<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Lou, all,<div><br></div><div>Thank you for this paper. It's given me some boxing day thoughts!</div><div><br></div><p class="MsoNormal">It is easy to imagine that language involves the making of
utterances in response to other utterances, and reflections on those utterances.
It is easy to imagine it being a kind of chain of knots or self-reference (to
which I think your diagrams allude), where a statement in the metalanguage is another
link (or a knot) in the chain. It is easy (if not popular) to imagine that this might make the world. But doesn’t this metaphor flatten something
about our conversation? The distinction between language and conversation is important. After all, conversation has a form – rather like a
piece of music. It has a beginning and comes to some kind of conclusion, or at
least a pause. It is (like music) of itself a life-form. Of course, one could
say that this is a statement in the meta-language, which remains in language. But,
my question is, isn’t language (or even our symbols about language) the
epiphenomenon; the dance of form of conversation is the thing!<span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Conversation, unlike language – which we tend to think of as
being “informative” (or indeed, “disinformative”) - seems to embrace the
principle of mutual redundancy: that is, in simple terms, saying the same thing
by multiple people in multiple ways. All teachers do this. Your paper provides an excellent example
of it, because your aim is to teach the relationship between language and meta-language.
How do you do it?: well, you state it in words; but also in symbols; and
indeed, in symbols of many different kinds; and you do all of these; you could even have included exercises for us to try - which would have been more redundancy – and it
works! <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal">Reading it, there is a process of piecing-together these
different ways of saying the same thing. By the end of reading it, I have some
idea of what you might say next – or indeed, how you might respond to this message
– which without such an expectation, I would not have been able to compose this
message in the first place. This is a point of deep trust. And of course, it
helps to know you personally too – the redundancy is increased when one can here
the voice behind the words. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><div><br></div><div>Isn’t the living voice an essential element in the picture?
Isn’t it the source of patterning – whether on the page, or vibrations in the
air – from which coherent mutual understanding emerges? [and the original source of patterning may be much deeper in physics and biology] This is my point about disinformation:
the life-form of our global conversation is increasingly distorted and
incoherent, and the organic voice is lost behind filters which remove mutual
redundancy. It is as if the internet has given us a kind of auto-immune disease. As living viable organisms, we cognise this incoherence and that it
means danger for us. It's like discovering one has diabetes or Lupus. We might call it “fake news”, but we don’t really know
what we’re pointing at except some sense of impending doom about the incoherence of
our communication environment. (interestingly, a "sense of impending doom" is a phenomenon known to people who risk anaphylactic shock from allergies) Maybe we also intuit that as we flail around trying to
address the incoherences (with new utterances, or institutional authorities, or
AI technologies, etc), we exacerbate them. </div><div><br></div><div>As with diabetes or asthma, a deeper conscious control has to take place which recognises the systemic problem. Maybe the solution lies in systems education - against which, of course, our universities seem well-defended! </div><div><br></div><div>Best wishes for the season,</div><div><br></div><div>Mark</div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 14 Dec 2020 at 16:46, Louis Kauffman <<a href="mailto:loukau@gmail.com">loukau@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dear Folks,<div>I send this essay with the hopes that it may act as an irritant in this discussion.</div><div>The particular point that I wish to irritate is the persistent notion that the epistemic has nothing to do with the real.</div><div>Only the imaginary is real.</div><div>Best,</div><div>Lou Kauffman</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div></div></div><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>OnDec 9, 2020, at 3:10 AM, Joseph Brenner <joe.brenner</div></blockquote><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>@<a href="http://bluewin.ch" target="_blank">bluewin.ch</a>> wrote:</div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br><div><u></u><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Dear Mark J. and Loet,<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Your last two notes state very clearly the key properties of the complex system of people and their capacities, interactions and communications. It is a good place from which to continue the discussion. I would just like to suggest that the latter can be made more fruitful if explicit or implicit binary distinctions can be excluded from our common ‘language’:<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><ol start="1" type="1" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-top:0cm"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode"">The conceptions of Spencer-Brown and Luhmann are formal (diagrammatic) and epistemic. They do not describe the properties of real systems and the interactions that prevail in them. They follow nothing but their own semantic rules and incorporate pre-relativistic ideas of time and space.<u></u><u></u></span></font></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode"">It should not be assumed that systems must provide<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">complete<span> </span></span></i>descriptions of themselves. Nothing real can be ‘completely’ described anyway, so why suggest it as a criticism? Systems are characterized by<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">both<span> </span></span></i>indeterminacy and determinacy, and to call the former ‘unresolvable’ begs the question.