<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="DE-AT">Dear
Colleagues,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="DE-AT"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">It is a great pleasure that the series of Sessions have
recommenced, and namely with such an excellent tour d’horizon. The subsequent
contributions also show great attention to detail and elaborate knowledge of
the matter. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Joseph’s story shows that we – as a group – are farther away
from the mainstream as optimal. The messages from the avant-garde should be
understood. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Joe has my full sympathy. The concepts offered here need more
explanations, not because they are not valid, but because the audience is nut
fully done yet with understanding the fundamental duality that underlies the
concept. The words appropriate for the discussion are lacking, because the
concepts that are the subject of the discussion are not yet delineated and
recognised, because the concepts cannot be perceived lacking a background
perspective.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mendel has suffered the same rebuffs as Joe, among others. Mendel
has pointed out statistical patterns. The implication was that there is
something material within the plant that carries the genetic information. The
words chromosome, genome, triplet weren’t available for the discussion, because
the concepts of common structures in all cells have not yet been worked out,
because the framework of looking for something divine through the microscope
was unthinkable, there being the theoretical, intellectual, theological level
of ideas about progeniture and then there was the level of things and innate
objects. In that age, the fusion of levels of organised concepts was necessary,
as researchers evolved the idea of “looking for God’s work in the laboratory”.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Today the sea change is into one of separation, division,
opposition, polarisation, incongruence which all appear to us today either as
inexactitude or as God’s mysteries. The more conflicting and only partly
harmonising general world view should and necessarily will replace the previous
view of the world as a unified, harmonised, seamlessly fitting,
contradiction-free contraption. Joe speaks of two systems of concepts – Logic and
Reality -, and how these interact and are interrelated. There has been research
ongoing to some basic problems of information processing, relating to the two origins
of excitation patterns (the actual and the memorised version), independently of
Joseph’s ideas and endorsement. This research has brought up an uncommon but
indisputable fact, that namely there are <i>two </i>interdependent systems in
existence, and their interactions and interrelations are manifold and instructive.
Many of the apparent inexactitudes and God’s mysteries can be explained as the
artefact of having two interrelated systems interacting. Once we count in
stereo, we understand patterns of standing waves. A system of thoughts that is
based on the interaction of two interrelated systems is supported by properties
of natural numbers. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In summary, my encouragement goes to Joe specifically and to
all of us generally. To be not understood is by no means a judgement on the
soundness of one’s ideas, and if the members of one’s club repeatedly remark
that they are not understood then one is in the right kind of club, among
people who think up something new.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Karl<span></span></p>
</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Am Mi., 12. Jan. 2022 um 19:08 Uhr schrieb Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div><div>Dear Gordana: </div>
<div><br></div><div>I highly appreciate your comments. They re to the point. </div><div> </div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><blockquote cite="http://A4D252CA-7C5C-4910-96A5-DB77F2F63011@mdh.se" type="cite" class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887cite2"><div class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">For those of us who are not biologists, it would be good to understand the role of those structures in information processing.<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></blockquote><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px">Structures are structural and systemic. Unlike variation, they are not manifest (phenotypical). They are selective. Selection may change the balance between filled and unfilled boxes in the data matrix, and thus between entropy and redundancy. [H (max) = R + I)]</span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><br></span></font><blockquote cite="http://A4D252CA-7C5C-4910-96A5-DB77F2F63011@mdh.se" type="cite" class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887cite2"><div class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">Also of relevance might be their temporal behavior, i.e. information transformation and synchronization between processes, including different
levels of organization. </span></p></div></blockquote><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px">Would this be the dynamic (temporal) equivalent of structures at each moment of time?</span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><br></span></font><blockquote cite="http://A4D252CA-7C5C-4910-96A5-DB77F2F63011@mdh.se" type="cite" class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887cite2"><div class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">Moreover, one would like to make evolutionary connections between those structures and processes on different scales.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">If I understand correctly, those are open questions. Are there any ideas about answers already?</span></p></div></blockquote><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span>The selection mechanisms are probably different. I like this intuition from Luhmann (in the discussion with Habermas, 1971):</span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span><br></span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xc3a4c9c3e4e94c0cb35840b774b314ce" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;letter-spacing:-0.1pt">Rather, what is special about
the meaningful or meaning-based processing of experience is that it makes
possible <i>both </i>the reduction and the
