<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large">I can't resist commenting. The problem, of course, is that formal relations and models must be instantiated in some medium. But referential circularities that include reference to these media involve more than formal Gödelian circularities. They entangle epistemological and ontological relations in ways that add a level of incompletability that cannot be avoided when considering living and mental processes of interpretation. Thus, when we refer to "self" in descriptions of the "I" of human interpretive agency, or even when just describing bacteria as "self"-reproducing, we have crossed out of the realm of computation in any standard sense. Ultimately, I would argue, that any complete conception of information that includes the interpretation of referential and pragmatic attributes must confront this challenge, or else bracket such considerations as unanalyzed givens.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:large">— Terry</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Jan 30, 2023 at 12:58 AM Louis Kauffman <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com">loukau@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Most certainly!<div>All structures with any form have circularities. The simplest is one distinction and the back and forth between the whole and the division into apparent parts.</div><div><br><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Jan 30, 2023, at 1:35 AM, Karl Javorszky <<a href="mailto:karl.javorszky@gmail.com" target="_blank">karl.javorszky@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div dir="auto">Definitions are circular. Like crossing  points in a web of a roads. <div dir="auto"><br><div dir="auto">How nice it would be, if anyone would create (actually, find or discover) a web which connects units of the system to each other!? </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Such an inner web of relations can easily be found and has been found and has been published. Here's once again.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Use a,b , a,b <= 16, a<=b as pairs. Each pair is the basic element . The cohort in which a,b have 16 different varieties is 136 strong.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Now order this collection. Then reorder. Pay attention to details.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">You find cycles.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The cycles connect elements to each other in ways that will surprise you and cause torpor. In a catatonic regression, some people cease thinking. This will not be the danger in this case. You all are fit for the challenge of discovering relations.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The web of references you talk about is in existence. Appurtenances of elements to cycles give numeric data, with which other elements any given element is related by means of belonging to cycles of a different order aspect.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Ask and find your wishes already fulfilled. Just look what happens if you listen to people talking to you. Try conceptualising cycles.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Good luck!</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Karl</div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 30 Jan 2023, 09:08 Louis Kauffman, <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">loukau@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dear Nikita,<div>First of all, lets be clear about definitions in the usual sense of the word. We define a term by relating it to other terms and to experiences. </div><div><br></div><div>In a dictionary terms are defined in relation to other terms.</div><div>This often leads to circularity.</div><div>For example, If I look up “difference” in the dictionary I find that it means “not the same”.</div><div>If I look up “same” in the dictionary I find that it means “not different”.</div><div>The dictionary shows relationships of words and relies on our experience for many of the meanings.</div><div><br></div><div>In mathematics we do not refer to experience in our definitions, but rather to axioms that delimit the relationships. Thus if P and Q are distinct points in Euclidean Geometry, then there is a line L uniquely </div><div>determined by P and Q so that P and Q are on that line L. This property is an Axiom of the Geometry. We do not specify what P and Q “are” or what a line “is”, but we have in mind certain models that do </div><div>satisfy these axioms. This is an efficient way to proceed for the ways of mathematical thinking. We even have certain kinds of definitions that partake of circularity. For example, I can say consider a group G generated by </div><div>elements a,b so that a = bab^{-1}. The equation I just wrote “defines” a in terms of itself. There is nothing wrong with this and we regard it as a constraint on the way a “behaves”.</div><div><br></div><div>In mathematics we allow circularities as constraints and want definitions to be free of circularities. This amounts to a terminology for definitions that distinguishes them from constraints.</div><div><br></div><div>I say that you cannot have a mathematical definition of distinction because the best we could ever do about distinction is to indicate a relationship or a constraint such as “we take the form of distinction for the form.”.</div><div><br></div><div>Eucid himself did not adhere to the present-day version of definitions in mathematics (after all he wrote in 500BC!). Euclid says that “A point is that which has no part.” and he says that “A straight line lies evenly upon itself.” Each of these statements has great insight, but requires much extra discussion and an understanding of the models for Geometry that are intended.