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<div style="font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Dear Jorge and All,</div>
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<br>
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The concept of Hameroff and Penrose probably catches the main peculiarities of natural computing in nervous system but it has no development for many years, so it is “frozen” being in the state of anesthesia. First, it should be expanded from microtubules to
long-range coherent event in all macromolecules, e.g., to explain enzymatic catalysis. Second, it should be complemented by concrete molecular mechanisms associated with the postulated quantum phenomena. From this point of view, the model of neuron suggested
by Liberman has certain advantages and has a better perspective for development and experimental verification. According to this model, membrane ionic channels can be used for coding and decoding as a molecular computer of neuron operating by implementation
of Markov algorithms.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The crucial in operation of this molecular computer is the transmission of signal through cytoskeleton. The views of Liberman probably do not contradict the postulated mechanism of Hameroff and Penrose
but emphasize its particular concrete aspects. <o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
Liberman suggested that the transfer of information through neuron includes molecular (DNA, RNA, protein operators with complementary addresses), holographic (quick changeable lattice – cytoskeleton), quantum (each phonon examines whole lattice), and hypersound
(with wavelengths 10-1000 nm that do not destroy molecules) constituents. Processing in the cytoskeleton may include phonon interference, absorption and generation, in the result of which sound signals control sodium and potassium output ionic channels. In
particular, Liberman suggested that cytoskeleton operates as an extreme quantum molecular hypersonic regulator with the price of action equal to the Planck's constant.<o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
According to this hypothesis, the input ionic channels generate hypersonic signals, which propagate through the cytoskeleton and generate an output in the form of digital code. The latter is realized by opening or closing ionic channels on the other side of
neuron. Thus, neuron sends a code that is the message what the next neuron (or muscle) should do. This code can be represented by the duration of interval or by the distance between the impulses but it is not related to different channels of transmission,
as it was demonstrated in his initial experiments that the transmission of perception of blue and red colors occurs through the same filament.
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p> </o:p></p>
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The cellular computing device of neuron receives the information when receptors located on the outer membrane interact with certain effectors. As a result, the device “calculates” how to react on this signal. This can be achieved via cutting and gluing together
the parts of nucleic acids. In this regard, it is important to mention here that E.A. Liberman predicted splicing before its discovery. As a result, protein molecules are synthesized which initiate the subsequent response reaction. In the case of neuron, it
may be a rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. In line with these assumptions, it was claimed that the cells of human brain act similarly as a big telephonic station operated according to the principles of the analog computer. It is not possible to analyze its
work with perfect precision because of the uncontrolled influence on the internally operating system, according to the nature of quantum measurement.<o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
The cytoskeleton, to serve as a “calculating medium”, supports a long-distance coherence and may represent a 3D diffraction pattern for the hypersound, which distribution results in slow conformational movements. Hameroff also suggested that in living systems,
protein conformational states represent fundamental informational units utilized in quantum computation. Long-living coherent states in the cytoskeleton can explain non-local effects in biological function, including operation of consciousness.<o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
Indeed, the electromagnetic waves with a length of about the molecular size, as Liberman mentioned, destroy molecular structures and that is why they cannot be effectively used for control inside of the living cell. At the same time, mechanical and hypersound
vibrations spread with much less speed and in the proposed ranges they do not destroy these extremely small calculating elements. Microtubule-associated proteins can “tune” the quantum oscillations of the coherent superposed states. In Liberman's words, cytoskeleton
forms a calculating medium for the molecular computer of neuron. <o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
It seems to me that the model of Liberman has a good potential for development but its specific details need further investigation.