preservation of complexity; i.e., it provides a form of selection that prevents
the world from shrinking down to just one particular content of consciousness
with each act of determining experience. (1990, p. 27)</span></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span><br></span></font></div>It seems to me that this other selection mechanism would be intentional and therefore future oriented, while traditional selection evolves in history. A further selection on historical trajectories can lead to evolutionary regimes. Trajectories are history-based; regimes expectation-based. The Dubois-formulas for anticipation could be helpful for the formalization. Biological selection (upon variation) would then be a special case or -- in other words -- a subdynamic (retention). </span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><br></span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px">Best, Loet</span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"><br></span></font></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px">PS: Happy New Year for all of you! L.</span></font></div><div><br></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887signature_old"><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887x44868c824097444">
<div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><b><font style="font-size:9pt" face="Times New Roman">_______________</font></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><b><font style="font-size:9pt" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508" target="_blank"></a>Loet Leydesdorff</font></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><b><font style="font-size:9pt" face="Times New Roman"><br></font></b></p><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><b><font style="font-size:9pt" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5" target="_blank">"The Evolutionary Dynamics of Discusive Knowledge"</a>(Open Access)</font></b></p></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman">
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net </a>; <a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" target="_blank">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a>
<u></u><u></u></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)" target="_blank"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</font></a></p></div><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt"><font style="font-size:8pt" face="Times New Roman">ORCID: <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098</a>; </font><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)"></p></div>
</div></div><br><div id="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887xd41dca525097436" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Avenir Book"><span style="font-size:14.6667px"> <br></span></font><blockquote cite="http://A4D252CA-7C5C-4910-96A5-DB77F2F63011@mdh.se" type="cite" class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887cite2"><div class="gmail-m_-3791767615522668887WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Avenir Book";font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">All the best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US">Gordana<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book"" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Avenir Light",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="http://gordana.se/" title="http://gordana.se/" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">http://gordana.se/</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Avenir Book""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div style="border-color:rgb(181,196,223) currentcolor currentcolor;border-style:solid none none;border-width:1pt medium medium;padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of "Pedro C. Marijuán" <<a href="mailto:pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com" target="_blank">pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 10 January 2022 at 18:58<br>
<b>To: </b>"<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Fis] NEW YEAR LECTURE (Youri Timsit)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Youri and colleagues,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Many thanks for your contribution, which we appreciate as it comes from one of the leading groups in ribosome research.
<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I assume that for some fis parties this kind of cutting edge research may be outside their scope, but it contains a trove of informational problems.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">And it may deserve an attention effort.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">To understand better what I mean, and the full implications of Youri's research, let me recommend his recent paper:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">Timsit, Y. & Grégoire, S.-P. Towards the Idea of Molecular Brains.
<i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i> <b>22</b>, 11868 (2021).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is in an open source journal, can be easily downloaded at:
<a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1422-0067%2F22%2F21%2F11868&data=04%7C01%7Cgordana.dodig-crnkovic%40mdh.se%7Cade07b6d925d4d3ff52308d9d4628520%7Ca1795b64dabd4758b988b309292316cf%7C0%7C0%7C637774343002525736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=WBtQ1o7933ReviLgj2bCYJ1TNGjj6NbrkKl6%2B0z3yCo%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11868</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">To summarize: we find an amazing protein network in the ribosome,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">We find an amazing signaling network in eukaryotic cells (and in many prokaryotes too),<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">and we find neuronal networks in primitive nervous systems and also (far more developed) in central nervous systems.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">These are the main parts of that article (by the way, it contains one of the most cogent compilations of cellular signaling systems--highly recommended only for that).<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, we have three modalities of information processing networks at increasing levels of complexity.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">The three of them are closely related to "function" of a larger entity, they are "anticipative", and probably can be partially capture by notions of the "Bayesian Brain".