</div><div><br></div><div>Just so the von Foerster sentence tells us that whatever an “I”,  it is constrained to be a relation between itself and observing itself. </div><div>We appreciate this because we recognize it as a property of the “I” with which we are familiar. </div><div><br></div><div>NOW, you say that you will take I as "a computing device that works according to a DNA program”. I see what you mean. I could regard myself as a computing device that works according to a DNA program.</div><div>I could regard myself (as Paul Erdos used to say) as a “device for turning coffee into theorems”. I have to tell you that I like to think of myself as a biocomputer on some days of the week, but not all. And on those other days I would dispute that I am any kind of computer device or formal system. I would debate that I have properties that go beyond the constraints of such formal devices. I would argue this on the basis of Godelian incompleteness,or on the basis of simple abilities to step back and survey situations that are presented to my “device”. If I am a device it is a special device that is equipped to create meta-levels and then join with these </div><div>meta-levels in a continuing process of comprehension. </div><div><br></div><div>In any case, I say that when you make statements such as “defining I” as "a computing device that works according to a DNA program” you are actually suggesting certain types of models for I and you then  </div><div>implicitly ask us to debate whether the constraints of your models might remove them from being the only answer to the question of making such a definition. In the case of “I” , I suggest that a computational device model is interesting and fruitful but not the whole story. </div><div><br></div><div>It is important to distinguish definitions from models.</div><div><br></div><div>Very best,</div><div>Lou</div><div><br><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Jan 29, 2023, at 11:59 AM, Nikita Shklovskiy <<a href="mailto:nikitashk@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">nikitashk@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">Dear Lou,</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">Great! let's use fruitful starting points. Determining the difference in the treatment of Heinz von Foerster</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">“I am the observed relation between myself and the observing myself” everything suits me, only I need to introduce the definition of “I”. For the Biosphere, this was done by Efim Lieberman in 1972: ""I" is a computing device that works according to the DNA program." In other words, a biological cell or several cells. In the Noosphere, I propose the definition of "I" as a "human phenomenon" i.e. "an animal of the species Homo Sapience, successfully trained in human language, i.e., a computing device capable of interfering with a program in human language." I'm not afraid of circular definitions and I understand that definitions can be complex. But it seems to me that using words in science without agreeing on their meaning is counterproductive.</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">I will be happy to discuss your</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">  point of view on this!</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">Yours</div><div style="border-color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto">Nikita</div></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Вс, 29 янв. 2023 г. в 18:59, Louis Kauffman <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">loukau@gmail.com</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div>Dear Nikita,</div>Distinction is a very fertile starting place as an idea or concept.<div>We formalize aspects of this idea but not the idea itself.</div><div>This is because any formal definition is a kind of distinction. </div><div>e.g the definition of prime number explicates the distinction between primes and composites.</div><div>Thus to define distinction in a formally would involve using that concept in its very definition.</div><div>Circular definitions such as G. Spencer-Brown’s “We take the form of distinction for the form.” or Heinz von Foerster’s</div><div>“I am the observed relation between myself and observing myself.”</div><div>are very useful for discussion, and for finding new formalisms.</div><div>I say that there cannot be a definition of distinction that is not circular.</div><div>You may have a different point of view on this matter!</div><div>Best,</div><div>Lou Kauffman</div><div><br><div><blockquote type="cite"></blockquote></div></div></div><div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Jan 29, 2023, at 4:50 AM, Nikita Shklovskiy <<a href="mailto:nikitashk@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">nikitashk@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br></blockquote></div></div></div><div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div></div></blockquote></div></div></div><div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div><div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><b style="font-size:1rem;word-spacing:1px;color:rgb(49,49,49)">Information “is any (distinguishable) regularity of zeros and ones”</b></div><div dir="auto">great!</div></div><div dir="auto">the only problem of Your Binary Universe is to give definition for DISTINGUISHABILITY. </div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">And to tell us who is the oner of this equipment:)</div></div></div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Вс, 29 янв. 2023 г. в 13:27, Mariusz Stanowski <<a href="mailto:stanowskimariusz@wp.pl" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">stanowskimariusz@wp.pl</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
  
    
  
  <div><p>Dear All,</p><div>
      <br></div><p class="MsoNormal">A lot of the confusion about definitions of
        fundamental
        terms such as information is due to the transfer of terms found
        at a higher
        (human) level of complexity to a lower (more fundamental) level.
