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<p><span>Dear Bruno and Christophe,</span></p>
<p><span>Let me begin by defining
‘intrinsic’ from Merriam-Webster (<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intrinsic">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intrinsic</a>)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div><img width="484" height="351" alt="image.png" src="cid:ii_kc23937i0"><br></div></span>
<p><span>I would venture to say
that definitions 1a, 2a and 2b seem applicable. Also, organisms/living beings are
not machines, since machines and other artificial things (including science,
number theory, Gödel-Löb-Solovay self-reference logic, etc.) are created by
living beings. The origin of organisms/living beings has not been ascertained,
except that we are here and have ‘evolved’ from our earliest origins. So, this
is the basis for what is described in the paper. </span></p>
<p><span>It goes without saying
that some believe that information is a third quantity of the Universe, and that
information exists in the environment for the taking, such as information in
the Genome. These beliefs are based on postulates and seem ingrained in the
scientific belief system. There is also the general belief based on postulates that
organisms/living beings are agents. This paper does not rely on any of these
beliefs to argue its case. </span></p>
<p><span>The fundamental
problem of information is, to identify how a human organism, in a
self-referential process, develops from a state in which its knowledge of the
human-organism-in-its-environment is almost non-existent to a state in which
the human organism not only recognizes the existence of the environment but
also sees itself as part of the human-organism-in-its-environment system.</span></p>
<p><span>Norbert Wiener states that
‘information is information, not matter or energy.’ So, information is not
energy, but neither is it a third quantity of the Universe. As Christophe implies
‘a difference which makes a difference’ might relate to an energy difference or
variation, but it is an energy difference or variation to which the organisms/living
beings learn to ascribe meaning to through a process of info-autopoiesis. Meaning
is not imposed either by the environment or externally to the organisms/living
beings.</span></p>
<p><span>A fundamental approach
may lead to high level characterizations.</span></p>
<p><span>Kind regards,</span></p>
<p><span>Jaime </span></p>
<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Tue, Jun 30, 2020 at 9:28 AM Christophe Menant <<a href="mailto:christophe.menant@hotmail.fr">christophe.menant@hotmail.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">Dear All,
<br>
Different characterizations of information (like attributive vs subjective, or primary vs secondary) can indeed be introduced. But I’m afraid that these high-level characteristics keep us far away from the basic reason of being of information, and also far
from a possible definition. <br>
Let me recall some basics already addressed in our discussions: <br>
* Information exists only by and for agents that manage the meaning associated to it. Without its associated meaning, information has no reason to exist.<br>
* Information can be defined as an energy variation that conveys meaning or participates to meaning generation for an agent (the meaning leading to an action by the agent brings us close to the definition “a difference that makes a difference”). Such definition
can be used for humans, animals and artificial agents, assuming we explicit what is a meaning and what is meaning generation (2020 short paper at<span>
</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt"><a href="https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:blue">https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">).
<br>
<span style="color:black">Can these basics be used to look at high levels like attributive, subjective, primary or secondary?
<br>
Why not?<br>
<span> </span>Best <br>
Christophe<br>
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><br>
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<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>De :</b> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> de la part de Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> lundi 29 juin 2020 08:14<br>
<b>À :</b> FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Fis] Fwd: 10 Principles</font>
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<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411">Dear Krassimir</div>
<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><br>
<blockquote style="padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-left:10px;margin-top:3px;margin-right:0px;margin-left:5px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid" type="cite">
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">These two points correspond to the different paradigms about concept information.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">The first one is based on understanding that the information exists independently of consciousness and it is everywhere. This is so called “Attributive paradigm”.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">The second one is the “Subjective paradigm” which is based on understanding that information is a result from consciousness processing and exists only in its memory.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">So, it is clear, I belong to the second paradigm.</font></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411">
<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font style="font-size:11pt">The issue is, in my opinion, the specification of the relation. Concepts are specified and entertained in discourses to which we have reflexive access to different extends. "Objective knowledge" is
based on coding the communication. </font></div>
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<font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
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<font color="#ff0000" face="Calibri" size="4">Why “data” instead of information? </font>
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<font color="#ff0000"><font color="#000000" face="Calibri" size="4">The “Data“ and “Information” are dialectically interconnected.