<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have argued several times about the link between signaling systems and the life cycle as the biological underpinnings of "meaning".<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is an excellent occasion to realize the full extension of the molecular partners involved.
<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best wishes to all,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">--Pedro<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">El 08/01/2022 a las 20:49, Pedro C. Marijuan escribió:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm" valign="top" nowrap>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right" align="right"><b>Asunto: <u></u><u></u></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"> NEW YEAR LECTURE<u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm" valign="top" nowrap>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right" align="right"><b>Fecha: <u></u><u></u></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, 06 Jan 2022 15:09:26 +0100<u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm" valign="top" nowrap>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right" align="right"><b>De: <u></u><u></u></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">Youri Timsit <a href="mailto:youri.timsit@mio.osupytheas.fr" target="_blank">
<youri.timsit@mio.osupytheas.fr></a><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm" valign="top" nowrap>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right" align="right"><b>Para: <u></u><u></u></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">Pedro C. Marijuán <a href="mailto:pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com" target="_blank">
<pedroc.marijuan@gmail.com></a><u></u><u></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:white"><br>
</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">Happy New Year to all!
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">First of all I would like to warmly thank Pedro Marijuán for having offered me to contribute to this New Year lecture.
It is a great pleasure to exchange ideas in a context where “informational choreography”
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">1</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> allows for imaginary encounters between Isadora Duncan and José Ortega y Gasset, to explore
new ways of thinking about “what is life”. The topic of this new year lecture is “molecular brains”, a theme that has recently been developed on the basis of recent work on the ribosome
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">2</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">, D. Bray's seminal paper published in 1995
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">3</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> and the recent papers about consciousness in non-neural organisms </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">4</span></sup><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">Are “molecular brains” a “vision of the mind” or a real property of matter and universe, born from the first forms
of life? And as a corollary, did LUCA have a brain (molecular) and was he “intelligent”? And to go even further, is having systems capable of developing complex behaviours and cognitive faculties a fundamental property of living beings across scales? I hope
that future works will shed light on these questions, but in the meantime, I present here briefly, the elements that led to the conclusion that systems equivalent of “neural networks” on a molecular scale could exist in the ribosome and that these systems
most probably existed before the radiation of the three kingdoms. </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">The ribosome is indeed considered as window towards the earliest forms of life that predate the three kingdoms. While
in astrophysics looking far away gives the opportunity to glimpse the fossil radiation of the universe, looking into the heart of the ribosome may tell us of what the first forms of life might have looked like. The ribosome evolved by accretion around a core
that predates the radiation of the three kingdoms and were probably present in LUCA
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">5–9</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. The ribosomes are thus considered as a relic of ancient translation systems that co-evolved
with the genetic code have evolved by the accretion of rRNA and ribosomal (r)-proteins around a universal core
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">8,10–14</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. They then followed distinct evolutionary pathways to form the bacterial, archaeal
and eukaryotic ribosomes whose overall structures are well conserved within kingdoms
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">15–18</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. The complexity of ribosome assemblies, structures, efficiencies and translation
fidelity concomitantly increased in course of the evolution. </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">The molecular brain’s story started with an attempt to understand the surprising electrostatic properties of the
bL20 ribosomal protein (r-protein), a protein essential for the assembly of the large subunit of the bacterial ribosome
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">19</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. This r-protein had a kind of subversive and unique behaviour in deciding to crystallize
in both a folded and an unfolded form within the same crystal </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">20</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. In trying to better
understand its properties, we compared it to the other r-proteins located in the first high-resolution ribosome structures that had just been published
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">21</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">... and that's when something strange was noticed: we realized that uL13 and uL3, two
r-proteins of the large subunit, were touching each other by a tenuous interaction between their two extensions, long filaments that weave between the phosphate groups of the rRNA. At that time, these famous r-protein extensions were a real enigma. It was
thought that they could play a role in ribosome assembly by neutralising RNA phosphates with their positively charged amino acids
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">22</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. But gradually it became apparent that all extensions of r-proteins systematically wove
a gigantic network based on tiny interactions between them. In general, when proteins interact with partners, they form large interfaces (> 2000 Å<sup>2</sup>) sufficient to stabilise their interactions. In this case, the vast majority of the interfaces did
not exceed 200 Å<sup>2</sup>, which is all the more surprising given that they were extremely conserved phylogenetically
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">23</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">.
