based on the circumstances
              and goals of the other, at leas to an extent. <br>
            </p>
            <p>* Why can't a machine understand human goals and purposes
              if it gains a model of those from human data? <br>
            </p>
            <p>* Why can't an AI system have intentions? <br>
            </p>
            <p>My overall problem is understanding your specific
              criticism of the present AI paradigm? This notion seems to
              me to need clearer definition. <br>
            </p>
            <p>How would you overcome the present AI paradigm and what
              specifically is different when you want to "change the
              paradigm used in AI"???</p>
            <p>This is not a criticism it is a real question in trying
              to understand you.  At present I just don't see the
              difference between the present AI paradigm and your new AI
              paradigm. <br>
            </p>
            <p>Best wishes,</p>
            <p>Eric <br>
            </p>
            <p><br>
            </p>
            <p><br>
            </p>
            <div>On 10/19/23 8:48 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
            </div>
            <blockquote>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Krassimir,
                  Dear Eric, and Dear Colleagues,</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The discussion
                  is going on well thanks to all your efforts.</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is a few
                  points I would like to mention (or re-mention).</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) The purpose
                  of the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI" is to
                  make an appeal for <u>change the paradigm used in AI.</u> </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) There may
                  have different understanding on the concept of
                  paradigm. However, <u>the concept of paradigm for a
                    scientific discipline has been re-defined as the
                    scientific world view and the associated methodology</u> because
                  the scientific worldview and its methodology as a
                  whole is the only factor that can determine whether a
                  scientific discipline needs a "revolution" (Kuhn's
                  language).</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) The major
                  result of "paradigm change in AI" is <u>to change the
                    methodology used in AI, including the principles of
                    "pure formalism" and "divide and conquer"</u>.  This
                  is because of the fact that <u>the former
                    principle leads to the ignoring the meaning and
                    value and thus leads to the loss of understanding
                    ability and explaining ability</u> while <u>the
                    latter one leads to the loss of the general theory
                    for AI</u>. Note that "no explaining ability" and
                  "no general theory" are the most typical and also most
                  concerned problems for current AI.</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(4) There is <u>difference
                    between human intelligence and human wisdom</u>. One
                  of the functions of human wisdom is to find the
                  to-be-solved problem which must be meaningful for
                  human purpose of improving the living and developing.
                  Yet, the function of human intelligence is to solve
                  the problem defined by human wisdom. </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(5) Human
                  intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human
                  wisdom cannot be simulated by machine because machine
                  is non-living beings that has no its own purpose and
                  cannot understand human purpose. No purpose means no
                  wisdom.</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I wonder if you
                  agree or not. Comments are welcome!</font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
                </font></div>
              <div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best regards,</font></div>
              <div>
                <div><font size="4" face="SimSun,STSong"><br>
                  </font></div>
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                      <h4
style="margin:0;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:#000">Prof.
                        Yixin ZHONG</h4>
                      <div>AI School, BUPT</div>
                      <div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
                      <p style="margin:0"><br>
                      </p>
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                      </p>
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              <div> </div>
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                <div> </div>
                <div> </div>
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                  <div
style="font-size:12px;font-family:'arial narrow';padding:2px 0 2px 0">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
                  <div
style="font-size:12px;background:#efefef;padding:8px">
                    <div><b>From: </b> "Krassimir Markov"<a
                        href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"><itheaiss@gmail.com></a>;</div>
                    <div><b>Date: </b> Thu, Oct 19, 2023 03:32 AM</div>
                    <div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a
                        href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>;
                      <wbr></div>
                    <div><b>Subject: </b> Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol
                      105, Issue 12</div>
                  </div>
                  <div> </div>
                  <div style="position:relative">
                    <div dir="ltr">
                      <div dir="ltr">Dear Yixin, Eric and FIS
                        colleagues,
                        <div>Let me present some thoughts about </div>
                        <div>
                          <p
style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'"
                            align="center"><b>The “Intelligence”
                              Paradigm</b></p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">For
                            those who are not familiar with the concepts
                            of "paradigm" and "paradigm shift", I would
                            recommend texts from Wikipedia that explain
                            it clearly enough.</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">I
                            myself maintain a neutral position in the
                            dispute between Popper and Kuhn regarding
                            the development of science. Both theses have
                            their grounds, but at different levels and
                            stages. In fact, in this case, the law of
                            quantitative accumulation, which leads to
                            qualitative changes, applies. Obviously, in
                            a number of cases the paradigm shift happens
                            in leaps and bounds, while in others it
                            happens smoothly and barely perceptibly.</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">For
                            example, the accumulation of sufficient
                            observations and evidences regarding the
                            shape of the earth required a shift to a new
                            paradigm: from the "Earth is flat" paradigm
                            to the "Earth is not flat" paradigm.</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">Sometimes
                            opposing paradigms can coexist, not negating
                            each other, but complementing each other.
