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<p><span>Dear Bruno,</span></p>
<p><span>The fundamental problem
of information may be characterized very simply as: How do we become what we become?
A question that we can pose to our parents as well, and so on. At one point in
time we were a single cell, now we are a multi-cell organism. More importantly,
how did we become two cells? If you solve this problem, from a fundamental </span><span lang="EN-GB">perspective, even using an </span><span>Indexical Digital Mechanism explanation</span><span lang="EN-GB">, then I believe you have solved the fundamental problem of
information. </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB">Have you ever wondered how you came to
stand on the shoulder of giants, and become a giant yourself that uses the </span><span>Indexical Digital
Mechanism explanation</span><span lang="EN-GB">? Some of us may stand on the
shoulder of little people and we need a lot of little people to get to the
level of giants standing on the shoulder of giants. But then again, what are we
here to do anyway.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB">My point is simply, we (living beings) are
the ones that do all of this creation by means of a process of info-autopoiesis.
Whatever it is that we want to do or talk about, including an </span><span>Indexical Digital
Mechanism explanation, we do it by info-autopoiesis. This email, an asynchronous communication
process that we are engaging in, is an info-autopoietic process. Have you ever
wondered what is to the left of to the right of the first diagram in Shannon’s <i>A
Mathematical Theory of Communication</i> paper? It is a living being, that
through a process of info-autopoiesis composes the syntactical message that
gets composed or interpreted. So, how does that process of info-autopoiesis
work?</span></p>
<p><span>Like Keynes once said, ‘in the long run, we are all dead’. This in reference to a moribund capitalist system in the midst of the Great Depression. This
pandemic is bringing closure much closer than we would like to admit. </span></p>
<p><span>Kind regards,</span></p>
<p><span>Jaime</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Wed, Jul 1, 2020 at 8:35 AM Bruno Marchal <<a href="mailto:marchal@ulb.ac.be">marchal@ulb.ac.be</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dear Jaime,<div><br></div><div><br><div><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 30 Jun 2020, at 17:33, Jaime Cardenas-Garcia <<a href="mailto:jfcardenasgarcia@gmail.com" target="_blank">jfcardenasgarcia@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>Dear Bruno and Christophe,</span></p><p><span>Let me begin by defining
‘intrinsic’ from Merriam-Webster (<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intrinsic" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intrinsic</a>)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div><span id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114cid:ii_kc23937i0"><image.png></span><br></div></span><p><span>I would venture to say
that definitions 1a, 2a and 2b seem applicable. Also, organisms/living beings are
not machines, </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div>This depends on your (metaphysical, or cognitive-science-theoretical) assumption. I assume Indexical Digital Mechanism (which is already needed to make sense of Darwin). From this I have proven that we cannot assume more than elementary arithmetic in metaphysics (Pythagorus was right). From elementary arithmetic, we can derive the existence of the universal numbers, and explains why they necessarily develop belief in a “physical universe”. The proof is constructive and can bestsellers tested? It is enough to compare the physics “in the head of the universal machine/number” and what we observe. The physics “in the head of the machine” which has been derived from arithmetic is the quantum mechanics of Everett-Griffith-Omnès-Hartle-Gell’man, so, in that sense, nature has confirmed the immaterialist pythagorean-like consequence of the digital mechanist hypothesis, … until now.</div><div><br></div><div>To grasp this, it is important to understand that the universal Turing machine is an arithmetical notion, entirely definable using only the symbol s (successor), + and * with the logical symbol. No physics is assumed here, and eventually, physics is explained by this.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>since machines and other artificial things (including science,
number theory, Gödel-Löb-Solovay self-reference logic, etc.) are created by
living beings. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div>OK? I see that you assume some physical universe “out there”. I do not, and I can explain why this is impossible once we assume (weak) version of Mechanism. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>The origin of organisms/living beings has not been ascertained,
except that we are here and have ‘evolved’ from our earliest origins. So, this
is the basis for what is described in the paper. </span></p><p><span>It goes without saying
that some believe that information is a third quantity of the Universe, and that
information exists in the environment for the taking, such as information in
the Genome. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I think we must distinguish the third person notion of information, for which we can develop theories (Shannon, Kolmogorov, quantum information theory, … (there are many such theories), and first person information, for which we can extract a phenomenology, and explain its qualitative (but non rationally justifiable) aspects.</div><div><br></div><div>If you take the Theaetetus theory of knowledge to define the soul (aka the first person), that is by “provability-and-truth”, the incompleteness theorem enforces that it will obey a S4 logic (the traditional theory of knowledge), but with more axioms, and with an explanation of why the machine, despite knowing that they have a soul, already knows that they cannot prove it, or even ascribe any third person description to it. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>These beliefs are based on postulates and seem ingrained in the