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">Strikingly, it was found that the r-protein network also interacted with or “innervate” the ribosome functional centres such as tRNA sites, the Peptidyl Transfer Centre (PTC), and
the peptide tunnel </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">23,24</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. Due to its functional analogy with a sensor-motor network, the
r-protein network has been compared to a neural network, at the molecular level. Thus, it has been concluded that these tiny but highly conserved interfaces have been selected during evolution to play a specific role in inter-protein communication and they
possess interacting residues to ensure information transfer from a protein to another. Thus, these tiny “molecular synapses" display a “necessary minimum” for allosteric transmission: a few conserved aromatic/charged amino acid motifs (fig. 1). Moreover, it
is possible that these minimalist “molecular synapses” reveal much more general principles in molecular communication. Indeed, these tiny interfaces, which appear in their simplest expression in the ribosome thanks to the spatial constraints of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), could be ubiquitous in macromolecular complexes, but drowned out by a 'structural' background involving other amino acids for their stabilisation.
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Times">Figure 1. Molecular synapses and wires in the bacterial large subunit r-protein network. The tiny interfaces (the molecular synapses) between
r-proteins are represented by surfaces </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">Data from the literature support our “vision of mind” that r-protein networks could contribute in both the ribosomal assembly and in the “sensorimotor control” during protein synthesis.
Many experimental studies have indeed shown indeed that ribosome functional sites continually exchange and integrate information during the various steps of translation. As the numerous studies of the Dinman group have shown: “<i>an extensive network of information
flow through the ribosome</i>” during protein biosynthesis </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">25–32</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. For example, several
studies have also demonstrated long-range signalling between the decoding centre that monitors the correct geometry of the codon-anticodon and other distant sites such as the Sarcin Ricin Loop (SRL) or the E-tRNA site
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">15,33</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. R-proteins of the ribosomal tunnel also play an active role in the regulation of
protein synthesis and co-translational folding </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">34,35</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. Ribosomes also perceive each other
through quality sensor of collided ribosomes in eukaryotes </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">36</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. In addition, the ribosomes
synchronize many complex movements during the translation cycles </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">37–39</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. The recent discoveries
of “ribosome heterogeneity” </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">40</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> also significantly expands the complexity of the possible
ribosome’s network topologies </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">41</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> and open new perspective on “network plasticity” that
could also play a role its behavioural richness. </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">A recent interdisciplinary study with my mathematician colleagues Daniel Bennequin and Grégoire Segeant-Perthuis has shown how r-protein networks have evolved toward a growing complexity
through the coevolution of the r-protein extensions and the increasing number of connexions
</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">42</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. This study revealed that network expansion is produced by the collective (co)-evolution
of r-proteins leading to an asymmetrical evolution of the two subunits. Furthermore, graph theory showed that the network evolution did not occur at random: each new occurring extensions and connections gradually relates functional modules and places the functional
centres in central positions of the network. The strong selective pressure that is also expressed at the amino acid acquisition links the network architectures and the r-protein phylogeny thus suggesting that the networks have gradually evolved to sophisticated
allosteric pathways. The congruence between independent evolutionary traits indicates that the network architectures evolved to relate and optimize the information spread between functional modules (fig. 2). In summary, graph theory, without knowing the function
of the ribosome, can blindly detect the central functional centres of the ribosome. Conversely, ribosomes have learned graph theory during evolution, by placing the PTC and important functional centres at nodes corresponding to the maximum centrality of the
network.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Times">Figure 2. r-protein and functional centres networks in the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome.