        Hence the
        variety of definitions of these concepts, which sometimes
        contradict each other. At
        the lower level, these terms become equivalent because there is
        less
        differentiation needed, e.g. in the micro world there is no
        longer a sender and
        a receiver, we are dealing only with interactions. Also <b>information,
          form,
          feature, structure, object, anything that can be distinguished
        </b>- are all equivalent
        at the basic level. <br>
      </p><p class="MsoNormal">This also applies to physical theories that
        try to get to
        the roots of the universe by creating complicated theories such
        as big bang,
        string theory or multiverse. What the theorists fail to notice
        is that
        complication does not bring us closer but further away from
        reaching the
        foundations. To reach this level, it is essential to use the
        minimum necessary
        concepts with which one can describe the universe. Such a
        simplest model is the
        binary model, on which basically everything can be
        explained/understood. An
        example of such a binary model is Binary Model of Universe,
        which is simply a <b>binary
          structure</b> (only zeros and ones). On this model it is also
        easy to
        understand what information is: <b>it is any (distinguishable)
          regularity of zeros and ones.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal">Best regards<br>
      </p><p class="MsoNormal">Mariusz<b><br>
        </b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br>
        </b></p><div><br></div>
    <div>W dniu 26.01.2023 o 06:28, Francesco
      Rizzo pisze:<br>
    </div></div><div>
    <blockquote type="cite">
      
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>Dear Mariuzs, Nikita and all. When I intervene in the
          discussion, I never claim to possess the truth, but I tend to
          contribute to forming the process of possible truth by taking
          into account everyone's contribution. I have repeatedly
          supported the need to have: - a general conception of
          knowledge based on the triad: meaning, information,
          communication;- a particular measurement-evaluation applied in
          the various natural and human knowledge. as a
          quantum-semiological economist, economy like physics are
          sciences based on the value of form or the form of value (even
          Ettore Maiorana, the late physicist, thought so). So these two
          sciences are a matter of form, not of (material) substance. If
          this is the case, information presupposes meaning and is the
          prerequisite for communication. . What interaction can there
          be between a stone and a tree, a car and a poem, a  star and
          an ant, etc.? In fact, between two machines there can only be
          a transmission of signals with a common code, while the
          communication process between human beings it is a
          transmission of meaning based on the interaction of signs
          (such as, for example, the economic market) involving a
          lexical code of the issuing source different from the lexical
          code of the recipient recipient. I have already said more than
          I thought I would write, because I'm busy writing an important
          book, at least for me. However, let us never forget that
          knowledge is a process based on love or on acceptance of the
          other (thought), while not sharing it. A hug-Francesco.<br>
          <br>
        </div>
        Cari Mariuzs, Nikita e tutti.