<u></u><u></u></span></font></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode"">When Loet writes: <span> </span></span></font><font><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:windowtext">it is difficult to tell someone else that s/he is misinformed</span></font><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode""> I think there is a possible categorial confusion: it may indeed be difficult to say some things to other people, but these things may be correct and it may be necessary to say them, literally, for the common good. Please do not imagine that I am somehow insulated from the probability (hopefully low) of error. If I did not accept this probability,<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">then</span></i><span> </span>I could be criticized for being inconsistent, even<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">prima facie<span> </span></span></i>misinformed. I do not think this, and only ask that my approach be given<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">no less attention</span></i><span> </span>than what is paid to more familiar ones. <u></u><u></u></span></font></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:navy"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode"">We are not, at least I am not, experts in psychology who can define the pathology of mental phenomena scientifically. (To call some two-dimensional curves ‘pathological’ is pure metaphor.) Nevertheless, I think Mark’s point 3 about a decline in variety, echoing Ashby, is an excellent perspective since it describes things in terms of change. Just following the line of my first sentence, it might be useful to point out the necessity of limiting variety if it, too, grows out of proportion.<span> </span><u></u><u></u></span></font></li></ol><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">As I look at what I have just written, the task of distinguishing information and disinformation as<span> </span><i><span style="font-style:italic">types</span></i><span> </span>is no different from that of identifying how they, and other binary pairs, are also similar and overlap. The alternative is to make the kind of error ridiculed by Ionesco in a play (I have forgotten which) in which several actors shout at once: “It’s not this but that; it’s not this but that!”<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Joseph<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";text-align:center"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center"></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma"><span> </span>Fis [<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>]<span> </span><b><span style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of<span> </span></span></b>Mark Johnson<br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b><span> </span>mardi, 8 décembre 2020 22:42<br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b><span> </span>fis<br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b><span> </span>Re: [Fis] FW: On disinformation. Why disinformation survives</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Dear Loet, all,<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Yes it is complex - but fascinating, and throws up some fascinating points about the meaningfulness of categorising "disinformation".<font color="navy"><span style="color:navy"><u></u><u></u></span></font></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt">I can't see that it is necessary to distinguish disinformation from information: this distinction seems at the wrong level of analysis.<span> </span></span>Echoing Joe's point that there is a difference between systemic viability (altruism) and pathology, rather than specific messages being disinformative or not, can I suggest the following:<u></u><u></u></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">1. Disinformation is a meta-systemic categorisation of a systemic pathology;<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">2. To recognise its own pathology is to recognise a systemic loss of variety and a reduced capacity to self-organise the communication system in comparison to the past; This is the "meaningfulness" the metasystem establishes in its own systemic behaviour;<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">3. The meaning of disinformation, like all meaning, results from the construction of a selection mechanism which determines "this is disinformation". That selection mechanism must be anticipatory, must it not? And for it to be anticipatory (for it to foresee the pathological consequences of a pattern of decline in variety), the pattern of its own historical development (or decline) must enter into the process of constructing the anticipatory system.<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">The problem of disinformation then highlights the fact that the evolutionary history of communication and historical meaning-making is entailed by all our meaning-making processes: it is not just that meaning arises from anticipating future events, but anticipating future events in the light of anticipating the system's capacity to anticipate. I must say (with apologies to Joe who is no fan of Luhmann!), that Luhmann's late turn to Spencer-Brown and the embedding of time in distinction-making (see here: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1743%28199711/12%2914%3A6%3C359%3A%3AAID-SRES160%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">The control of intransparency - Luhmann - 1997 - Systems Research and Behavioral Science - Wiley Online Library</a>) makes more sense when we appreciate the meaningfulness of disinformation:<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">"</span></font><font size="2" color="#1c1d1e" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(28,29,30)">General systems theory shows that the combination of self</span></font><font size="2" color="#1c1d1e" face="MS Gothic"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:rgb(28,29,30)">‐</span></font><font size="2" color="#1c1d1e" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(28,29,30)">referential operations and operational closure (or the re</span></font><font size="2" color="#1c1d1e" face="MS Gothic"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:rgb(28,29,30)">‐</span></font><font size="2" color="#1c1d1e" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(28,29,30)">entry of output as input) generates a surplus of possible operations and therefore intransparency of the system for its own operation. The system cannot produce a complete description of itself. It has to cope with its own unresolvable indeterminacy. To be able to operate under such conditions the system has to introduce time. It has to distinguish between its past and its future. It has to use a memory function that includes both remembering and forgetting. And it needs an oscillator function to represent its future. This means, for example, that the future has to be imagined as achieving or not achieving the goals of the system."</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Best wishes<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Mark<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">On Tue, 8 Dec 2020 at 19:05, Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><blockquote style="border-style:none none none solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm" type="cite"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Dear Mark, Joe, Terry, and other colleagues, <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">It seems to me that this is complex. The complexity comes to the fore if we realize that one needs criteria about what is disinformation and what can be considered as information. For example, the criteria will be different for Democrats or Republicans in the US. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">If we assume with Niklas Luhmann that society is differentiated and also differentiating into functional subsystems with different codes in the communication, one can expect the different logics to operate upon one another and also to confuse, have unintended effects, and irritate one another. It is relatively simple as long as "Roma dixit' what is communication and what is disinformation. Traditionally, the role hasbeen taken over by the law system. But we cannot go to court for each miscommunication/dis-information. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Who authorized the social media (Facebook) to take the policing role. Which codes are developed and used? Empirical questions. One expects self-organization of the communication leading to differentiation to prevail, and organization in forms of operational coupling and thus irritation. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Things become complex as soon as it is no longer obvious what is mis-information and as soon as one is aware that there are no standards given. Perhaps, moral standards but these no longer work in a pluriform society. "Cuius regio, eius religio" was the principle in 1658 at the Peace of Westfalia. But it assumed sovereignty. Nowadays, we have freedom of religion and it is difficult to tell someone else that s/he is misinformed. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Loet<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647signature_old"><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647x2e2dd1b2465d475"><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647x37dfff32a36b4410ad8e891fea6bb1b8"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><b><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"></a></span></font></b><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">Loet Leydesdorff</span></font></b><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><b><font size="1" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">________________________________</span></font></b><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam <br>Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net<span> </span></a>;<span> </span><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma"><br><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma">ORCID:<span> </span><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098</a>; </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma">"The Evolutionary Dynamics of Discursive Knowledge" at</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma"><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><font size="2"><span style="font-size:10pt">https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508</span></font></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">------ Original Message ------<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">From: "Mark Johnson" <<a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a>><u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">To: "fis" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Sent: 12/8/2020 5:14:32 PM<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Subject: Re: [Fis] FW: On disinformation. Why disinformation survives<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647xa1e7039ae67c4d9"><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt" type="cite"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Hi Joe,<u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Regarding your "objective altruistic criteria" (I quite agree), is this in Bob Ulanowicz's and Loet's territory, do you think? Bob - are you there? <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Is this a trade-off between autocatalysis and mutual information in communication ecosystems? That would provide some kind of metric - particularly in the light of Loet's work. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Personally, I would expect distortions in anticipatory systems which might be analysable through communication processes. Trump's tweets, and the chilling dynamics unfolding around what is obviously a stand-off in electoral trust are an excellent test-ground for some practical work. <u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">What do you think?<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Mark<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">On Tue, 8 Dec 2020 at 08:37, Joseph Brenner <<a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div><blockquote style="border-style:none none none solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm" type="cite"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Dear All,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Disinformation survives and flourishes in part because supported by statements such as those of Bloom. They are strictly equivalent in form to Trump’s saying that “there are good people on both</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">sides”, when one of those sides is composed of people who kill peaceful protesters.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">In the<span> </span><u></u><u></u>United States<u></u><u></u>, despite their uniformly good reaction to the current attacks on the electoral process, the courts will not be able to help in a catastrophically large number of cases in the future. Apart from the ideologue majority in the Supreme Court, the lower courts have been stuffed with young right wing reactionaries who will poison decisions for at least a generation.<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">A new process is required, one that explicitly recognizes the existence of objective altruistic criteria in behavior, where economic or social self-interest can be shown to be absent. I order not to drown in pessimism, I repeat to myself the statement of the biologist E. O. Wilson:<span> </span></span></font><span lang="EN-GB">“Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups. Everything else is commentary.”</span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">I like to think that this discussion, in a small way, is part of such a process, since the trans-categorial role of information is crucial.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Best wishes,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Joseph</span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";text-align:center"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt"><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center"></span></font></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma"><span> </span>Fis [mailto:<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>]<span> </span><b><span style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of<span> </span></span></b>Howard Bloom<br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b><span> </span>mardi, 8 décembre 2020 02:39<br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b><span> </span><a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>;<span> </span><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b><span> </span>Re: [Fis] On disinformation</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt"> </span><u></u><u></u></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">thanks, dai.