</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Times">The r-proteins and their extensions are represented according to their evolutionary status. Universal (common to bacteria, archaea and eukarya): red; Archaea: cyan; Eukarya: yellow. Lines between two
circles symbolize an interaction between two globular domains. The colours of the lines follow the code for the evolutionary status described above, except for eukarya specific connection that are represented with black lines, for clarity. “N” or “C” indicate
if the seg or mix are N-terminal or C-terminal extensions. NC indicates proteins without a globular domain (uS14, eL29, eS30, eL37 and eL39). Functional sites (PTC, Tunnel, tRNAs and mRNA) are represented in light blue. The names of bacterial proteins which,
by convergence, occupy a position similar to that of Eukaryotic or Archaeal r-proteins, are shown in blue below the circles.
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">Moreover, a network archaeology study has also revealed the existence of a universal network, that consists of 49 strictly conserved connections that was probably present before
the radiation of the bacteria and archaea </span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">43</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">. This primordial network is much more developed
in the small ribosomal subunit suggesting that the large subunit network complexity developed in later evolutionary stages. These findings therefore suggest that LUCA already possessed such type of molecular networks, with long wires and tiny interfaces. Interestingly,
these networks also mix the i-systems of rRNA and aromatic amino acids of proteins for forming conserved structural motifs probably involved in a still unknown mechanism of signal transduction (probably involving electron or charge transfer). It is therefore
possible that this ancestral mode of communication has then not only evolved in modern ribosomes but in other macromolecular systems for information transfer and processing. These results therefore suggest that the ribosome opens a window on the first information
processing networks, which appeared at the origin of life. They probably diverged towards other cell systems that have been compared to brains such as the multiple nano-brains. These works provide the molecular basis to decipher how non-neural unicellular
organisms may display complex behaviours such as associative learning and decision-making</span><sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times">1,2,44</span></sup><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB">.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%">Waiting for your comments and opinions,</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%">Best regards to all!</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%">Youri<br>
<br>
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
<u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">1. Marijuán, P. C., Navarro, J. & del Moral, R. How the living is in the world: An inquiry into the informational choreographies of life.
<i>Prog Biophys Mol Biol</i> <b>119</b>, 469–480 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">2. Timsit, Y. & Grégoire, S.-P. Towards the Idea of Molecular Brains.
<i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i> <b>22</b>, 11868 (2021).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">3. Bray, D. Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells.
<i>Nature</i> <b>376</b>, 307–312 (1995).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">4. Baluška, F., Miller, W. B. & Reber, A. S. Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains.
<i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i> <b>22</b>, 2545 (2021).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">5. Belousoff, M. J.
<i>et al.</i> Ancient machinery embedded in the contemporary ribosome. <i>Biochem. Soc. Trans.</i>
<b>38</b>, 422–427 (2010).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">6. Fox, G. E. Origin and evolution of the ribosome.
<i>Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol</i> <b>2</b>, a003483 (2010).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">7. Opron, K. & Burton, Z. F. Ribosome Structure, Function, and Early Evolution.
<i>Int J Mol Sci</i> <b>20</b>, (2018).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">8. Melnikov, S.
<i>et al.</i> One core, two shells: bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. <i>Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.</i>
<b>19</b>, 560–567 (2012).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">9. Lecompte, O., Ripp, R., Thierry, J.-C., Moras, D. & Poch, O. Comparative analysis of ribosomal proteins in complete genomes: an example of reductive evolution at the domain scale.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>30</b>, 5382–5390 (2002).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">10. Petrov, A. S.
<i>et al.</i> History of the ribosome and the origin of translation. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i>
<b>112</b>, 15396–15401 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">11. Grosjean, H. & Westhof, E. An integrated, structure- and energy-based view of the genetic code.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>44</b>, 8020–8040 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">12. Root-Bernstein, M. & Root-Bernstein, R. The ribosome as a missing link in the evolution of life.