        <div>quando intervengo nella discussione non pretendo mai di
          possedere la verità, ma protendo a contribuire </div>
        <div>a formare il processo della verità possibile tenendo conto
          del contributo di tutti. Più volte ho sostenuto</div>
        <div> la necessità di avere:</div>
        <div> - una  concezione generale della conoscenza basata sulla
          triade: significazione, informazione, comunicazione;</div>
        <div>- una misurazione-valutazione particolare applicate nelle
          diverse conoscenze naturali e umane.</div>
        <div>In questo senso, non posso non ricordare che, nella qualità
          di economista quantista-semio-logico, l'economia </div>
        <div>come la fisica sono delle scienze fondate sul valore della
          forma o la forma del valore (anche Ettore Maiorana, il fisico </div>
        <div>scomparso, la pensava così). Quindi queste due scienze sono
          una questione di forma, non di sostanza (materiale).</div>
        <div>Se le cose stanno così l'informazione presuppone il
          significato ed è il presupposto della comunicazione.</div>
        <div>Si può parlare di interazione nella comunicazione e di
          differenza o contrasto nell'informazione. Che interazione</div>
        <div>vi può essere tra una pietra e un albero, una macchina e
          una poesia, una  stella e una formica, etc.?</div>
        <div>Difatti, tra due macchine vi può essere solo una
          trasmissione di segnali con un codice comune, mentre</div>
        <div>il processo comunicativo tra esseri umani è una
          trasmissione di senso basato sull''interazione di segni</div>
        <div>(come, ad esempio,  il mercato economico) implicante un
          codice-lessico della fonte emittente diverso dal
          codice-lessico</div>
        <div> del destinatario ricevente.</div>
        <div>Già ho detto più di quanto pensavo di scrivere, perchè sono
          impegnato nella conclusione della scrittura di un libro </div>
        <div>importante, almeno per me. Comunque non dimentichiamo mai
          che la conoscenza è un processo fondato sull'amore o </div>
        <div>sull'accettazione dell'altro (pensiero), pur non
          condividendolo.</div>
        <div>Un abbraccio-</div>
        <div>Francesco.</div>
      </div>
      <br>
      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno mer 25 gen 2023 alle
          ore 21:18 Nikita Shklovskiy <<a href="mailto:nikitashk@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">nikitashk@gmail.com</a>>
          ha scritto:<br>
        </div>
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
          <div dir="ltr">
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>Dear colleagues!</div>
            It seems to me that the general concept of information can
            be obtained in the form of an axiom. This can be done by
            adding two more concepts to the definition: “language
            system” and “meaning”. In the case of the definition
            “information is everything that the sender emits that the
            recipient can interpret”, four additional definitions will
            have to be introduced for the concepts “sender”, “receiver”,
            “radiates”, “interprets”.<br>
            <br>
            Efim Lieberman in 1972 realized the need to take into
            account the actions spent on calculations in all biological
            cells<br>
            <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104653__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!RnOEih8sgWzPRFRCWueR81K14O1xTQkUPMFOGyIS_e3Qqoj80tIU3rGT-kvAHkPBy0yw5FbjkjoGfol-47zh$" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104653</a><br>
            <br>
            In this paradigm, it is clear that information does not
            exist without material carriers - code elements.<br>
            <br>
            For all the cells of the world, we have one language system,
            which is called "Genetic Language". This is a special case
            of the well-defined information written on the DNA that
            created the entire Biosphere.<br>
            Another special case is the language system of human
            language - this information formed the Noosphere.<br>
            <br>
            The general axiomatic definition turns out to be triple and
            looped: “information is something from which a language
            system can derive meaning; meaning is what the language
            system extracts from information, and the language system is
            what extracts meaning from information.” As in the Christian
            Trinity, these three concepts are “consubstantial and
            indivisible.”<br>
            <br>
          </div>
          <br>
          <div class="gmail_quote">
            <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">вт, 24 янв. 2023 г. в
              10:34, konstantin lidin <<a href="mailto:lidinkl@hotmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lidinkl@hotmail.com</a>>:<br>
            </div>
            <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
              <div>
                <div dir="ltr">
                  <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Thank
                    you, Howard.