                            For example, this is the case with Euclid's
                            fifth postulate (the parallel postulate).</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">The
                            postulate has long been considered
                            self-evident or inevitable, but no evidence
                            has been found. Eventually, it was
                            discovered that reversing the postulate gave
                            valid, albeit different, geometries. A
                            geometry where the parallelism postulate
                            does not hold is known as non-Euclidean
                            geometry.</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">With
                            regard to the paradigm of "intelligence" we
                            have a similar situation. We have at least
                            two opposing paradigms based on two opposing
                            postulates.</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">The
                            first, let's call it the "flat intelligence
                            postulate", was well articulated by Yixin in
                            his post:</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">"Intelligence
                            is the ability to solve problems, but not
                            the ability to detect and define problems,
                            the latter of which is one of the faculties
                            of wisdom."</p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">The
                            second, let's call it the "non-flat
                            intelligence postulate", will sound
                            unifying: "Intelligence is both the ability
                            to solve problems and the ability to detect
                            and define problems" (Eric), but in
                            different directions in the hierarchy of
                            intelligences (KM)". This is how we arrive
                            at the idea of cybernetic systems, where
                            there is a controller and a controlled, but
                            the controller is connected to the
                            environment from which it receives
                            controlling influences and is, in practice,
                            both "controller" and "controlled", but in
                            different aspects of the system.</p>
                          <p
style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'"><span
                              style="line-height:115%"> </span></p>
                          <img
                            src="cid:part1.vgA3Uhqq.AHWOWU34@oarf.org"
                            alt="image.png" moz-do-not-send="true"
                            width="472" height="359"><br>
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                          <p
style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'"
                            align="center"><span
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                              style="line-height:115%"></span></p>
                          <p
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                            align="center"><br>
                          </p>
                          <p
style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:'calibri' , 'sans-serif'">To
                            be continued ...</p>
                          <div><br>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <br>
                    <div class="elided-text">
                      <div dir="ltr">На ср, 18.10.2023 г. в 15:07 ч.
                        <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis-request@listas.unizar.es"><fis-request@listas.unizar.es></a> написа:<br>
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                        Today's Topics:<br>
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                           1. Re: Paradigm AI - I guess we call it
                        Genius (Eric Werner)<br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        ---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>
                        From: Eric Werner <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a><br>
                        To: Karl Javorszky
                        <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:karl.javorszky@gmail.com"><karl.javorszky@gmail.com></a><br>
                        Cc: "钟义信" <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:zyx@bupt.edu.cn"><zyx@bupt.edu.cn></a>, fis
                        <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a><br>
                        Bcc: <br>
                        Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:07:13 +0200<br>
                        Subject: Re: [Fis] Paradigm AI - I guess we call
                        it Genius<br>
                        <div>
                          <p>Dear Karl,</p>
                          <p>Thank you for bringing this important point
                            to my attention. Here are some thoughts:<br>
                          </p>
                          <div>
                            <h1>I guess we call it Genius </h1>
                          </div>
                          <ul>
                            <li>Difference between generating and
                              understanding or reading</li>
                            <li>Super intelligence, requires genius or
                              generational understanding</li>
                            <li>Generative intelligence</li>
                            <li>Creative intelligence</li>
                            <li>Compositional intelligence</li>
                            <li>Formative intelligence</li>
                            <li>Evolutional intelligence</li>
                            <li>Restricting, intelligence to
                              problem-solving, dismisses, creative acts
                              of composition in science and the arts</li>
                            <li>Think of Heinz Kohut’s formation of the
                              self in psychology versus Freudian
                              reactive psychology</li>
                            <li>It’s the difference between discovering
                              a theorem, and proving the theorem</li>
                            <li>It’s the difference between school-boy
                              problem-solving, and Newton</li>
                            <li>Some psychologists think of intelligence
                              in relationship to testing people for
                              their ability to cope in educational
                              institutions. They want to see if they are
                              college material or not. <br>
                            </li>
                            <li>With future All systems were talking
                              about Newton level intelligence not
                              college level intelligence</li>
                            <li>Kantian synthetic intelligence </li>
