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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">Dear Pedro and
colleagues, <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">So here there are
those two points:<o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><b>1. Information is distinction on an <i>adjacent
</i>difference.</b><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><b>2. Information processes consist in
organized action upon differences collected onto structures, patterns,
sequences, messages, or flows.</b><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Here, the <b>distinction</b>
term refers to the capabilities of the subject or informational entity that is
engaged in the exploration of events or signals in its immediate environment. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Does this imply that the definition of information is subjective? Or at
least intentional? <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">“The distinction refers to ….” Is this distinction only a reference. Is
information always local since based on a distinction of an <i>adjacent</i> difference? Why would a
distinction from a non-adjacent difference not provide information? <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">The subject extracts
logical distinctions out from the differences in the materiality of those
events. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Can you, please, provide an example?<o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"> The subject works and therefore generates
entropy/information? <br />
<br />
<o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">The guiding
idea is that, by following that logic (in itself based on a few principles),
one can apply “multidimensional partitions” as formal descriptors of the
discrete messages or the signalling flows. And that skeleton of partitions is
what “receiving the information” preliminarily implies along this restricted
communication logics. It is about how the informational entity may create
streams of relationships associated to the material differences in the
impinging signalling flows or discrete messages. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">The
informational entity (potentially a subject) may create streams of
relationship. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in;line-height:normal;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Do the
relations contain information? Are non-relations (zeros) included? Are these
flows a dynamic extension of the static distinctions?</span><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">The <b>adjacent</b>
term refers to the physical contact to be achieved between the signalling event
and the subject, and the need by the latter of counting with sensory elements
or with excitatory surfaces to be physically impinged upon by the incoming
signals. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Why is this exclusively local? Information can be defined objective and
non-local. Is this a subjective choice of you? Is the focus on local and
observable biologistic? <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">In living
cells, information arrives via particles, molecules, atoms, photons, or phonons
that impinge on specialized receptors. It is the same in all sensory surfaces
of nervous systems. Increasing the adjacency, extending the territory covered
by the communication processes with the environment is a formidable drive of
biological evolution: cellular pili, flagella, cilia, arborisation of axons and
dendrites, the neuronal multiplicity of sensors and receptors, specialized
maps, sensing modalities, etc. By all means, adjacency is increased to the
maximum supported by the biological system. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">This may be the case for biological evolution, but communication
technologies enable us to include non-adjacent distinctions. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">We may notice
something similar in human societies about the artifacts, means of
communication, and scientific-technological apparatuses that transcend the
immediate adjacency of subjects in the complex information flows of
contemporary societies. By transcending the limits of immediate space-time
adjacency, and creating <b>channels</b> that carry differences to build ad hoc
distinctions, subjects may perform a myriad of further distinction extractions
and cognitive operations (think of telescopes, microscopes, telegraph, etc.).
By the way, curiously "channel" in the Shanonian scheme represents
also that which brings information to the adjacency of the receiver. <o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">The commonality exhibits, in my opinion, the mathematical character. Once
one abstracts from materiality, a mathematical definition becomes unavoidable. Only
math (and logic) can be used across domains. Do you have such a definition,
equivalent to the Shannon H?</span><o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">By the way:
addenda to pont two for Krassimir: <b>data result from the measurement of an
action</b> (or of an aggregate of multiple actions, or surrogates of actions).<o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0.5in;line-height:14pt;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><span lang="EN-GB">Difficult to follow in my opinion.
Best, Loet<o:p xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"></o:p></span></p></div></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p xmlns:o="#unknown">PS Please, note that </o:p></span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264720301258#%21" style="font-family: "Segoe UI"; font-size: 12pt;"> The Evolutionary Dynamics of Expectations:
Interactions among Codes in Inter-Human Communications,</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104236" style="font-family: "Segoe UI"; font-size: 12pt;"> </a><i style="font-family: "Segoe UI"; font-size: 12pt;">BioSystems
</i><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI"; font-size: 12pt;">198 (2020), 104236 is now available as part of your special issue. Thank you for the Editorship. L.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span><o:p xmlns:o="#unknown"><br /></o:p></span></p>
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<hr width="100%" size="2" align="center" />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><o:p xmlns:o="#unknown"> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:-12.65pt;text-indent:-4.5pt;line-height:normal;"><b><span style="font-size:14pt;"><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508"></a></span></b><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508" style=""><img src="cid:em51c5a8a1-5fe9-4b37-ac72-887714abc3f4@pc2014" title="" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="111" hspace="9" height="167" border="0" align="left" xmlns:v="#unknown1" /></a><span style="mso-no-proof:yes;"><a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508"></a></span><b><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:'Tahoma',sans-serif ;"> Loet Leydesdorff </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14pt;"><o:p xmlns:o="#unknown"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Tahoma',sans-serif ;">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam <br />
