<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Dear Eric,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Your statement: „The essence of general intelligence is the
ability to not only solve an externally given problem but to be creative and
find and define problems.” is at deviance to accepted delineations of concepts
in the trade of psychology. Rohracher [1] has defined in 1969 (and to my
knowledge, no one has disputed this wording): “Intelligence is the degree of
efficiency [of the CNS] while solving new problems.”<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What you refer to is subsumed variously under: creativity,
alertness, curiosity, vitality, spontaneity. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There is consensus in the epistemology of psychology that
there can exist no final, conclusive, all-encompassing theory of personality
(in which intelligence and adaptability/curiosity would or would not be
separated as concepts), because if such an ultimate, final, true theory of
personality would exist, that assumption would negate the axiomatic rule that
one can always learn something new, at least about himself. There is, by definition,
no end to introspection and philosophy. One can always come up with a new
theory of personality and one cannot rule out that a new theory of personality would
be more reasonable, truer, more conclusive than anything that has existed
before.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Psychologists see theories about mind and soul in the same
way believers see their God. It is impossible to recognize all features of God,
let alone to insist that one has a correct reading.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, if you decide not to distinguish between efficiency of
solving new problems and ability and tendency towards finding new problems to
solve, you are free to do so. Established use of words splits the two
personality traits.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have prepared a statement about the key word “otherwise”.
The word is needed to scale the efficiency of mental processes while solving
new problems (aka ‘intelligence’) by scaling the diversity/similarity
properties of alternatives. To be able to efficiently choose between
alternatives, one needs to have alternatives that are different among each
other. The task is to find such collections of symbols that are alternatives to
each other, not by machinations by humans, but as members of a symbols
collection. This task is not easy to solve while using the symbols set in the traditional,
Sumerian ways only. One needs to assume that symbols have their own properties,
by their nature, immanent to them. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Due to the two-messages-per-week rule, the contribution
shall come next week.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Karl<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">[1] Rohracher, H.:
Einführung in die Psychologie, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Wien 1951<span></span></span></p></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Am Mi., 18. Okt. 2023 um 12:01 Uhr schrieb Eric Werner <<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org">eric.werner@oarf.org</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
<p>Dear Yixin,</p>
<p>Thank you for you comments! <br>
</p>
<p>To your point (2): The essence of general intelligence is the
ability to not only solve an externally given problem, but to be
creative and find and define problems. For example, given a
knowledge of mathematics and physics and data to generate new
mathematics and new insights into the nature of the world. <br>
</p>
<p>To your point (3): Biotechnology and AI are somewhat independent
fields. AI can help genome research and decoding genomes. But once
genomes are decoded that information can be used to construct more
general AI models. When I say "architecture" I meant the
architecture of the human brain encoded in the human genome. This
architectural information can be used to guide the structuring of
AI models be be more potent and more human like. And, AI may well
help in the process of structuring its future version. That is
what I meant by selfreferencing. <br>
</p>
<p>To the more general point, formalization of social information
can help guide the improvement of AI models to be more social and
have greater abilities in a AI-robot social setting. <br>
</p>
<p>All the best,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<div>On 10/18/23 9:16 AM, 钟义信 wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Eric,</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Thank you for the
interesting talk on "Paradigm AI" from which I learned a lot. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As a discussant, may I
propose some of my understanding. Comments are welcome. </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) I appreciate your
idea that saying "Physics paradigm PPD does not fit well with
AI paradigm" and "Information paradigm PID is a better fit".
This is the valuable common basis, between you and me,
concerning the PPD, PID and AI.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) How to define the
concept of intelligence? This is a very difficult problem. To
my own understanding, the following short statement may serve
as one of the candidates: <u>Intelligence is the ability to
solve problem but not the ability to find and define
problem, the latter of which is one of the abilities for
wisdom.</u></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><u><br>
</u></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) The paradigm for AI
can be used as the paradigm for bio-technology with certain
simplification and specialization. This judgement is not based
on their "structure/architecture", but based on their
"information function" - which is the basic function in both
AI and biotechnology, that is to seek opportunity for "living
(or solving problem)" and to avoid the "danger (or failing to
problem solving)".</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Once again, comments
and criticisms are most welcome.</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best regards,</font></div>
<div><u></u>
<div style="font-size:14px;font-family:Verdana;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div style="overflow:hidden">
<div style="float:left;height:100px;margin:35px 10px 10px 0px;padding:0px 10px 0px 15px;border-right:1px solid rgb(222,222,222)">
<div style="max-height:150px;overflow:hidden;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;overflow:hidden;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><br>
</div>
<div style="max-height:150px;overflow:hidden;margin:35px 0px 0px;float:left"><img src="https://exmail.qq.com/cgi-bin/viewfile?type=logo&domain=bupt.edu.cn"></div>
</div>
<div style="float:left;padding-top:35px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160);zoom:1">
<h4 style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:28px;color:rgb(0,0,0);zoom:1">Prof.