                    <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">Your definition of information practically
                      coincides with Shannon's definition, only
                      elementary (sub-elementary) particles act as
                      inductors and recipients.</div>
                    <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">In the next step, however, this approach leads
                      us to the notion of information quality. A message
                      can contain both a signal (relevant information)
                      and noise. But the notion of relevance of
                      information is subjective. Relevance is compliance
                      with the goals that the inductor-recipient pair
                      sets when exchanging information.</div>
                    <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">Do you think quarks and protons have goals and
                      free will?</div>
                    This is a very important question, because in most
                    areas, except for the Shannon theory of
                    communication, the quality of information is
                    ignored. The subjectivity of this parameter looks
                    too shocking to include it in a decent academic
                    model (about the same way the Heisenberg uncertainty
                    principle is still perceived)<br>
                  </div>
                  <hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
                  <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</b>
                      Howard Bloom <<a href="mailto:howlbloom@aol.com" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">howlbloom@aol.com</a>><br>
                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sent:</b> 24 January 2023 08:21<br>
                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To:</b> <a href="mailto:lidinkl@hotmail.com" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lidinkl@hotmail.com</a>
                      <<a href="mailto:lidinkl@hotmail.com" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lidinkl@hotmail.com</a>>;
                      <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
                      <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>>;
                      <a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>
                      <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br>
                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] definitions of
                      information by Theil (1972) derived from Shnnon
                      (1948); back to the basics?</font>
                    <div> </div>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <div style="font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:14pt;line-height:normal;font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">the definition
                      of information in my book The God Problem: How a
                      Godless Cosmos Creates:
                      <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
                      </div>
                      <blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px;font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
                        <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">information is anything a sender emits that
                          a receiver can interpret.</div>
                      </blockquote>
                      <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
                      </div>
                      <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">the first information appears when the first
                        quarks emerge in the first 10-34 of a second of
                        the big bang.  quarks read each other's social
                        signals of attraction or repulsion and acted on
                        them to gang up in groups of two or three, thus
                        forming protons and neutrons, which also gave
                        off social signals and agglomerated in
                        proton-neutron teams.</div>
                      <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
                      </div>
                      <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:18.6667px;font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">with warmth
                          and oomph--howard</span><br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <div style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font style="font-family:arial,helvetica;font-size:10pt" size="2">-----Original Message-----<br>
                            From: konstantin lidin <<a href="mailto:lidinkl@hotmail.com" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lidinkl@hotmail.com</a>><br>
                            To: <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
                            <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>>;
                            Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br>
                            Sent: Mon, Jan 23, 2023 1:31 pm<br>
                            Subject: Re: [Fis] definitions of
                            information by Theil (1972) derived from
                            Shnnon (1948); back to the basics?<br>
                            <br>
                            <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                              <div dir="ltr" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Unfortunately,
                                  Shannon's definition can only be used
                                  in a very narrow class of cases. When
                                  we consider any process other than the
                                  transmission of a message from the
                                  inductor to the recipient, this
                                  definition does not work.
                                  <div style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">The most authoritative
                                    researchers of the philosophy of
                                    information admit that there is
                                    still no general definition. The
                                    concepts of information in different
                                    spheres differ significantly and
                                    cannot be combined into something
                                    commonly used</div>
                                  Baumgaertner, B., Floridi, L.
                                  Introduction: The Philosophy of
                                  Information. <i style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">
                                    Topoi</i> <b style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">35</b>, 157–159
                                  (2016). <a rel="nofollow noopener
                                    noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498LPlnk776559" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9370-7__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!SXg13tbkdIexlHicpgmmFoFwIcpgeHl3c2rgtD9HsQHuKRQodSQhjWMYAL-3r-YyBOXRc3vMzQUkPXSVFHs$" style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif" target="_blank">
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9370-7</a><br clear="none">
                                </div>
                                <hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%;font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498yqt31644" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                  <div dir="ltr" id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498divRplyFwdMsg" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From:</b> Fis
                                      <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>>
                                      on behalf of Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br clear="none">
                                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sent:</b> 23 January 2023 23:29<br clear="none">
                                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To:</b> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
                                      <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br clear="none">
                                      <b style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Subject:</b> [Fis] definitions
                                      of information by Theil (1972)
                                      derived from Shnnon (1948); back
                                      to the basics?</font>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"> </div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Theil (1972) pp. 1 and 2:</div>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                      <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_xffee1d4888fa460cb226666f8b0a0764" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                        <div style="margin-top:14.65pt;line-height:14.4pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                          <b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;letter-spacing:0.45pt;font-family:arial,helvetica">1.1.
