<div>Many thanks to Krassimir for providing valuable literatures on paradigm shift in AI. I will find and read them then.<br><br>----------<br><p>该邮件从移动设备发送<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br></p><br><br>--------------原始邮件--------------<br>发件人："Krassimir Markov "<itheaiss@gmail.com>;<br>发送时间：2023年10月21日(星期六) 凌晨5:14<br>收件人："fis" <fis@listas.unizar.es>;<br>主题：Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 16<br>-----------------------------------<br></div> <div class="mail_content"><div><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Dear Colleagues, I want to comment shortly the Yixin points about:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b>The Paradigm Shift</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">I reordered points according their importance. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">(2) There may have different understanding on the concept of paradigm.
However, the concept of paradigm for a scientific discipline has been
re-defined as the scientific world view and the associated methodology because
the scientific worldview and its methodology as a whole is the only factor that
can determine whether a scientific discipline needs a "revolution"
(Kuhn's language).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><i>I agree. This is a basic consideration. </i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">(4) There is difference between human intelligence and human wisdom. One
of the functions of human wisdom is to find the to-be-solved problem which must
be meaningful for human purpose of improving the living and developing. Yet,
the function of human intelligence is to solve the problem defined by human
wisdom. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">(5) Human intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human wisdom cannot
be simulated by machine because machine is non-living beings that has no its
own purpose and cannot understand human purpose. No purpose means no wisdom.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><i>I agree if we discuss the current “state of the art”. But in the future ...
who knows?</i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><i>And now, the most important points.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">(1) The purpose of the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI"
is to make an appeal for change the paradigm used in AI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">(3) The major result of "paradigm change in AI" is to change
the methodology used in AI, including the principles of "pure
formalism" and "divide and conquer". This is because of
the fact that the former principle leads to the ignoring the meaning and value
and thus leads to the loss of understanding ability and explaining ability
while the latter one leads to the loss of the general theory for AI. Note that
"no explaining ability" and "no general theory" are the
most typical and also most concerned problems for current AI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><i>I agree. What is needed, from my point of view, is to edit the
Declaration to become clearer just in this sense.</i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">***</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><i>Let me remember that in the literature there are many publications about
paradigm shifts in AI. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">For instance, in</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><b><span lang="BG">The
Paradigm Shifts in Artificial Intelligence</span></b><b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG">Vasant
Dhar</span>, <span lang="BG">New York University, Stern
School of Business and the Center for Data Science</span>. <span lang="BG">July 2023</span>, <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2308/2308.02558.pdf__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-u6rM4KI$">https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2308/2308.02558.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">the author proposed four paradigm shifts in AI as they are presented in
the next table</p>
<img src="cid:373D063A@45370D4C.D479346500000000.png" width="472" height="163"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Another point of view to the paradigm shifts one may see in the paper
from 2007:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span lang="BG">Kerstin </span>Dautenhahn, (<b>2007</b>). A Paradigm Shift in
Artificial Intelligence: Why Social Intelligence Matters in the Design and
Development of Robots with Human-Like Intelligence. In: Lungarella, M., Iida,
F., Bongard, J., Pfeifer, R. (eds) 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4850. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-Djomz7U$">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-aFSZR-Y$">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-77296-5_26</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In the work:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Shirish Bahirat, <span lang="BG">Why the
AI is the biggest paradigm shift and how its reshaping humanity</span>, Jun 19, 2023</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://shirishbahirat.medium.com/why-the-ai-is-the-biggest-paradigm-shift-yet-6a277e2a0c0e__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Qcrk-wgxdfnZFRKZyvsTtSEC8ec3PApjt7JpTFXkA5Q4BMjQDh0RIa3r61m_OpQOO3DRWuseLuO-8iiXLCc$" style="color:blue">https://shirishbahirat.medium.com/why-the-ai-is-the-biggest-paradigm-shift-yet-6a277e2a0c0e</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">author discusses the possibility
to emerge a “Human-AI Symbiosis” and, what he calls, a “superintelligence”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">To be continued ...</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Best regards,
Krassimir</p></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">На чт, 19.10.2023 г. в 21:52 ч. <<a href="mailto:fis-request@listas.unizar.es">fis-request@listas.unizar.es</a>> написа:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Send Fis mailing list submissions to<br>
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Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. Re: Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12 (Pedro C. Mariju?n)<br>
<br><br><br>---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>From: "Pedro C. Marijuán" <<a href="mailto:pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com" target="_blank">pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com</a>><br>To: <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>Cc: <br>Bcc: <br>Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 20:51:56 +0200<br>Subject: Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105, Issue 12<br>
<div>
<div>Dear All,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>As the themes fly so fast, I have mixed
some of the ideas previously circulated<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>When Krassimir was asking about
definitions of intelligence, responded by several parties (Karl,
Yixin, Eric, Marcus...), I was reminded of a curious fact. Nobody
would dare speak about intelligence in the "inanimate" world.
