<div dir="ltr">Caro Loet e Cari Tutti,<div>ha ragione Loet: in-form-azione è un'azione che tende a dare(o fare prendere) forma a qualcuno o qualcosa. Il significato di questo qualcosa o qualcuno</div><div>è un'oper-azione o processo di carattere semiotico, cioè, arbitrario, convenzionale e sociale, La significazione precede l'informazione. L'informazione può dare luogo alla com-unicazione quando un s-codice si sovrappone alla fonte equiprobabile del sistema di partenza per dominarla comunicativamente. Tuttavia non è il valore statistico-matematico informazione che richiede questo elemento di ordine, ma la possibilità di trasmetterla. In tal caso non ha senso parlare di canale di informazione, quanto di coincidenza o differenza dei codici della fonte trasmittente e del destinatario ricevente (Rizzo F., "Valore e valutazioni", FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1999, pp. 635-638).</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno sab 19 set 2020 alle ore 06:23 Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div><div><div id="gmail-m_4527964526665467451xafc340a4b9724f6eaf51a12344e21a80">
<p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%">Dear Joseph: </p><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%"><br></p><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%">One could also use "informing" as a verb. </p><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%">Let me take the liberty to quote as follows: </p></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%">Varela (1979, at p. 266) argued for defining “information”
in accordance with the semantic root of the word of “in-formare.” In a similar
vein, the anthropologist Bateson proposed defining information as “a difference
which makes a difference” (Bateson, 1972, at p. 315; cf. MacKay, 1969). However,
a difference may make a difference for one system of reference but not, or
differently, for another. In other words, information would then no longer be defined
analytically, but in terms of what information means for a receiving system. In
second-order systems theory, this receiving system has been denoted as an “observer”
(e.g., Maturana, 1978; Von Foerster, 1982).</p></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height:150%">[...] <span style="font-size:12pt">When the sending and
receiving systems are considered as the systems of reference and information is
defined as “a difference which makes a difference” for them, the definitions of
information, meaning, and discursive knowledge become entangled. The more
abstract perspective of information theory on the number of options and the measurement
of realized ones in terms of (e.g., bits of) information tends to be lost.</span></p></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height:150%"><u></u> <u></u><span style="font-size:12pt">In a recent book, C</span><span style="font-size:12pt">é</span><span style="font-size:12pt">sar Hidalgo
(2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt">, at p. 165), for example, has defined “information” with
reference “to the order embodied in codified sequences, such as those found in
music or DNA, while </span><i style="font-size:12pt">knowledge and knowhow</i><span style="font-size:12pt">
refer to the ability of a system to process information.” However, codified knowledge
can be abstract and—like music—does not have to be “embodied” (e.g., </span><span style="font-size:12pt">Cowan, David, & Foray, 2000)</span><span style="font-size:12pt">. Beyond
Hidalgo’s position, the philosopher Luciano Floridi (2010, p. 21) proposed “a
general definition of information” according to which “the well-formed data are
</span><i style="font-size:12pt">meaningful</i><span style="font-size:12pt">” (italics of the author). The
sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1995, p. 67) posits that “all information has
meaning.” In his opinion, information should therefore be considered as a
selection mechanism. </span><span style="font-size:12pt">Kauffman </span><i style="font-size:12pt">et
al</i><span style="font-size:12pt">. (2008, at p. 28) added to the confusion by defining information as “natural
selection.” (at p. 1182)</span></p></div></blockquote><div>
<p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height:150%"><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height:150%"><u></u><u></u></p></div>
<div>
<div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt">Best, </span><br></div></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt">Loet</span></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt"><br></span></div><div id="gmail-m_4527964526665467451signature_old"><div id="gmail-m_4527964526665467451xfd0d505f5672421"><div class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451WordSection1">
<div>
<div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt">Leydesdorff, L., Johnson, M., & Ivanova, I. (2018). Toward a Calculus of Redundancy: Signification, Codification, and Anticipation in Cultural Evolution. </span>
<i>
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt">Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 69</span>
</i>
<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt">(10), 1181-1192. doi: 10.1002/asi.24052, at p. 1182.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt"><br></span></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span><u></u><br><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><br></p></div></div></div></div>
<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Joseph Brenner" <<a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch" target="_blank">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a>></div>
<div>To: "Krassimir Markov" <<a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" target="_blank">markov@foibg.com</a>></div>
<div>Cc: "fis" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 9/18/2020 10:19:31 PM</div>
<div>Subject: Re: [Fis] Fwd: The 10 Principles. Information as Process</div><div><br></div>
<div id="gmail-m_4527964526665467451x641b23941d56401"><blockquote cite="http://2F9CAC0A8BC34BEB9372BF9075F1F088@laptopr7q1bsbb" type="cite" class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451cite2">
<div class="gmail-m_4527964526665467451Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Dear Pedro, Dear Krassimir,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">For me, the problem is clearly a result of using a common noun, information,
to describe a complex process rather than a participle form – informationing.