                            <li>We better be ready for that! If not,  we
                              got some real problems. <br>
                            </li>
                            <li>That is why making these systems social
                              and cooperative is so essential.<br>
                            </li>
                          </ul>
                          <p>We may quickly reach a point where the
                            compositional creative intelligence of
                            artificial models is so powerful, we will
                            not be able to understand them. Not just how
                            they work. We already don't understand how
                            they work now. But their reasoning and new
                            outputs such, as for example, mathematical
                            insights. Imagine a system that can reason
                            and develop 2,000 years of mathematics in a
                            few minutes. It is precisely this
                            overarching linking of knowledge that makes
                            for real intelligence such as that of
                            Leibniz or Newton.  The old  school model of
                            psychological testing of intelligence uses a
                            definition of intelligence that is to
                            limiting for AI models. AI models are not
                            your evey day student. <br>
                          </p>
                          <p>Best wishes,</p>
                          <p>Eric<br>
                          </p>
                          <div>On 10/18/23 12:59 PM, Karl Javorszky
                            wrote:<br>
                          </div>
                          <blockquote>
                            <div dir="ltr">
                              <div dir="ltr">
                                <p>Dear Eric,</p>
                                <p> </p>
                                <p>Your statement: „The essence of
                                  general intelligence is the ability to
                                  not only solve an externally given
                                  problem but to be creative and find
                                  and define problems.” is at deviance
                                  to accepted delineations of concepts
                                  in the trade of psychology. Rohracher
                                  [1] has defined in 1969 (and to my
                                  knowledge, no one has disputed this
                                  wording): “Intelligence is the degree
                                  of efficiency [of the CNS] while
                                  solving new problems.”</p>
                                <p>What you refer to is subsumed
                                  variously under: creativity,
                                  alertness, curiosity, vitality,
                                  spontaneity. </p>
                                <p>There is consensus in the
                                  epistemology of psychology that there
                                  can exist no final, conclusive,
                                  all-encompassing theory of personality
                                  (in which intelligence and
                                  adaptability/curiosity would or would
                                  not be separated as concepts), because
                                  if such an ultimate, final, true
                                  theory of personality would exist,
                                  that assumption would negate the
                                  axiomatic rule that one can always
                                  learn something new, at least about
                                  himself. There is, by definition, no
                                  end to introspection and philosophy.
                                  One can always come up with a new
                                  theory of personality and one cannot
                                  rule out that a new theory of
                                  personality would be more reasonable,
                                  truer, more conclusive than anything
                                  that has existed before.</p>
                                <p>Psychologists see theories about mind
                                  and soul in the same way believers see
                                  their God. It is impossible to
                                  recognize all features of God, let
                                  alone to insist that one has a correct
                                  reading.</p>
                                <p>So, if you decide not to distinguish
                                  between efficiency of solving new
                                  problems and ability and tendency
                                  towards finding new problems to solve,
                                  you are free to do so. Established use
                                  of words splits the two personality
                                  traits.</p>
                                <p>I have prepared a statement about the
                                  key word “otherwise”. The word is
                                  needed to scale the efficiency of
                                  mental processes while solving new
                                  problems (aka ‘intelligence’) by
                                  scaling the diversity/similarity
                                  properties of alternatives. To be able
                                  to efficiently choose between
                                  alternatives, one needs to have
                                  alternatives that are different among
                                  each other. The task is to find such
                                  collections of symbols that are
                                  alternatives to each other, not by
                                  machinations by humans, but as members
                                  of a symbols collection. This task is
                                  not easy to solve while using the
                                  symbols set in the traditional,
                                  Sumerian ways only. One needs to
                                  assume that symbols have their own
                                  properties, by their nature, immanent
                                  to them. </p>
                                <p>Due to the two-messages-per-week
                                  rule, the contribution shall come next
                                  week.</p>
                                <p>Karl</p>
                                <p>[1] Rohracher, H.: Einführung in die
                                  Psychologie, Urban &
                                  Schwarzenberg, Wien 1951</p>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                            <br>
                            <div class="elided-text">
                              <div dir="ltr">Am Mi., 18. Okt. 2023 um