<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">one man's truth is another man's lie. each subculture has its own truth and its own devil spilling disinformation.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">to trumpers, joe biden is part of a coup to take the white house fraudulently. to trumpers, the democrats are the liars. </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">to anti-trumpers, trump is trying to pull off a coup to upend the election. trump and his "army" are the liars. the disinformation spewers.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">which group is right? which truth is right?</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">how do we judge? especially if freedom of speech is one of our most basic values?</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">so far, we are relying on the courts.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="1" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Verdana">with warmth and oomph--howard</span></font><u></u><u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">-----Original Message-----<br>From: Dai Griffiths <<a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>><br>To:<span> </span><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span> </span><<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>Sent: Mon, Dec 7, 2020 9:05 am<br>Subject: Re: [Fis] On disinformation</span></font><u></u><u></u></p><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">That's all true, Howard.<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">I think it is important to distinguish between compliance and consensus. Throwing dissidents to the lions does the trick for compliance, and preventing challenges to power (as per the shocking first chapter of Foucault's Discipline and Punish).<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">As to consensus, the creation of a canon is partly a practical matter: given it takes so long to copy a book, which ones do we think are worth copying and sharing. Printing, and now information technology, have completely changed these decisions. But on top of these features of the medium, there is a political process. For example, it seems likely that leaders in early<span> </span><u></u><u></u>China<u></u><u></u><span> </span>saw how consensus through control of the canon could provide an alternative (or a useful addition) to lion feeding as a method for achieving authority, by promoting Confucian ideas. Both strategies are at work in<span> </span><u></u>Hong Kong<u></u><span> </span>today, it seems.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">The two strategies continue side by side in differing combinations. Some absolute rulers don't worry too much about consensus outside the group of those standing in line to assassinate them. Others focus more on control of the development of consensus through control of the communications ecology, and perhaps<span> </span><u></u><u></u>Russia<u></u><u></u><span> </span>has taken the lead in this. Neither of these two extremes is attractive, but both are widespread. Most of us on this list have been fortunate to live in a democratic space carved out between the rock of forced compliance, and the hard place of manipulated consensus. The configuration and maintenance of that space always involves hard work, compromise, and trade-offs that are never ideal for everybody (and maybe for nobody), but I am certainly grateful for it.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">If we want to say something sensible about all this, and if we want to make any practical step which might preserve both our discourses and democracy, then I think we need to address two quite different kinds of questions:</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">1) What is the impact of information technology, its accompanying regulatory framework and established patterns of use, on the ecology of communications? How might the patterns change if we altered this or that part of the system? These are cybernetic questions.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">2) Who is benefiting from the emerging communications ecology, what are they doing to shape it's future, and why? What (if any) changes would we like to persuade legislators and organisations to make in response and how can this be achieved? These are political questions.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Dai</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqt01858"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">On 06/12/2020 02:16, Howard Bloom wrote:</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqt49038"><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">dai,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">as an indication that your idea that disinformation is the norm and consensus the exception,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">look how hard previous ages have worked to impose consensus. spreading roman culture amongst tribal peoples in the days of the roman empire. throwing dissidents to the lions. making sure that everyone's education was the same with the same roughly five books studied and the same alphabet used from roughly 200 bc onward in china. hunting heretics once<span> </span><u></u><u></u>rome<u></u><u></u><span> </span>turned christian. the inquisition. the absolute rule of the tsar in<span> </span><u></u><u></u>russia<u></u><u></u>, with all printing presses used for just one thing: printing the tsar's ukases.<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana">howard</span></font><u></u><u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">-----Original Message-----<br>From: Dai Griffiths<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB"><dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com></span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>To:<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">fis@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>Sent: Sat, Dec 5, 2020 9:41 am<br>Subject: Re: [Fis] On disinformation</span></font><u></u><u></u></p><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Dear all,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">We tend to think of 'surveillance capitalism' and other related trends as being a disruption of normality. But seen from a longer perspective, perhaps we are living in an unusual period (or the possibly the end of it) in which there has been relatively widespread social agreement about the nature of the world that we are living in. "Ask the priest" used to be the answer to questions of eschatology or social propriety (and often still is) but that doesn't help much in establishing who is giving the orders or why, and what is going on in the town over the hill. We have relied on newspapers for that, and, in the<span> </span><u></u><u></u>UK<u></u><u></u>, the BBC. As a result, flat earthers haven't much traction recently compared with the conflict between Galileo and the church, and even McCarthyism was primarily about economic power and control, not as unhinged as the witchcraft hysteria that Miller (rightly) compared it to. If it is true that we have been living in an oasis of relative consensus, where did that consensus come from?