Yixin ZHONG</h4>
<div>AI School, BUPT</div>
<div>Beijing 100876, China</div>
<p style="margin:0px"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin:0px;line-height:22px;color:rgb(160,160,160)"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<u></u></div>
<div> </div>
<div><u></u>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div style="font-size:12px;font-family:"Arial Narrow";padding:2px 0px">------------------ Original ------------------</div>
<div style="font-size:12px;background:rgb(239,239,239);padding:8px">
<div id="m_5188193341310462074menu_sender"><b>From: </b> "Eric Werner"<a href="mailto:eric.werner@oarf.org" target="_blank"><eric.werner@oarf.org></a>;</div>
<div><b>Date: </b> Tue, Oct 17, 2023 02:32 AM</div>
<div><b>To: </b> "fis"<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><fis@listas.unizar.es></a>; </div>
<div><b>Subject: </b> [Fis] Paradigm AI</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<p>Here are some brief thoughts on Paradigms and AI by I
presume was written by Yixin Zhong since I cannot read
Chinese. <br>
</p>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<h1>Paradigm AI</h1>
</div>
<ul>
<li>I agree that the physics paradigm PPD doesn’t fit
well with the AI paradigm, and that the information
paradigm PID is a better fit</li>
<li>Artificial intelligence systems, don’t necessarily
learn from human beings. In unsupervised learning
they learn from data and not from humans.</li>
<li>The problem, and becomes really how to define what
intelligence is: Which of the following is it?<br>
</li>
<ul>
<li>Rational inference</li>
<li>Summarizing large amounts of text and data</li>
<li>Making new predictions based on scientific
theories and available data</li>
<li>Developing new theories that explain the data in
the more succinct way, and making new predictions</li>
<li>Developing new technologies independently of
human input</li>
<li>Planning and executing the actions and
intentions of a robot</li>
<li>Having social intelligence</li>
<li>Being cooperative with a human being in
achieving a task </li>
<li>Interrelating two discipline, such as physics
and mathematics, to make new discoveries</li>
<li>Understanding, genomes in the way that human
beings cannot</li>
<li>Designing new organisms by designing their
genomes</li>
</ul>
<li>I agree with the language of a new paradigm, such
as artificial intelligence will develop slowly step
by step in conjunction with its use -both
conceptually and experimentally .</li>
<li>In a new paradigm entire new language is created
as a paradigm is developed</li>
<li>The language evolves in concert with a new
ontology suggested by the paradigm</li>
<ul>
<li>It is an ontology of objects, technologies,
actions, and strategies</li>
</ul>
<li>What will be particularly interesting, is the <b><font size="5">linking of the paradigm of artificial
intelligence with the paradigm of biotechnology</font></b></li>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology and AI will truly link the human
brain with the artificial brain</li>
<li>The genome of the natural brain will be
reflected in the architecture of the artificial
brain</li>
<li>Hence by using AI to decode the genome of the
natural brain, it will be self-reflected in the
design of the developing artificial brain </li>
<li>This will bring unprecedented social and
rational functionality to the artificial brain </li>
<li>Note that the biotech-genome paradigm also is
founded on the information paradigm.<br>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Thank you Yixin Zhong for your input and emphasizing
the intimate relationship of information and AI
paradigms. <br>
</p>
<p>Best wishes,</p>
<p>Eric <br>
</p>
<div>-- <br>
<i> Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!TIIx5Wtklq6f08o-lkfpzmVltSrC8Oy2oMP7tcMZsYwSN5x_BDJBF1vtN9DOTbE6BXCYP2mXThgkBtz8Hin4ZKg$" target="_blank">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</i></div>
</div>
</div>
<u></u></div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<pre>_______________________________________________
Fis mailing list
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a>
----------
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a>
----------
</pre>
</blockquote>
<div>-- <br>
<i>
Dr. Eric Werner <br>
Oxford Advanced Research Foundation <br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://oarf.org__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!S48dgtLY-v427YBnRO4ovcOPfYmIyRg2qFfQ_Vw-sWoIjfzS8ZWpLpRilKkBtXqBqXyrkHUwwWHOZ6wdhD823UM$" target="_blank">https://oarf.org</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</i></div>
</div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div>