scientific belief system. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>The big novelty with (digital) mechanism is that physics is no more the fundamental science, but is reduced to elementary arithmetic (aka computer science, aka information theory). This is usually hard to swallow, as we live in the christian (materialism) era.</div><div>Most people have forgotten that the original doubt of the ancient thinker of antiquity was not about God (which is by definition the Reality), but about the physical universe. Is the physical universe what exist, or is the physical universe only the border or shadow of a bigger invisible reality? With Mechanism, the answer is that the physical reality is a first person plural construct coming from the way the arithmetical reality is seen from inside by its internal creatures (the universal numbers).</div><div><br></div><div>The physical is but one mode of self-reference, among all those that incompleteness distinguishes.</div><div><br></div><div>There are 8 main one:</div><div><br></div><div> - p<span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span>(Truth, the One, God, Reality, …)</div><div>- []p<span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span>(provability, belief, intellect, mind, …)</div><div>- []p & p<span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span>(Soul, first person, knowledge, …)</div><div><br></div><div>- []p & <>t<span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span>(intelligible Matter, quanta)</div><div>- []p & <>t & p<span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span>(sensible matter, qualia)</div><div><br></div><div>Those are eight! (Three of those modes is still split in two by the incompleteness phenomenon).</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>There is also the general belief based on postulates that
organisms/living beings are agents. This paper does not rely on any of these
beliefs to argue its case. </span></p><p><span>The fundamental
problem of information is, to identify how a human organism, in a
self-referential process, develops from a state in which its knowledge of the
human-organism-in-its-environment is almost non-existent to a state in which
the human organism not only recognizes the existence of the environment but
also sees itself as part of the human-organism-in-its-environment system.</span></p><div><br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Hmm… well, eventually this is a bit of an illusion (with the mechanist hypothesis).</div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>Norbert Wiener states that
‘information is information, not matter or energy.’ So, information is not
energy, but neither is it a third quantity of the Universe. </span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div>Indeed. With mechanism, energy itself is a first person plural way top classify first person information. The information itself comes from the arithmetical truth. It is important to understand that such an arithmetical truth is not definable, nor axiomatisable. Now, energy does share some quantitative aspect with information, and those notion remains related, but cannot be identified. </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><span>As Christophe implies
‘a difference which makes a difference’ might relate to an energy difference or
variation, but it is an energy difference or variation to which the organisms/living
beings learn to ascribe meaning to through a process of info-autopoiesis. Meaning
is not imposed either by the environment or externally to the organisms/living
beings.</span></p><p><span>A fundamental approach
may lead to high level characterizations.</span></p><div><br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>What you say might make sense in the mechanist theory, but eventually, with mechanism, we must derive the theory of matter from number self-reference (or from any Turing complete theory, I use number only because most people are familiar with them, … in my course I use the combinators of Shoenfinkel-Curry-Feys…).</div><div><br></div><div>Of course, mechanism might be false, but I have not yet seen any evidence. I derived Quantum Mechanics when I was young, and proudly consider that I did refute Mechanism … until I realise that the physicists were already there.</div><div><br></div><div>I think we must distinguish third person notion of information, and the subjective (meaningful) way the universal number/machine can classify the information, making it psychological, physical, theological etc. (which here are all phenomenologically extracted from incompleteness).</div><div><br></div><div>This of course is closer to Plato than the current Aristotelian Paradigm and its material ontological commitment.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div><br></div><div>Bruno</div><div><br></div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p><br></p><p><span>Jaime </span></p>
<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, Jun 30, 2020 at 9:28 AM Christophe Menant <<a href="mailto:christophe.menant@hotmail.fr" target="_blank">christophe.menant@hotmail.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">Dear All,
<br>
Different characterizations of information (like attributive vs subjective, or primary vs secondary) can indeed be introduced. But I’m afraid that these high-level characteristics keep us far away from the basic reason of being of information, and also far
from a possible definition. <br>
Let me recall some basics already addressed in our discussions: <br>
* Information exists only by and for agents that manage the meaning associated to it. Without its associated meaning, information has no reason to exist.<br>
* Information can be defined as an energy variation that conveys meaning or participates to meaning generation for an agent (the meaning leading to an action by the agent brings us close to the definition “a difference that makes a difference”). Such definition
can be used for humans, animals and artificial agents, assuming we explicit what is a meaning and what is meaning generation (2020 short paper at<span>
</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt"><a href="https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:blue">https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">).