<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">I would argue that it emerged from the inherent limitations in access to printing technology, and the editorial, commercial, political and social processes that developed to cope with that limited access. It is these processes that generated the authority of some ideas over others, the generalised trust in some media rather than others, and the ability to identify consistent biases in those that were trusted.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">I suggest that we should recognise that disinformation, fake news, and plain old gossip, are the default state for human social interactions. It is evolved and designed social structures and institutions that overcome this. Our challenge is then to disentangle the way that that informational authority was generated in the past, and the (perhaps disfunctional) way that it is generated at present. My suspicion is that we won't get far in improving the situation unless we question the central role of the recommender algorithms that have taken over much of the work of human editors in determining what is seen heard and read, and by whom. To have any chance of achieving political traction in the face of commercial interests and personal preferences, proposals for change in that area will have to tell and extremely clear story about how we got to where we are, where we should try to go next, and how we could get there.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Best</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Dai</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqtfd54811"><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">On 04/12/2020 14:06, Pedro C. Marijuan wrote:</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqtfd46017"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Dear Terry and FIS colleagues,</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Thanks for the reflections--I will try to continue with rather disconnected ideas.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">The term 'surveillance capitalism' introduced by Shoshana Zuboff (indeed complemented with a parallel 'surveillance authoritarianism') is addressed to cover the new negative aspects of current technological developments. However, my opinion is that these phenomena are inherent in all human societies in all epochs, for there is always a tension, say, between the individual "fitness" and the whole social "commons", which can be set in quite many different dynamic equilibrium points, basically maintained via circulating or communicating info flows. It is easy to see that information, disinformation, surveillance, persuasion, and coercion travel together in the socialization-communication pack. Historically, every new means of communication (then we land on McLuhan) alters those social equilibria and somehow demands a social or cultural reaction to re-establish an acceptable collective situation. The problem now, you mentioned in the previous post, is the enormous concentration of power, of brute info flows, around these new media--without appropriate social curation at the time being. I doubt that these technologies can bring the solution by themselves . Institutional, social intervention would be needed... Scholarly analysis might be important, providing cues on the the influence on individual and collective moods/personalities, on the possible counteracting institutional alternatives and on the needed new cultural norms to abide along these new forms of communication (sort of 'traffic regulations'), even a personal hygiene of communication...<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">The problems are far more serious, complex, and faster than in McLuhan's time. We have to reinvent his views... But how can we organize a collective, cumulative discussion? I was thinking that a feasible first step, apart of what we can do directly in the list, could be calling for a Special Issue in some interesting, multidisciplinary Journal. Well, at the time being, Terry, Joseph, and myself are promoting a sort of ad hoc group to move things--anyone else would join??</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Best regards</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">--Pedro</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">El 01/12/2020 a las 22:54, Terrence W. DEACON escribió:</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div><div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqtfd41836"><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Dear Pedro,<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Great suggestions. I like the idea of an ongoing separate thread addressing disinformation.<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Of course I only addressed Western disinformation and didn't even touch on highly massaged information that is often disseminated with centralized governmental control.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">This disinforms by selective censorship and redundancy and is increasingly taking advantage of the myriad new forms of surveillance that can be used to shape the information made available to different targeted audiences.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">And Yes McLuhan is definitely relevant.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">I wonder how he would think about the effects of these new media.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">How do they reshape the nature of content?</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">How they can be understood using his notions of hot and cool?</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">What is now in the rear view mirror within the new media that once was in the foreground?</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">On these matters Bob Logan might want to weigh in.</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">--<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br><u></u><u></u>University<u></u><span> </span>of<span> </span><u></u>California<u></u><u></u>, Berkeley</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"><fieldset></fieldset>_______________________________________________</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">Fis mailing list</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">Fis@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</span></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt">----------</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt">INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: </span><a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</span></a></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">http://listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">----------</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">-- </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">-------------------------------------------------</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">Pedro C. Marijuán</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt">Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt">------------------------------------------------- </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="border-style:solid none none;border-top-color:rgb(211,212,222);border-top-width:1pt"><tbody><tr><td width="50" style="width:37.35pt;border:none;padding:12.25pt 0.75pt 0.75pt"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="46" height="29" id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931_x005f_x0000_i1025" src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif"></span></a><u></u><u></u></span></font></div></td><td width="426" style="width:319.25pt;border:none;padding:11.55pt 0.75pt 0.75pt"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";line-height:12.25pt"><font size="1" color="#41424e" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(65,66,78)">Libre de virus.