<br>
The same reflection is Data or Information depending of the subjective interconnections between internal mental models and it.</font></font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-stretch:normal">
<font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-stretch:normal">
<font style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><font face="Calibri"><font size="4">What is reflected by whom?
<font color="#000000">The reflection for the Subject is what is activated on its receptors. So, the subject, or INFOS, reflects states of its external and internal sensors.</font></font></font></font></div>
<div style="line-height:normal;font-family:tahoma;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal">
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<font face="tahoma" style="font-size:14pt"><font size="4">There is a model of agency in the background of these formulations. The "states" cannot communicate. </font></font></div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><font size="4"><font style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">The measurement is not clear.<font color="#000000"> Yes! What is happen in the consciousness is still not known. But for practical needs we already used differed structures
and distances. There is nice work of Deza and Deza called “Encyclopedia of </font>
</font>distances” published by Springer. In addition you may see the ITHEA book “Mathematics of distances”
<a>http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-25/ibs-25.htm</a> . </font></p>
<div><font size="4"> </font></div>
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<font face="Calibri" size="4">Why not use information theory for the measurement? (Theil, 1972)</font></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Best,</font></div>
<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Loet</font></div>
<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4"><br>
</font>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">You are welcome for further questions and remarks!</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Krassimir</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"> </div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal"><font face="Calibri" size="4"></font> </div>
<div style="background:rgb(245,245,245);font:10pt tahoma;font-size-adjust:none;font-stretch:normal">
<div><b>From:</b> <a title="loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank">
Loet Leydesdorff</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 28, 2020 8:57 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="markov@foibg.com" href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" target="_blank">Krassimir Markov</a> ;
<a title="fis@listas.unizar.es" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">FIS</a> </div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
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<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Dear Krassimir,
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">I find it difficult to follow. I added some comments and questions?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Best,</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt">Loet</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center"><b>1. Information is a primary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p align="center" style="text-align:center"><b>2. Information is a secondary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>1. Information <font color="#ff0000">can be considered</font> as information, neither matter nor energy.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p><font color="#ff0000">Matter is expressed as mass (e.g. kilograms). Energy in Watts; information in dimensionless bits.
</font><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only </i></b><b><i><span style="color:red">subjectively comprehended </span>
</i></b><b><i>reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.<u></u><u></u></i></b></p>
<p><b><font color="#ff0000">Why subjectively? Why “data” instead of information.</font><u></u><u></u></b></p>
<p><b><font color="#ff0000"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font color="#ff0000">It seems that there can be mutual information between information and reflections? -:)</font></b></p>
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<p>2. Information is <span style="color:red">comprehended </span>
into structures, patterns, messages, or flows. <font color="#ff0000">What do you mean with “comprehended”? Who is comprehending?</font><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p><font color="#ff0000">What is reflected by whom </font><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><font color="#ff0000">Or is this universally the case? </font>
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<p>3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured—<font color="#ff0000">what is the dimensionality</font>? How can it be measured? , and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p>
<p><font color="#ff0000">The measurement is not clear. </font>
<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>4. <span style="color:red">Information </span>(i<font color="#ff0000">t seems to me that these are entropy and energy flows</font>) flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and
<span style="color:red">mixing </span>up (vague) with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p>5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<span style="color:red">Perhaps even beyond biology.</span><span style="color:red"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p>5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one. Such
information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14pt"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">Loet Leydesdorff
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">; </span><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leydesdorff.net%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095218079&sdata=KBxwc%2FM03zZsF04WqLwUgPMrH%2Bu4KJDx%2BuAB3XewEvY%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Associate Faculty, </span><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fspru%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095218079&sdata=vgSNs2pJulrxagvcntFEjzVOdo7j%2FZMpHjJ1L%2FTP56M%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt">SPRU,
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt">Guest Professor </span><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zju.edu.cn%2Fenglish%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095228108&sdata=erHrvOA7CTnZsU3%2Ft6BaJ96LHUm4Dga5BRA3CKl0qgU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt">Zhejiang