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<span>Can these basics be used to look at high levels like attributive, subjective, primary or secondary?
<br>
Why not?<br>
<span> </span>Best <br>
Christophe<br>
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></span></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>De :</b> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> de la part de Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> lundi 29 juin 2020 08:14<br>
<b>À :</b> FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Fis] Fwd: 10 Principles</font>
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<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411">Dear Krassimir</div>
<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><br>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">These two points correspond to the different paradigms about concept information.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">The first one is based on understanding that the information exists independently of consciousness and it is everywhere. This is so called “Attributive paradigm”.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">The second one is the “Subjective paradigm” which is based on understanding that information is a result from consciousness processing and exists only in its memory.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">So, it is clear, I belong to the second paradigm.</font></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font style="font-size:11pt">The issue is, in my opinion, the specification of the relation. Concepts are specified and entertained in discourses to which we have reflexive access to different extends. "Objective knowledge" is
based on coding the communication. </font></div>
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<font color="#ff0000" face="Calibri" size="4">Why “data” instead of information? </font>
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<font color="#ff0000"><font face="Calibri" size="4">The “Data“ and “Information” are dialectically interconnected.
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The same reflection is Data or Information depending of the subjective interconnections between internal mental models and it.</font></font></div>
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<font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
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<font style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><font face="Calibri"><font size="4">What is reflected by whom?
<font>The reflection for the Subject is what is activated on its receptors. So, the subject, or INFOS, reflects states of its external and internal sensors.</font></font></font></font></div>
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<font face="tahoma" style="font-size:14pt"><font size="4">There is a model of agency in the background of these formulations. The "states" cannot communicate. </font></font></div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div><div style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><font size="4"><font style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">The measurement is not clear.<font> Yes! What is happen in the consciousness is still not known. But for practical needs we already used differed structures
and distances. There is nice work of Deza and Deza called “Encyclopedia of </font>
</font>distances” published by Springer. In addition you may see the ITHEA book “Mathematics of distances”
<a>http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-25/ibs-25.htm</a> . </font></div>
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<font face="Calibri" size="4">Why not use information theory for the measurement? (Theil, 1972)</font></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Best,</font></div>
<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Loet</font></div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">You are welcome for further questions and remarks!</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Krassimir</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
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<div style="background:rgb(245,245,245);font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal">
<div><b>From:</b> <a title="loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">
Loet Leydesdorff</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 28, 2020 8:57 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="markov@foibg.com" href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" target="_blank">Krassimir Markov</a> ;
<a title="fis@listas.unizar.es" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">FIS</a> </div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-5266444246125439114gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_m_7434984660882881271xb73edf57ea2a451fad291f3806dbcb8c"><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Dear Krassimir,
</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"><br>
</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">I find it difficult to follow. I added some comments and questions?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"><br>
</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Best,</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Loet</span></p><p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt;border:1pt solid windowtext;width:281.25pt"><p align="center" style="text-align:center"><b>1. Information is a primary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p align="center" style="text-align:center"><b>2. Information is a secondary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:281.25pt"><p>1. Information <font color="#ff0000">can be considered</font> as information, neither matter nor energy.<u></u><u></u></p><p><font color="#ff0000">Matter is expressed as mass (e.g. kilograms). Energy in Watts; information in dimensionless bits.