<span> </span><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><font color="#4453ea"><span style="color:rgb(68,83,234)">www.avast.com</span></font></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="https://mail.aol.com/webmail-std/en-us/suite#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p></div><fieldset></fieldset><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqtfd59618"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">_______________________________________________ Fis mailing list<span> </span><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><span> </span><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><span> </span>---------- INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace:<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><span> </span>Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">----------<span> </span></span></font><u></u><u></u></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">-- </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">-----------------------------------------</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">Professor David (Dai) <u></u><u></u>Griffiths<u></u><u></u></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">SKYPE: daigriffiths</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">Phones (please don't leave voice mail)</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><font><span lang="IT">UK Mobile +44 (0)7491151559</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> Spanish Mobile: + 34 687955912</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">email</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> </span><a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</span></a></font><u></u><u></u></pre></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yiv0404780545yqtfd69653"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">Fis@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>----------<br>INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace:<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB">http://listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>----------</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div></div><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">-- </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">-----------------------------------------</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">Professor David (Dai) <u></u><u></u>Griffiths<u></u><u></u></span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">SKYPE: daigriffiths</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt">Phones (please don't leave voice mail)</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><font><span lang="IT">UK Mobile +44 (0)7491151559</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> Spanish Mobile: + 34 687955912</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> </span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt">email</span></font><u></u><u></u></pre><pre style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New""><font size="2" face="Courier New"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt"> </span><a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</span></a></font><u></u><u></u></pre></div></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-6202267984887885452gmail-m_-2868418366910453647gmail-m_4788285575898681931yqt41334"><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial">_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">Fis@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>----------<br>INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace:<span> </span></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span lang="IT">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</span></a></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><br>Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br></span></font><font size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial"><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" shape="rect" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>----------</span></font><u></u><u></u></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>----------<br>INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace:<span> </span><a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>----------<u></u><u></u></span></font></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">--<span> </span><u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br>Institute of Learning and Teaching<br>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences<br>University of Liverpool<br><br>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email:<span> </span><a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog:<span> </span><a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></div></div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">--<span> </span><u></u><u></u></span></font></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br>Institute of Learning and Teaching<br>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences<br>University of Liverpool<br><br>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email:<span> </span><a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog:<span> </span><a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></div></div></div></div></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>----------<br>INFORMACI�N SOBRE PROTECCI�N DE DATOS DE CAR�CTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la informaci�n sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>Recuerde que si est� suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicaci�n en el momento en que lo desee.<br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>----------<u></u></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">Dr. Mark William Johnson<br>Institute of Learning and Teaching<br>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences<br>University of Liverpool<br><br>Phone: 07786 064505<br>Email: <a href="mailto:johnsonmwj1@gmail.com" target="_blank">johnsonmwj1@gmail.com</a><br>Blog: <a href="http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com" target="_blank">http://dailyimprovisation.blogspot.com</a></div>