Then, “information IS a distinction” should be replaced by “information
(2) is produced in MAKING a distinction on an adjacent difference = information
(1). Then, of course the 1<sup>st</sup> principle is recursive, but correctly
so! <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Joseph<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt">
<hr size="2" width="100%" align="center">
</span></font></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma">
Fis [mailto:<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>] <b><span style="font-weight:bold">On
Behalf Of </span></b>Krassimir Markov<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> vendredi, 18 septembre 2020
21:40<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> FIS<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Fis] Fwd: The 10
Principles</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Dear Pedro,</span></font><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">I still not agree with
the first principle.<br>
In this form it is recursive!</span></font><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Information needs
itself to became information, because difference could not be distinguished
without information.<br>
In this form, the first principle sound like this:</span></font><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Information is
distinction of information ! <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Sorry!</span></font><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Friendly greetings</span></font><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Krassimir</span></font><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;font-weight:bold">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" title="pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">Pedro
C. Marijuan</a> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> Friday, September 18,
2020 9:01 PM<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;font-weight:bold">To:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> <a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" title="fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">'fis'</a> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black"> Re:
[Fis] Fwd: The 10 Principles<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Dear All,<br>
Thanks to Jose Javier for his comments. Regarding the loop you mention about
distinction, you are right, but this is a very characteristic of life (see that
Maturana and Varela already said something pretty similar in their Tree of
Knowledge). In the other biological principles that follow (below) I try
to clarify that notion in several directions, particularly concerning signaling
systems, a concept which was completely ignored until well in the 1990s. Your
second comment may be partially responded looking at those further principles
dealing with the symbolic communication via language and the social narratives,
not far from what you have pointed. Thus I include the whole principles herein.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">1. Information is distinction
on an <i><span style="font-style:italic">adjacent </span></i>difference. </span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">2. Information processes
consist in organized action upon differences collected onto structures,
patterns, sequences, messages, or flows.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">3. Information flows are
essential organizers of life's self-production process –the life
cycle– anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy
flows.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">4. Proto-phenomena of meaning,
knowledge, and cognition (& intelligence) emerge via signaling systems of
living cells, fully developed in the action/perception cycle of central nervous
systems.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">5. Information/communication
exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological
organization at all scales.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">6. It is symbolic language what
conveys the essential communication exchanges of individuals —and
constitutes the core of human "social nature."</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">7. Human information can be
transformed into efficient knowledge by following the "knowledge
instinct", further enhanced and delimited by collectively applying
rigorous methodologies.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">8. Human cognitive limitations
are partially overcome via "knowledge ecologies", where knowledge
circulates and recombines socially in a continuous actualization that involves
"creative destruction" of theories, practices, and disciplines.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">9. Narratives become
encapsulated forms of “natural intelligence”, tailored to capture
collective attention and memory, and essential for the cohesion of social,
political, and economic structures.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:14pt"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;color:black">10. Information science
proposes a new, radical vision on how information and knowledge surround
individual lives, with profound consequences for scientific-philosophical
practice and for social governance.</span><u></u><u></u></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Briefly referring to the other discussion track
(Christophe), I quite agree with situating the origins of (genuine) meaning
with living beings, but have some trouble with "constraints" when
generally applied to biological cognition. I think they may be more useful in
other fields (originated in kinematics, they become more and more volatile as
used in Dynamic Systems Theory, and similarly weakened when going from AI to
biological cognition). For instance, given 3,000 genes in Ecoli,
organized in mixed clusters of fiendish complexity, how do you establish
meaningful constraints? Or can even attribute separate "functions"?
You may see in DOI:<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.07.002?_sg%5B0%5D=nH-ziIzFNlPKAqMszwKA9aJSdUF_He_Rfcal3jUKXaF_lvDrbTWXcTEDtf5uNRaHZMzJ0MFczgM3J-aub54-p6oiQA.Vi1baoaYqIl4vlby-pQVd58ob8urom6m0dhZo1yJ26_NjwihWirad9bxSivcVUymzy-vS1FcL9dD4ZQ7UDtz_w" target="_blank">
10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.07.002</a><span>
</span><span>the
very dimensions of this ontology problem.</span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.07.002?_sg%5B0%5D=nH-ziIzFNlPKAqMszwKA9aJSdUF_He_Rfcal3jUKXaF_lvDrbTWXcTEDtf5uNRaHZMzJ0MFczgM3J-aub54-p6oiQA.Vi1baoaYqIl4vlby-pQVd58ob8urom6m0dhZo1yJ26_NjwihWirad9bxSivcVUymzy-vS1FcL9dD4ZQ7UDtz_w" target="_blank"><br>
</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Regarding Marcus' comment on life as
imprecisely defined (and whether viruses or Gaia are 'alive'), the fundamental
issue in natural sciences is "explaining" rather than defining. And
fortunately the advancement in our explanations of life in last decades has
been fantastic. Life can now be characterized in every basic aspect with
amazing depth. One cannot give a precise definition of life, but one can
provide a list of essential characteristics, and at the center are the
informational ones. Empirically, the point is that information appears to be so
ingrained in the molecular organization of life that scores of new
bio-disciplines have been recently launched around it: bioinformatics,
bioinformation, biocomputation, all the "omic" fields, signaling
science, etc. Biosemiotics could be included too, but Hélas, most
biosemioticians continue to "read" the DNA meaning via the genetic
code, rather than exploring the "signals" abduced from the
environment and "distinctionally worked out and transcribed in genes--from
which ultimately "meaning" emerges. About viruses concretely, they
have been essential in the origins of eukaryotic complexity and in the dynamic
balance of marine and terrestrial ecosystems... irrespective on how we consider
their degree of "aliveness". And finally "non comment"
about some (baiting?) expressions in your previous reply. <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">I see right now the careful "review"
by Loet: better for a next occasion!<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">Best--Pedro<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black">PS. The Three Messages per Week are counted
following the international business week (from Monday to Sunday included).<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<pre cols="72"><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">-- <u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">-------------------------------------------------<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">Pedro C. Marijuán<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/" target="_blank">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">------------------------------------------------- <u></u><u></u></span></font></pre>
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