                                              </span></i></b><b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;letter-spacing:0.45pt;font-family:arial,helvetica">Information</span></i></b></div>
                                        <div style="margin-top:9.2pt;margin-right:0.05in;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.1in;line-height:12.1pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:arial,helvetica">Consider
                                            an event <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">E </i>with
                                            probability <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">p; </i>
                                            the nature of the event is
                                            irrele­vant. At some point
                                            in time we receive a
                                            reliable message stating
                                            that
                                            <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">E </i>in fact occurred.
                                            The question is: How should
                                            one measure the amount of
                                            information conveyed by this
                                            message?</span></div>
                                        <div style="margin-top:7.3pt;line-height:11.65pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                          <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;letter-spacing:-0.35pt;font-family:arial,helvetica">Information</span></i></div>
                                        <div style="margin-top:6.45pt;margin-right:0.05in;margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-indent:0.1in;line-height:12.85pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;font-family:arial,helvetica">Since the question is
                                            vague, we shall try to
                                            answer it in an intuitive
                                            manner. Suppose that
                                            <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">p </i>is close to 1
                                            (e.g., <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">p = </i>.95).
                                            Then, one may argue, the
                                            message conveys very little
                                            information, because it was
                                            virtually certain that
                                            <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">E w</i>ould take place.
                                            But suppose that <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">p =
                                              .01, </i>so that it is
                                            almost certain
                                            <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">E </i>will not occur. If
                                            <i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">E </i>nevertheless does
                                            occur, the message stating
                                            this will be unexpected and
                                            hence contains a great deal
                                            of information.</span></div>
                                      </div>
                                      <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><br clear="none">
                                        </span></div>
                                      <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica">These intuitive
                                          ideas suggest that, if we want
                                          to measure the information
                                          derived from a message in
                                          terms of the probability
                                        </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">p </i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica">that prevailed
                                          before or to the arrival of
                                          the message, we should select
                                          a
                                        </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica">decreasing </i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"New serif"">function. The
                                          function proposed by SHANNON
                                          (1948) is </span><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">when
                                          the probability prior to the
                                          message is zero) to 0 (zero
                                          information when the
                                          probability is one).</span></div>
                                      <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt"><br clear="none">
                                        </span></div>
                                      <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">The
                                          unit of information is
                                          determined by the base of the
                                          logarithm. Frequently 2 is
                                          used as a base, which implies
                                          that any message concerning a
                                          50-50 event has unit
                                          information: h() = log</span>
                                        <span style="font-family:New;font-size:7pt"><sub style="font-family:New">2</sub>
                                        </span><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">2
                                          = 1, and information is then
                                          said to be measured in binary
                                          digits or, for short,
                                        </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">bits.