Undoubtedly intelligence appears with life, with the biologic
system. Given that life is hardly definable, no wonder that
intelligence, one of its essential characteristics neither is. Of
course, we can produce many empirical notions approaching it...
Nevertheless, where exactly can be situated the emergence of
intelligence in the biologic? </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>A very recent contribution letter in
Nature was claiming with good and brief arguments that sentience
and cognition are absolutely related to the living cell, even the
simplest ones (our occasional FIS colleague Bill Miller was one of
the signatories--in Vol 620, p. 37, 3 August 2023). In a similar
direction I also very recently have published a contribution in
BioSystems journal (with Jorge Navarro --233, 2023, 105039)
attempting the intellective link from cells to nervous systems and
the human case, connecting with AI. In human intelligence, the
extraordinary role played by social emotions, we argue, should be
put in a new light (remember Kahneman about S1 and S2 utterly
different human responses to novelty), at least if we want to
contribute somehow to a better understanding of today's mounting
techno-troubles. Let me state that referring to human intentions,
purposes, values, etc., they do not quite make a cogent sense
except properly connected with the reality of our life courses or
"cycles"... In fact, these connections are frequently established
in a biased and tricky way by most commercial AI systems. But
there are positive hints there (see the field of "sentiment
analysis"), for the hope is that AI might open new windows to the
rather limited understanding of our whole intellection
(intelligence/emotions), and even evolve towards a new
understanding of AI itself, more properly intertwined with the
extended realms of, say, natural intelligence.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>It is in the above sense that I welcome
the call to a new paradigm, etc., as a possibility to provoke new
discussions. Although I disagree with the scientific-philosophical
validity of the term, and with some of the gross simplifications
about the characterization of physical paradigm. (Some of the most
magnificent syntheses of human history precisely were there: what
was the Newtonian theory but a fantastic synthesis of the
celestial motions and all the diverse motions on Earth? An
amazing, epochal integration). I also fail to make sense of
"wisdom"-- does it abide in common folks, in social networks, in
"experts", in committees, in governments, in entire societies or
cultures, in our civilization? Is it just a vague idealization out
from common sense? In any event, wisdom seems to be the most
scarce, depleted public resource today. In particular, I think a
well-arranged AI system for medical diagnosis could be far more
reliable and wiser than a facultative of primary care or a
specialist (I mean, becoming a great helping hand for the troubled
practitioners of our overwhelmed public health systems). And
thinking more in general, these days I was trying to compile a
list of our common intellectual limitations (maybe I will send
them to the list for advise later on), in this respect the mirror
that AI could offer on us could be scary...</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>To conclude, it looks as if a good
rhetoric instrumentation has been deployed by the presenters
(thanks!), which is important and interesting at the time being to
promote a general debate on the AI complex and somehow risky
enterprise, but in my opinion with some gaps yet. I will try to
advance more precisions in later exchanges.<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best regards,</div>
<div>--Pedro<br>
</div>
<div> <br>
</div>
<div>El 19/10/2023 a las 11:55, Eric Werner
escribió:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<p>Dear Yixin,</p>
<p>Can you be more specific what you mean by "change the paradigm
used in AI". It might help to give a specific example. </p>
<p>*At present AI systems certainly behave as if they are goal
directed. <br>
</p>
<p>*AI systems appear to have wisdom in that they can propose wise
courses of action</p>
<p>* What do you mean by "pure formalism"? It seems one of the
powers of formalism is to understand AI and human intelligence.
<br>
</p>
<p>* It seems AI systems exhibit human-like wisdom when they offer
advice or guide the actions of a virtual assistant or self
driving car. The react based on the circumstances and goals of
the other, at leas to an extent. <br>
</p>
<p>* Why can't a machine understand human goals and purposes if it
gains a model of those from human data? <br>
</p>
<p>* Why can't an AI system have intentions? <br>
</p>
<p>My overall problem is understanding your specific criticism of
the present AI paradigm? This notion seems to me to need clearer
definition. <br>
</p>
<p>How would you overcome the present AI paradigm and what
specifically is different when you want to "change the paradigm
used in AI"???</p>
<p>This is not a criticism it is a real question in trying to
understand you. At present I just don't see the difference
between the present AI paradigm and your new AI paradigm. <br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 10/19/23 8:48 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Krassimir, Dear
Eric, and Dear Colleagues,</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The discussion is
going on well thanks to all your efforts.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is a few points
I would like to mention (or re-mention).</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) The purpose of
the "declaration on Paradigm Change in AI" is to make an
appeal for <u>change the paradigm used in AI.</u> </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) There may have
different understanding on the concept of paradigm. However,
<u>the concept of paradigm for a scientific discipline has
been re-defined as the scientific world view and the
associated methodology</u> because the scientific
worldview and its methodology as a whole is the only factor
that can determine whether a scientific discipline needs a
"revolution" (Kuhn's language).</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) The major result
of "paradigm change in AI" is <u>to change the methodology
used in AI, including the principles of "pure formalism"
and "divide and conquer"</u>. This is because of the fact
that <u>the former principle leads to the ignoring the
meaning and value and thus leads to the loss of
understanding ability and explaining ability</u> while <u>the
latter one leads to the loss of the general theory for AI</u>.