<i>J. Theor. Biol.</i> <b>367</b>, 130–158 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">13. Root-Bernstein, R. & Root-Bernstein, M. The ribosome as a missing link in prebiotic evolution II: Ribosomes encode ribosomal proteins that bind to common regions of their own mRNAs
and rRNAs. <i>J Theor Biol</i> <b>397</b>, 115–127 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">14. Root-Bernstein, R. & Root-Bernstein, M. The Ribosome as a Missing Link in Prebiotic Evolution III: Over-Representation of tRNA- and rRNA-Like Sequences and Plieofunctionality of
Ribosome-Related Molecules Argues for the Evolution of Primitive Genomes from Ribosomal RNA Modules.
<i>Int J Mol Sci</i> <b>20</b>, (2019).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">15. Voorhees, R. M. & Ramakrishnan, V. Structural basis of the translational elongation cycle.
<i>Annu. Rev. Biochem.</i> <b>82</b>, 203–236 (2013).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">16. Ban, N., Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Moore, P. B. & Steitz, T. A. The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution.
<i>Science</i> <b>289</b>, 905–920 (2000).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">17. Ben-Shem, A.
<i>et al.</i> The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 Å resolution. <i>Science</i>
<b>334</b>, 1524–1529 (2011).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">18. Wilson, D. N. & Doudna Cate, J. H. The structure and function of the eukaryotic ribosome.
<i>Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol</i> <b>4</b>, (2012).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">19. Wilson, D. N. & Nierhaus, K. H. Ribosomal proteins in the spotlight.
<i>Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol.</i> <b>40</b>, 243–267 (2005).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">20. Timsit, Y., Allemand, F., Chiaruttini, C. & Springer, M. Coexistence of two protein folding states in the crystal structure of ribosomal protein L20.
<i>EMBO Rep.</i> <b>7</b>, 1013–1018 (2006).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">21. Selmer, M.
<i>et al.</i> Structure of the 70S Ribosome Complexed with mRNA and tRNA. <i>Science</i> (2006) doi:10.1126/science.1131127.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">22. Timsit, Y., Acosta, Z., Allemand, F., Chiaruttini, C. & Springer, M. The role of disordered ribosomal protein extensions in the early steps of eubacterial 50 S ribosomal subunit
assembly. <i>Int J Mol Sci</i> <b>10</b>, 817–834 (2009).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">23. Poirot, O. & Timsit, Y. Neuron-Like Networks Between Ribosomal Proteins Within the Ribosome.
<i>Sci Rep</i> <b>6</b>, 26485 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">24. Timsit, Y. & Bennequin, D. Nervous-Like Circuits in the Ribosome Facts, Hypotheses and Perspectives.
<i>Int J Mol Sci</i> <b>20</b>, (2019).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">25. Rhodin, M. H. J. & Dinman, J. D. An extensive network of information flow through the B1b/c intersubunit bridge of the yeast ribosome.
<i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>6</b>, e20048 (2011).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">26. Meskauskas, A. & Dinman, J. D. A molecular clamp ensures allosteric coordination of peptidyltransfer and ligand binding to the ribosomal A-site.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>38</b>, 7800–7813 (2010).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">27. Sulima, S. O.
<i>et al.</i> Eukaryotic rpL10 drives ribosomal rotation. <i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i>
<b>42</b>, 2049–2063 (2014).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">28. Gulay, S. P.
<i>et al.</i> Tracking fluctuation hotspots on the yeast ribosome through the elongation cycle.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>45</b>, 4958–4971 (2017).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">29. Rakauskaite, R. & Dinman, J. D. rRNA mutants in the yeast peptidyltransferase center reveal allosteric information networks and mechanisms of drug resistance.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>36</b>, 1497–1507 (2008).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">30. Bowen, A. M.
<i>et al.</i> Ribosomal protein uS19 mutants reveal its role in coordinating ribosome structure and function.
<i>Translation (Austin)</i> <b>3</b>, e1117703 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">31. Kisly, I.
<i>et al.</i> The Functional Role of eL19 and eB12 Intersubunit Bridge in the Eukaryotic Ribosome.