                                          </span></i><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">When
                                          natural logarithms are used,
                                          the information unit is a
                                        </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">nit. </span></i></div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt"><br clear="none">
                                        </span></i></div>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt">best,
                                          loet</span></i></div>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:New;font-size:10pt"><br clear="none">
                                        </span></i></div>
                                    <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_signature_old" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                      <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_xd0f008326390429" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                        <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                                Roman">_______________</font></b></div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                                Roman">Loet Leydesdorff</font></b></div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                                Roman"><br clear="none">
                                              </font></b></div>
                                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">
                                            <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><b style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times
                                                  New Roman"><a rel="nofollow
                                                    noopener noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!UCpI3A8EWvaVDmOuc9hvIQ63G4mDCTSSAo-msd5Fp1s28PF75NWu969e_W5KiezGFeMPMGFtXsQLLuhNS00$" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" target="_blank">"The
                                                    Evolutionary
                                                    Dynamics of
                                                    Discusive Knowledge"</a>(Open
                                                  Access)</font></b></div>
                                          </div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                              Roman">Professor emeritus,
                                              University of Amsterdam </font></div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                              Roman">Amsterdam School of
                                              Communication Research
                                              (ASCoR)</font></div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                              Roman"><a rel="nofollow
                                                noopener noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net
                                              </a>; <a rel="nofollow
                                                noopener noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.leydesdorff.net/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!UCpI3A8EWvaVDmOuc9hvIQ63G4mDCTSSAo-msd5Fp1s28PF75NWu969e_W5KiezGFeMPMGFtXsQLGpM1vg4$" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" target="_blank">
http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a> </font></div>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica"><a rel="nofollow noopener
                                              noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!UCpI3A8EWvaVDmOuc9hvIQ63G4mDCTSSAo-msd5Fp1s28PF75NWu969e_W5KiezGFeMPMGFtXsQLaBGhTzQ$" style="font-family:arial,helvetica;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)" target="_blank"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(66,133,244)" size="1" face="Times New
                                                Roman">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</font></a></div>
                                        </div>
                                        <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yiv5273111498x_x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica"></span>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)">
                                            <font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:arial,helvetica"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"" size="1" face="Times New
                                                Roman">ORCID:
                                                <a rel="nofollow
                                                  noopener noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" shape="rect" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!UCpI3A8EWvaVDmOuc9hvIQ63G4mDCTSSAo-msd5Fp1s28PF75NWu969e_W5KiezGFeMPMGFtXsQLH5t9V6o$" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"" target="_blank">
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098</a>;    </font><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:arial,helvetica"></span></font></div>
                                          <span style="font-family:arial,helvetica"></span>
                                          <div style="line-height:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)">
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                      </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><br clear="none">
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">_______________________________________________<br clear="none">
                              Fis mailing list<br clear="none">
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                              ----------<br clear="none">
                              INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE
                              CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br clear="none">
                              <br clear="none">
                              Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a
                              una lista de correo gestionada por la
                              Universidad de Zaragoza.<br clear="none">
                              Puede encontrar toda la información sobre
                              como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente
                              enlace:
                              <a shape="rect" href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">
https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br clear="none">
                              Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista
                              voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde
                              la propia aplicación en el momento en que
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                            </div>
                          </font>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><br>
                            </font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><br>
                            </font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">__________________________</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Howard
                              Bloom</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://howardbloom.net/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!RcW2BAuVHXHw_TEldQMQpjWPzzeV2O0M_4ukkLvSZx9DCB2GviaykLNisPEYPtpkl8AG7MnbnxrQh-_h$" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Howardbloom.net</a></font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.howardbloom.institute__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Tpag3KoyVBTYFmRC_S68cEwcSi0ATPLOm2w3nZyWcoVHrX7gRvMJvrxjco3GXYAurl7cvBFKQpIiH-Gj5ho$" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">www.howardbloom.institute</a></font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">trailer
                              for BRIC-TV's 66-minute film, The Grand
                              Unified Theory of Howard Bloom,  <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://youtu.be/rGkOkChazUQ__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!Tpag3KoyVBTYFmRC_S68cEwcSi0ATPLOm2w3nZyWcoVHrX7gRvMJvrxjco3GXYAurl7cvBFKQpIi5mKNcrg$" style="font-family:arial,helvetica" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/rGkOkChazUQ </a></font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Best
                              Picture, Science Design Film Festival.
                              Best Documentary Feature, Not Film
                              Festival, Italy. Now available  on Apple
                              TV, Amazon, Google Play, Microsoft, Vimeo,
                              Vudu, and Fandango.</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica"><br>
                            </font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Author
                              of: The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific
                              Expedition Into the Forces of History
                              ("mesmerizing"-The Washington Post), </font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Global
                              Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind From The
                              Big Bang to the 21st Century ("reassuring
                              and sobering"-The New Yorker),</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">The
                              Genius of the Beast: A Radical Re-Vision
                              of Capitalism ("A tremendously enjoyable
                              book." James Fallows, National
                              Correspondent, The Atlantic),  </font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">The God
                              Problem: How A Godless Cosmos Creates
                              ("Bloom's argument will rock your world."