</font><u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p>1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only </i></b><b><i><span style="color:red">subjectively comprehended </span>
</i></b><b><i>reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.<u></u><u></u></i></b></p><p><b><font color="#ff0000">Why subjectively? Why “data” instead of information.</font><u></u><u></u></b></p><p><b><font color="#ff0000"><br>
</font></b></p><p><b><font color="#ff0000">It seems that there can be mutual information between information and reflections? -:)</font></b></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:281.25pt"><p>2. Information is <span style="color:red">comprehended </span>
into structures, patterns, messages, or flows. <font color="#ff0000">What do you mean with “comprehended”? Who is comprehending?</font><u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p>2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.<u></u><u></u></p><p><font color="#ff0000">What is reflected by whom </font><u></u><u></u></p><p><font color="#ff0000">Or is this universally the case? </font>
</p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:281.25pt"><p>3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p>3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured—<font color="#ff0000">what is the dimensionality</font>? How can it be measured? , and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p><p><font color="#ff0000">The measurement is not clear. </font>
<u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:281.25pt"><p>4. <span style="color:red">Information </span>(i<font color="#ff0000">t seems to me that these are entropy and energy flows</font>) flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and
<span style="color:red">mixing </span>up (vague) with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p>4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:281.25pt"><p>5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<span style="color:red">Perhaps even beyond biology.</span><span style="color:red"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0in 5.4pt;width:319.5pt"><p>5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one. Such
information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<u></u><u></u></p>
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</span></div><p><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">Loet Leydesdorff
<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
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<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Krassimir Markov" <<a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" target="_blank">markov@foibg.com</a>></div>
<div>To: "FIS" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 6/28/2020 3:46:22 PM</div>
<div>Subject: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
<div> </div>
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<blockquote type="cite">
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<div><font size="4">Dear Marcus and FIS Colleagues,<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4">From my point of view the main choice which has to be made in the very beginning is between two opposite cases:</font></div>
<div><font size="4">1. <b>Information is a primary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4"><b>2. </b><b>Information is a secondary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4">This is fundamental choice which cause all further work.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"><br>
As I already had pointed, if information is a primary concept than no theories about information can be created. One may create many other theories for EVERYTHING but not for information. Only infinite variety of examples may be created but not fruitful theory
and discussions. For instance, the religious approach belong to this class.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"><br>
The second case gives us possibility to create theories ABOUT information starting from one or more other primary concepts.</font></div>
<div><font size="4">I prefer the second case. The primary concepts I have used are Entity and Relationship (<a title="http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf" href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foibg.com%2Fijita%2Fvol14%2Fijita14-1-p01.pdf&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095248062&sdata=CeXWCgoqHNTUcDRzwkcjL8Dc4KOtJ2VwnX5U4r27kOo%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf</a>),
and Reflection as a result of interaction between entities.<br>
<br>
To illustrate the difference between two cases, let see the first 5 principles of Pedro in the two variants:
</font></div>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="padding:0cm 5.4pt;border:1pt solid windowtext"><p align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal">
<b><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a primary concept</font></b></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:windowtext windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal">
<b><font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is a secondary concept</font></b></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is information, neither matter nor energy.</font></p>
</td>
<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only subjectively comprehended reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.</i></b></font></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is comprehended into structures, patterns, messages, or flows.</font></p>
</td>
<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.</font></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
</td>
<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Information flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
</td>
<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
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<td width="375" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
</td>
<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt"><p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information
by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one. Such information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
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<div> </div>
<div><font size="4">I am afraid that many of FIS members prefer the first case. <br>
I do not know who prefer the second one beside me. If such ones exist, please write to me and we will continue the productive common work.
</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Krassimir</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
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</span></div><p><span style="font-size:10pt">Loet Leydesdorff </span></p><p><span style="font-size:10pt">Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR)<br>
Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam.<br>
Tel. +31-20-525 6598; fax: +31-842239111</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">; </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leydesdorff.net%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095248062&sdata=aipvWtpDLFWYeuuZQj%2BzPwjJzA0qeVpd08kTNFb%2BKI0%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Professor, </span><span style="color:blue;font-size:9pt"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istic.ac.cn%2FEng%2Fbrief_en.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095258055&sdata=et0L30pNzbUr%2BCPRV7eAJ3ElkRtsvJwxEtDEelw9M3E%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">ISTIC,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing; Honorary Professor, </span><span style="color:blue;font-size:9pt"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fspru%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095258055&sdata=6b4wlkoi5HtndqagmaxGnCQASM3UHkDAjDTEFlkHSSM%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">SPRU,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dych9gNYAAAAJ%26hl%3Den&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095268049&sdata=%2FYt9%2BAyGNRg6leU215b84P%2BIAU3CKjhIPpbJxYk11Kc%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a><span> </span><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Jaime F. Cárdenas-García, PhD, PE</div><div><a href="mailto:JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com" target="_blank">JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com</a></div><div>(240) 498-7556 (cell)<br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br>----------<br>INFORMACI�N SOBRE PROTECCI�N DE DATOS DE CAR�CTER PERSONAL<br><br>Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>Puede encontrar toda la informaci�n sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" target="_blank">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>Recuerde que si est� suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicaci�n en el momento en que lo desee.<br><a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>----------<br></blockquote></div><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
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INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL<br>
<br>
Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza.<br>
Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: <a href="https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas</a><br>
Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee.<br>
<a href="http://listas.unizar.es" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://listas.unizar.es</a><br>
----------<br>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Jaime F. Cárdenas-García, PhD, PE</div><div><a href="mailto:JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com" target="_blank">JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com</a></div><div>(240) 498-7556 (cell)<br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>