Note that "no explaining ability" and "no general theory"
are the most typical and also most concerned problems for
current AI.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(4) There is <u>difference
between human intelligence and human wisdom</u>. One of
the functions of human wisdom is to find the to-be-solved
problem which must be meaningful for human purpose of
improving the living and developing. Yet, the function of
human intelligence is to solve the problem defined by human
wisdom. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(5) Human
intelligence can be simulated by machine. But human wisdom
cannot be simulated by machine because machine is non-living
beings that has no its own purpose and cannot understand
human purpose. No purpose means no wisdom.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I wonder if you agree
or not. Comments are welcome!</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best regards,</font></div>
<div><u></u>
<div><font size="4" face="SimSun,STSong"><br>
</font></div>
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</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;overflow:hidden;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><img src="https://exmail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewfile?type=logo&domain=bupt.edu.cn"></div>
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<h4 style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:rgb(0,0,0);zoom:1">Prof.
Yixin ZHONG</h4>
<div>AI School, BUPT</div>
<div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
<p style="margin:0px"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<u></u></div>
<div> </div>
<div><u></u>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div style="font-size:12px;font-family:"Arial Narrow";padding:2px 0px">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
<div style="font-size:12px;background:rgb(239,239,239);padding:8px">
<div id="m_-7598933918595739837menu_sender"><b>From: </b> "Krassimir Markov"<a href="mailto:itheaiss@gmail.com" target="_blank"><itheaiss@gmail.com></a>;</div>
<div><b>Date: </b> Thu, Oct 19, 2023 03:32 AM</div>
<div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>;
</div>
<div><b>Subject: </b> Re: [Fis] Fis Digest, Vol 105,
Issue 12</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">Dear Yixin, Eric and FIS colleagues,
<div>Let me present some thoughts about </div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><b>The “Intelligence” Paradigm</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">For
those who are not familiar with the concepts of
"paradigm" and "paradigm shift", I would
recommend texts from Wikipedia that explain it
clearly enough.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">I
myself maintain a neutral position in the
dispute between Popper and Kuhn regarding the
development of science. Both theses have their
grounds, but at different levels and stages. In
fact, in this case, the law of quantitative
accumulation, which leads to qualitative
changes, applies. Obviously, in a number of
cases the paradigm shift happens in leaps and
bounds, while in others it happens smoothly and
barely perceptibly.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">For
example, the accumulation of sufficient
observations and evidences regarding the shape
of the earth required a shift to a new paradigm:
from the "Earth is flat" paradigm to the "Earth
is not flat" paradigm.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sometimes
opposing paradigms can coexist, not negating
each other, but complementing each other. For
example, this is the case with Euclid's fifth
postulate (the parallel postulate).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The
postulate has long been considered self-evident
or inevitable, but no evidence has been found.
Eventually, it was discovered that reversing the
postulate gave valid, albeit different,
geometries. A geometry where the parallelism
postulate does not hold is known as
non-Euclidean geometry.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">With
regard to the paradigm of "intelligence" we have
a similar situation. We have at least two
opposing paradigms based on two opposing
postulates.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The
first, let's call it the "flat intelligence
postulate", was well articulated by Yixin in his
post:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">"Intelligence
is the ability to solve problems, but not the
ability to detect and define problems, the
latter of which is one of the faculties of
wisdom."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The
second, let's call it the "non-flat intelligence
postulate", will sound unifying: "Intelligence
is both the ability to solve problems and the
ability to detect and define problems" (Eric),
but in different directions in the hierarchy of
intelligences (KM)". This is how we arrive at
the idea of cybernetic systems, where there is a
controller and a controlled, but the controller
is connected to the environment from which it
receives controlling influences and is, in
practice, both "controller" and "controlled",
but in different aspects of the system.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></p>
<img src="cid:30CF6D60@84EF497F.D479346500000000.png" width="472" height="359"><br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><span style="line-height:115%" lang="BG"></span><span style="line-height:115%" lang="BG"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"" align="center"><br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">To
be continued ...</p>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<u></u></div>
</blockquote>
<pre>----------
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p><br>
</p>
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