                                12:01 Uhr schrieb Eric Werner
                                <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a>:<br>
                              </div>
                              <blockquote
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb( 204 , 204 , 204 );padding-left:1ex">
                                <div>
                                  <p>Dear Yixin,</p>
                                  <p>Thank you for you comments! <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p>To your point (2): The essence of
                                    general intelligence is the ability
                                    to not only solve an externally
                                    given problem, but to be creative
                                    and find and define problems. For
                                    example, given a knowledge of
                                    mathematics and physics and data to
                                    generate new mathematics and new
                                    insights into the nature of the
                                    world. <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p>To your point (3): Biotechnology
                                    and AI are somewhat independent
                                    fields. AI can help genome research
                                    and decoding genomes. But once
                                    genomes are decoded that information
                                    can be used to construct more
                                    general AI models. When I say
                                    "architecture" I meant the
                                    architecture of the human brain
                                    encoded in the human genome. This
                                    architectural information can be
                                    used to guide the structuring of AI
                                    models be be more potent and more
                                    human like.  And, AI may well help
                                    in the process of structuring its
                                    future version. That is what I meant
                                    by selfreferencing. <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p>To the more general point,
                                    formalization of social information
                                    can help guide the improvement of AI
                                    models to be more social and have
                                    greater abilities in a AI-robot
                                    social setting. <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <p>All the best,</p>
                                  <p>Eric <br>
                                  </p>
                                  <div>On 10/18/23 9:16 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
                                  </div>
                                  <blockquote>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">Dear
                                        Eric,</font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">Thank you
                                        for the interesting talk on
                                        "Paradigm AI" from which I
                                        learned a lot. </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">As a
                                        discussant, may I propose some
                                        of my understanding. Comments
                                        are welcome. </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">(1) I
                                        appreciate your idea that saying
                                        "Physics paradigm PPD does not
                                        fit well with AI paradigm" and
                                        "Information paradigm PID is a
                                        better fit". This is the
                                        valuable common basis, between
                                        you and me, concerning the PPD,
                                        PID and AI.</font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">(2) How
                                        to define the concept of
                                        intelligence? This is a very
                                        difficult problem. To my own
                                        understanding, the following
                                        short statement may serve as one
                                        of the candidates: <u>Intelligence
                                          is the ability to solve
                                          problem but not the ability to
                                          find and define problem, the
                                          latter of which is one of the
                                          abilities for wisdom.</u></font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><u><br>
                                        </u></font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">(3) The
                                        paradigm for AI can be used as
                                        the paradigm for bio-technology
                                        with certain simplification and
                                        specialization. This judgement
                                        is not based on their
                                        "structure/architecture",  but
                                        based on their "information
                                        function" - which is the basic
                                        function in both AI and
                                        biotechnology, that is to seek
                                        opportunity for "living (or
                                        solving problem)" and to avoid
                                        the "danger (or failing to
                                        problem solving)".</font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">Once
                                        again, comments and criticisms
                                        are most welcome.</font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman"><br>
                                      </font></div>
                                    <div><font size="4"
                                        face="Times New Roman">Best
                                        regards,</font></div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div
style="font-size:14px;font-family:'verdana';color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 )">
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style="max-height:150px;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><img
src="https://exmail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewfile?type=logo&domain=bupt.edu.cn"
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                                            <h4
style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 )">Prof.