<o:p><br>
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif">
<o:p>Regards,</p>
<div>Andrei</div>
<br>
</o:p>
<p></p>
<br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Fis <fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es> on behalf of Jorge Navarro López <jnavarrol@unizar.es><br>
<b>Sent:</b> June 15, 2022 10:49 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> fis@listas.unizar.es <fis@listas.unizar.es><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Biological computation session - kickoff text</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">Thanks, Nikita and Andrei, for your text and the very intriguing special issue. The personal figure of Efim Liberman is fascinating.</font></p>
<font size="1"></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">Currently I am working in AI, in the field of sentiment analysis (using big data from social networks). In this field we have a bottleneck in the way data are processed and stored, for the classical
von Neumann architecture keeps them separately and processors have to spend most of their time and energy moving data back and forth. There are some partial achievements and special processors have been developed, but clearly it is not enough for the current
needs of AI and IoT. So, the interest, or at least the need, for exploring bio-inspired and brain-inspired computing is growing substantially.</font></p>
<font size="1"></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1"><br>
</font></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">In this sense, I have two questions. Those theoretical schemes of MCC and QMR from Liberman have they been explored in the sense of suggesting alternative architectures of data processing? And further,
I have curiosity on what relationship could be established between QMR and Hameroff and Penrose's quantum computation in the microtubules? I have not heard that the "tubulin qubit" had any feasibility within the cellular environment... Could the hypothesis
of hypersound quasiparticles be more feasible cellularly? <br>
</font></p>
<font size="1"></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">Thanks again for the kickoff.<br>
</font></p>
<font size="1"></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1"><br>
</font></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">Regards,</font></p>
<font size="1"></font>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1">Jorge Navarro</font></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><font size="1"><br>
</font></p>
<div class="x_moz-cite-prefix">El 13/06/2022 a las 17:36, Andrei Igamberdiev escribió:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof">Dear Colleagues, </span></p>
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof">here is the text to start the session on natural computation devoted to Efim Liberman (1925-2011).</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof">We look forward for discussing this important topic. It became the basis of the special issue of the journal BioSystems:
<br>
</span></p>
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biosystems/special-issue/107NLGRSL8M" data-auth="NotApplicable" id="LPNoLPOWALinkPreview" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biosystems/special-issue/107NLGRSL8M</a></span><br>
</p>
<br>
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof">With best regards,<br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof">Nikita Shklovskiy-Kordi and Andrei Igamberdiev<br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<span class="x_elementToProof"></span><b class="x_elementToProof">Natural computation (Biological computation) </b></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
Following the pioneering works of Efim A. Liberman (1972, 1979), Koichiro Matsuno (1995), and Michael Conrad (1999), it became apparent that computability is generated internally in evolving biological systems. While quantum computation in human technology
is still in early stages and does not go beyond the simplest realizations, it develops in biological systems in a complex way starting from the origin of life to the sophistication of enzymes’ work. A thorough search of the appropriate conceptual tools and
mathematical language is needed, so that it will help theoretical biologists to provide new insights on the apparent goal-directedness, biological complexity, and human consciousness—it is an important task for the future. The biological computation concept
became a basis of the powerful scientific paradigm that is currently acquiring new important developments. </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
Professor Efim A. Liberman (1925-2011) pioneered the paradigm of biological computation and developed the concepts of the molecular cell computer and the computational operation of neuron. He published several important papers in BioSystems from 1979 to 1996,
in close collaboration with the editor-in-chief Michael Conrad. His concept of biological cell as a molecular computer was published in 1972 (Liberman, 1972) followed by the series of papers where he developed this concept in more detail and made further advancement.
</p>
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Efim Liberman suggested the existence of a quantum computing system of life based on an estimate of the proximity to the minimum possible of the energy spend by living organisms on the calculations necessary to control macroscopic bodies with many degrees of
freedom in real time, as well as on the calculations that ensure the existence of our consciousness. </p>
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
Liberman gave these quantum computing systems the names - "quantum molecular regulator" - QMR and - "extreme quantum regulator" - EQR. </p>
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Liberman proposed the available for experimental verification connection between the "molecular cell computer" - MCC and the quantum computer system of the cell, in the work of enzymes and ion channels of a living cell, functioning as input devices for transmitting
information from the MСС to quantum regulators, and the cytoskeleton as a computing environment for quantum calculations. The implementation of these experiments and the search for suitable conceptual tools and mathematical language are needed to help theoretical
biologists take a fresh look at the apparent feasibility or teleonomic basis of living systems, the development of biological complexity, and the basis of human consciousness. </p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal x_elementToProof" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0in 0in
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The virtual special issue of BioSystems “Fundamental principles of biological computation: From molecular computing to biological complexity” commemorates the first publication of Efim Liberman on biological computation at its 50th anniversary. It was edited
by Nikita Shklovskiy-Kordi, Koichiro Matsuno, Pedro Marijuan and Andrei Igamberdiev. The webpage of this special issue is: </p>
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8pt; font-size:11pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biosystems/special-issue/107NLGRSL8M" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biosystems/special-issue/107NLGRSL8M</a> </p>
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Some papers of this issue have free access, and for other papers, you can send a request to the editors to receive a copy. The biographical essay of Efim Liberman “On the way to a new science” (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264722000399" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264722000399</a>)
represents an autobiographic courageous creative story of life in science. Efim Liberman presented in this essay not only the story of his life but also his thoughts about the role of science and its future development and unification, with the ultimate goal
to unite and harmonize our understanding of life and nature. Nikita Shklovskiy-Kordi and Andrei (Abir) igamberdiev review the contributions of Liberman in understanding the mechanisms of intracellular processing of information (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264722000454" data-auth="NotApplicable" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264722000454</a>).<span style="">
</span>It can be considered as an overview of Liberman’s efforts to create an integrative theory of natural computation that aims to unite biology, physics and mathematics, which he called Chaimatics. </p>
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In other papers of the issue, different aspects of biological computations are discussed including Physical foundations of biology; Quantum computation in biological organization; Molecular recognition; Cellular control; Neuromolecular computing; Molecular
computing processes; Self-organizing and self-replicating systems; Computational principles in biological development; Origins and evolution of the genetic mechanism; Fundamental nature of biological information processing. </p>
<div class="x_elementToProof" style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
Nikita Sklovskiy-Kordi and Andrei Igamberdiev<br>
</div>
<br>
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