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (<span class="SpellE">ASCoR</span>)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Tahoma',sans-serif ;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;"><font size="2"></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);"><font size="2"><span style="font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;">Profile at </span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=ych9gNYAAAAJ"><font face="Tahoma">https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=ych9gNYAAAAJ</font></a></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:'Tahoma',sans-serif ;"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net </a>; </span><a href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">ORCID: </span><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098" style="font-size: small; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098</a><span style="font-size: small; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">; </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Tahoma;">[<a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030599508">shortly available at SpringerLink</a>]</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p xmlns:o="#unknown"> </o:p></p>
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<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Pedro C. Marijuan" <<a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>></div>
<div>To: "fis" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 9/15/2020 2:37:51 PM</div>
<div>Subject: [Fis] The 10 Principles</div><div><br /></div>
<div id="x5a2e0d623ace485"><blockquote cite="31067dd5-0e18-1bc9-aaf8-5002213b684c@aragon.es" type="cite" class="cite2">
<p>Dear FIS Colleagues,</p>
<p>As promised I bring a new version of the 10 info principles
(IPs). Just the first two ones.</p>
<p>Previously I briefly comment on Marcus. My impression is that,
notwithstanding an attractive & suggestive couple of points,
what he is crafting somehow reminds me the Peircean
reinterpretation of Laws of Nature. Given that only Objects and
Interactions --Os and Ss-- are considered, and this is done
putting together into the same sac fermions, genes, agents,
people, etc. the origins of meaning in the "animate" are
automatically lost, unless we assume a pan-pysicalist-pan-psychist
stance, I think. So I would have trouble with this point as such
(one has to see the whole scheme and how "bio" or "neuro" are
entered specifically). The B principle can be taken with less
caveats, I think, and it looks bold and very direct although
perhaps it is rather linked to the anthropocentric view &
agency (like Yixin's views, at least in my opinion). Of course, I
do not pretend to get the two beers, for in any case I prefer wine
& tapas... once the rest of the points are seen.<br />
</p>
<p>Then I return to my own IPs. I had the opportunity to discuss
them in the Saturday Conference organized by our colleague Wukun
plus Yixin and others. An interesting experience. As you have seen
in Krassimir's and Marcin's messages, hopefully we will have a
specific FIS participation in IS4SI virtual meeting... So here
there are those two points:<br />
</p>
<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">1. Information is
distinction on an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">adjacent
</i>difference.</span></b></p>
<b>
</b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">2. Information
processes consist in organized action
upon differences collected onto structures, patterns,
sequences, messages, or
flows.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Here, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">distinction</b>
term refers to the capabilities of the subject or
informational entity that is engaged
in the exploration of events or signals in its immediate
environment. The subject
extracts logical distinctions out from the differences in the
materiality of
those events. A minimalist scheme of distinctional logic based
on
multidimensional partitions can be applied, as was discussed
by this author (Marijuán
et al., 1998). It is based on the logic of multidimensional
partitions developed
by Karl Javorsky, explaining how finally a consistent skeleton
of logical “distinctions”
may be obtained out from the elements composing the difference
detected or interacted by the
subject.</span></p>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">The guiding idea is
that, by following that logic (in
itself based on a few principles), one can apply
“multidimensional partitions”
as formal descriptors of the discrete messages or the signalling
flows. And that
skeleton of partitions is what “receiving the information”
preliminarily implies along this restricted communication
logics. It is about how the informational
entity may create streams of relationships associated to the
material
differences in the impinging signalling flows or discrete
messages. </span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">adjacent</b>
term refers to the physical contact to be achieved between the
signalling event
and the subject, and the need by the latter of counting with
sensory elements
or with excitatory surfaces to be physically impinged upon by
the incoming
signals. In living cells, information arrives via particles,
molecules, atoms,
photons, or phonons that impinge on specialized receptors. It
is the same in
all sensory surfaces of nervous systems.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB"> Increasing the
adjacency, extending the territory
covered by the communication processes with the environment is
a formidable
drive of biological evolution: cellular pili, flagella, cilia,
arborisation of
axons and dendrites, the neuronal multiplicity of sensors and
receptors,
specialized maps, sensing modalities, etc. By all means,
adjacency is increased
to the maximum supported by the biological system. We may
notice something similar in human societies
about the artifacts, means of communication, and
scientific-technological
apparatuses that transcend the immediate adjacency of subjects
in the complex
information flows of contemporary societies. By transcending
the limits of
immediate space-time adjacency, and creating <b>channels</b>
that carry differences to
build ad hoc distinctions, subjects may perform a myriad of
further distinction
extractions and cognitive operations (think of telescopes,
microscopes, telegraph, etc.). By the way, curiously "channel"
in the Shanonian scheme represents also that which brings
information to the adjacency of the receiver. <br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">By the way: addenda to
pont two for Krassimir: <b>data result from the measurement
of an action</b> (or of an aggregate of multiple actions, or
surrogates of actions).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">Best wishes to all</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:382.75pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-GB">--Pedro</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
 Roman","serif";
 mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
 Roman","serif";
 mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span><font size="+3"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
 Roman","serif";
 mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"><br />
</span></font></p>
<font size="+3">
</font>
<p><br />
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
-------------------------------------------------
Pedro C. Marijuán
Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a>
------------------------------------------------- </pre>
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