                                              Yixin ZHONG</h4>
                                            <div>AI School, BUPT</div>
                                            <div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
                                            <p style="margin:0px"><br>
                                            </p>
                                            <p
style="margin:0px;line-height:22px;color:rgb( 160 , 160 , 160 )"><br>
                                            </p>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                      </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div> </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div> </div>
                                      <div> </div>
                                      <div
                                        style="color:rgb( 0 , 0 , 0 )">
                                        <div
style="font-size:12px;font-family:'arial narrow';padding:2px 0px">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
                                        <div
style="font-size:12px;background:rgb( 239 , 239 , 239 );padding:8px">
                                          <div><b>From: </b> "Eric Werner"<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a>;</div>
                                          <div><b>Date: </b> Tue, Oct
                                            17, 2023 02:32 AM</div>
                                          <div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>;
                                          </div>
                                          <div><b>Subject: </b> [Fis]
                                            Paradigm AI</div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div> </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p>Here are some brief
                                            thoughts on Paradigms and AI
                                            by I presume was written by
                                            Yixin Zhong since I cannot
                                            read  Chinese. <br>
                                          </p>
                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                            <div>
                                              <h1>Paradigm AI</h1>
                                            </div>
                                            <ul>
                                              <li>I agree that the
                                                physics paradigm PPD
                                                doesn’t fit well with
                                                the AI paradigm, and
                                                that the information
                                                paradigm PID is a better
                                                fit</li>
                                              <li>Artificial
                                                intelligence systems,
                                                don’t necessarily learn
                                                from human beings. In
                                                unsupervised learning
                                                they learn from data and
                                                not from humans.</li>
                                              <li>The problem, and
                                                becomes really how to
                                                define what intelligence
                                                is: Which of the
                                                following is it?<br>
                                              </li>
                                              <ul>
                                                <li>Rational inference</li>
                                                <li>Summarizing large
                                                  amounts of text and
                                                  data</li>
                                                <li>Making new
                                                  predictions based on
                                                  scientific theories
                                                  and available data</li>
                                                <li>Developing new
                                                  theories that explain
                                                  the data in the more
                                                  succinct way, and
                                                  making new predictions</li>
                                                <li>Developing new
                                                  technologies
                                                  independently of human
                                                  input</li>
                                                <li>Planning and
                                                  executing the actions
                                                  and intentions of a
                                                  robot</li>
                                                <li>Having social
                                                  intelligence</li>
                                                <li>Being cooperative
                                                  with a human being in
                                                  achieving a task </li>
                                                <li>Interrelating two
                                                  discipline, such as
                                                  physics and
                                                  mathematics, to make
                                                  new discoveries</li>
                                                <li>Understanding,
                                                  genomes in the way
                                                  that human beings
                                                  cannot</li>
                                                <li>Designing new
                                                  organisms by designing
                                                  their genomes</li>
                                              </ul>
                                              <li>I agree with the
                                                language of a new
                                                paradigm, such as
                                                artificial intelligence
                                                will develop slowly step
                                                by step in conjunction
                                                with its use -both
                                                conceptually and
                                                experimentally .</li>
                                              <li>In a new paradigm
                                                entire new language is
                                                created as a paradigm is
                                                developed</li>
                                              <li>The language evolves
                                                in concert with a new
                                                ontology suggested by
                                                the paradigm</li>
                                              <ul>
                                                <li>It is an ontology of
                                                  objects, technologies,
                                                  actions, and
                                                  strategies</li>
                                              </ul>
                                              <li>What will be
                                                particularly
                                                interesting, is the <b><font
                                                    size="5">linking of
                                                    the paradigm of
                                                    artificial
                                                    intelligence with
                                                    the paradigm of
                                                    biotechnology</font></b></li>
                                              <ul>
                                                <li>Biotechnology and AI
                                                  will truly link the
                                                  human brain with the
                                                  artificial brain</li>
                                                <li>The genome of the
                                                  natural brain will be
                                                  reflected in the
                                                  architecture of the
                                                  artificial brain</li>
                                                <li>Hence by using AI to
                                                  decode the genome of
                                                  the natural brain, it
                                                  will be self-reflected
                                                  in the design of the
                                                  developing artificial
                                                  brain </li>
                                                <li>This will bring
                                                  unprecedented social
                                                  and rational
                                                  functionality to the
                                                  artificial brain </li>
                                                <li>Note that the
                                                  biotech-genome
                                                  paradigm also is
                                                  founded on the
                                                  information paradigm.<br>
                                                </li>
                                              </ul>
                                            </ul>
                                          </div>
                                          <p>Thank you Yixin Zhong for
                                            your input and emphasizing
                                            the intimate relationship of
                                            information and AI
                                            paradigms. <br>
                                          </p>
                                          <p>Best wishes,</p>
                                          <p>Eric <br>
                                          </p>
                                          <div>-- <br>
                                            <i> Dr. Eric Werner <br>
                                              Oxford Advanced Research
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    <div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
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        Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
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