<i>J. Mol. Biol.</i> <b>428</b>, 2203–2216 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">32. Meskauskas, A., Russ, J. R. & Dinman, J. D. Structure/function analysis of yeast ribosomal protein L2.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res.</i> <b>36</b>, 1826–1835 (2008).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">33. Zaher, H. S. & Green, R. Fidelity at the molecular level: lessons from protein synthesis.
<i>Cell</i> <b>136</b>, 746–762 (2009).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">34. Wilson, D. N., Arenz, S. & Beckmann, R. Translation regulation via nascent polypeptide-mediated ribosome stalling.
<i>Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.</i> <b>37</b>, 123–133 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">35. Pechmann, S., Willmund, F. & Frydman, J. The ribosome as a hub for protein quality control.
<i>Mol. Cell</i> <b>49</b>, 411–421 (2013).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">36. Juszkiewicz, S.
<i>et al.</i> ZNF598 Is a Quality Control Sensor of Collided Ribosomes. <i>Mol Cell</i>
<b>72</b>, 469-481.e7 (2018).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">37. Korostelev, A., Ermolenko, D. N. & Noller, H. F. Structural dynamics of the ribosome.
<i>Curr Opin Chem Biol</i> <b>12</b>, 674–683 (2008).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">38. Paci, M. & Fox, G. E. Major centers of motion in the large ribosomal RNAs.
<i>Nucleic Acids Res</i> <b>43</b>, 4640–4649 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">39. Paci, M. & Fox, G. E. Centers of motion associated with EF-Tu binding to the ribosome.
<i>RNA Biol</i> <b>13</b>, 524–530 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">40. Genuth, N. R. & Barna, M. The Discovery of Ribosome Heterogeneity and Its Implications for Gene Regulation and Organismal Life.
<i>Mol. Cell</i> <b>71</b>, 364–374 (2018).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">41. Dinman, J. D. Pathways to Specialized Ribosomes: The Brussels Lecture.
<i>J. Mol. Biol.</i> <b>428</b>, 2186–2194 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">42. Timsit, Y., Sergeant-Perthuis, G. & Bennequin, D. Evolution of ribosomal protein network architectures.
<i>Sci Rep</i> <b>11</b>, 625 (2021).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">43. Forterre, P. The universal tree of life: an update.
<i>Front Microbiol</i> <b>6</b>, 717 (2015).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Times">44. Baluška, F. & Levin, M. On Having No Head: Cognition throughout Biological Systems.
<i>Front Psychol</i> <b>7</b>, 902 (2016).</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:10pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Times" lang="EN-GB"> </span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">-----------------------------------------------------------
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<pre>_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Fis mailing list<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=04%7C01%7Cgordana.dodig-crnkovic%40mdh.se%7Cade07b6d925d4d3ff52308d9d4628520%7Ca1795b64dabd4758b988b309292316cf%7C0%7C0%7C637774343002525736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=0qys4rwwnNRsd3UgUgW%2FWa%2BOfiFwHE6qhEpVvIvxeRA%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>----------<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><u></u> <u></u></pre>
<pre>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsicuz.unizar.es%2Finformacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas&data=04%7C01%7Cgordana.dodig-crnkovic%40mdh.se%7Cade07b6d925d4d3ff52308d9d4628520%7Ca1795b64dabd4758b988b309292316cf%7C0%7C0%7C637774343002525736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=eoeUfDwkyZ5732%2BJZrYXL963Ymm4KupM5nZMzlaFHmE%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cgordana.dodig-crnkovic%40mdh.se%7Cade07b6d925d4d3ff52308d9d4628520%7Ca1795b64dabd4758b988b309292316cf%7C0%7C0%7C637774343002525736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=DlKqthWj%2F3clSQrOD5hmCtEPZecK4EAkYZGQXaVQyIY%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>----------<u></u><u></u></pre>
</blockquote>
<p><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
</blockquote></div>
</div>_______________________________________________<br>
Fis mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>
----------<br>
INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div>