                              Barbara Ehrenreich),</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">How I
                              Accidentally Started the Sixties (“Wow!
                              Whew! Wild! Wonderful!” Timothy Leary),</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">The
                              Mohammed Code (“A terrifying book…the best
                              book I’ve read on Islam.” David Swindle,
                              PJ Media), and</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Einstein,
                              Michael Jackson & Me: a Search  for
                              Soul in the Power Pits of Rock & Roll
                              ("Amazing. The writing is revelatory."
                              Freddy DeMann, manager of Michael Jackson
                              and Madonna), Best Book of 2020, New York
                              Weekly Times.</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">A Quartz
                              Magazine Pro</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Former
                              Visiting Scholar, Graduate Psychology
                              Department, New York University, Former
                              Core Faculty Member, The Graduate
                              Institute; Current Kepler Space University
                              Senior Scholar.</font></div>
                          <div id="m_-362994248663587697m_89093949333396144m_-1587240696746217755m_-7100580658468175718m_1063414198204177668m_8627376633056583198m_8451147752084738140m_5701875968977484887x_yqt56984" style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><font size="2" face="arial, helvetica" style="font-family:arial,helvetica">Founder:
                              International Paleopsychology Project.
                              Founder, Space Development Steering
                              Committee.  Member Of Board Of Governors,
                              National Space Society. Founding Board
                              Member: Epic of Evolution Society.
                              Founding Board Member, The Darwin Project.</font></div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
                _______________________________________________<br>
                Fis mailing list<br>
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                ----------<br>
                INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER
                PERSONAL<br>
                <br>
                Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de
                correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
                Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos
                sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
                Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud.
                puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el
                momento en que lo desee.<br>
                <a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
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              </div>
            </blockquote>
          </div>
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          Fis mailing list<br>
          <a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
          <a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
          ----------<br>
          INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
          <br>
          Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo
          gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
          Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus
          datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
          Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede
          darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que
          lo desee.<br>
          <a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
          ----------<br>
        </blockquote>
      </div>
      <br>
      <fieldset></fieldset>
      <pre style="font-family:monospace">_______________________________________________
Fis mailing list
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family:monospace" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" style="font-family:monospace" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a>
----------
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL

Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" style="font-family:monospace" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" style="font-family:monospace" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a>
----------
</pre>
    </blockquote>
  </div>

_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Никита Ефимович Шкловский-Корди<div>Гематологический центр.</div><div><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://WWW.AI-VOROBIEV.RU__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!QLdEAAkck5P0ZkLQDyQDcdKf2gUGrgh2RH5IB6kZGvMx3v5eR_KkaqOPkhrRAdcybXbLYH27fsNcSIXPnTse$" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">WWW.AI-VOROBIEV.RU</a>  -  сайт  Андрея Ивановича Воробьева</div></div></div></div>
_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>----------<br></div></blockquote></div></div></div><div><div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>INFORMACI�N SOBRE PROTECCI�N DE DATOS DE CAR�CTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la informaci�n sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>Recuerde que si est� suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicaci�n en el momento en que lo desee.<br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>----------<br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></blockquote></div></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Никита Ефимович Шкловский-Корди<div>Гематологический центр.</div><div><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ai-vorobiev.ru/__;!!D9dNQwwGXtA!RcW2BAuVHXHw_TEldQMQpjWPzzeV2O0M_4ukkLvSZx9DCB2GviaykLNisPEYPtpkl8AG7Mnbn0Yv9vFg$" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">WWW.AI-VOROBIEV.RU</a>  -  сайт  Андрея Ивановича Воробьева</div></div></div></div>
</div></blockquote></div><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div>
</div></blockquote></div><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><font size="4" face="georgia, serif"><i>Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>University of California, Berkeley</i></font></div></div>