Univ.</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor,
</span><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istic.ac.cn%2FEng%2Fbrief_en.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095228108&sdata=qJLY458Y4JHe%2FPcYQi0nFW1%2BzjvBrsMefoELWQkyTFs%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt">ISTIC,
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Fellow, </span><span style="color:rgb(68,84,106)"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbk.ac.uk%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095238071&sdata=4qwmKIUY2aMDe16BU%2FDBOFb188A%2FeNwrIEtm%2Byz8GhU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">,
University of London; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<span style="color:rgb(68,84,106);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:9pt"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dych9gNYAAAAJ%26hl%3Den&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095238071&sdata=lMH3PC0YZ1%2Fg8NfK3Ct0NMnAek6pe3%2BpiVMr%2B3tvwqE%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a></span></span></div>
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<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Krassimir Markov" <<a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com" target="_blank">markov@foibg.com</a>></div>
<div>To: "FIS" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 6/28/2020 3:46:22 PM</div>
<div>Subject: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
<div> </div>
<div id="gmail-m_1567366477997339807x_m_7434984660882881271xec4b8951bbb140d">
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<div><font size="4">Dear Marcus and FIS Colleagues,<br>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4">From my point of view the main choice which has to be made in the very beginning is between two opposite cases:</font></div>
<div><font size="4">1. <b>Information is a primary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4"><b>2. </b><b>Information is a secondary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4">This is fundamental choice which cause all further work.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"><br>
As I already had pointed, if information is a primary concept than no theories about information can be created. One may create many other theories for EVERYTHING but not for information. Only infinite variety of examples may be created but not fruitful theory
and discussions. For instance, the religious approach belong to this class.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"><br>
The second case gives us possibility to create theories ABOUT information starting from one or more other primary concepts.</font></div>
<div><font size="4">I prefer the second case. The primary concepts I have used are Entity and Relationship (<a title="http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf" href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foibg.com%2Fijita%2Fvol14%2Fijita14-1-p01.pdf&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095248062&sdata=CeXWCgoqHNTUcDRzwkcjL8Dc4KOtJ2VwnX5U4r27kOo%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf</a>),
and Reflection as a result of interaction between entities.<br>
<br>
To illustrate the difference between two cases, let see the first 5 principles of Pedro in the two variants:
</font></div>
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<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
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<b><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a primary concept</font></b></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal">
<b><font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is a secondary concept</font></b></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is information, neither matter nor energy.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only subjectively comprehended reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.</i></b></font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is comprehended into structures, patterns, messages, or flows.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Information flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
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<td width="426" valign="top" style="border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:currentColor windowtext windowtext currentColor;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:normal"><font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information
by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one. Such information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
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<div> </div>
<div><font size="4">I am afraid that many of FIS members prefer the first case. <br>
I do not know who prefer the second one beside me. If such ones exist, please write to me and we will continue the productive common work.
</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Krassimir</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
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<p><span style="font-size:10pt">Loet Leydesdorff </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt">Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR)<br>
Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam.<br>
Tel. +31-20-525 6598; fax: +31-842239111</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">; </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leydesdorff.net%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095248062&sdata=aipvWtpDLFWYeuuZQj%2BzPwjJzA0qeVpd08kTNFb%2BKI0%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Professor, </span><span style="color:blue;font-size:9pt"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istic.ac.cn%2FEng%2Fbrief_en.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095258055&sdata=et0L30pNzbUr%2BCPRV7eAJ3ElkRtsvJwxEtDEelw9M3E%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">ISTIC,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing; Honorary Professor, </span><span style="color:blue;font-size:9pt"><a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fspru%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095258055&sdata=6b4wlkoi5HtndqagmaxGnCQASM3UHkDAjDTEFlkHSSM%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">SPRU,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <a href="https://eur06.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dych9gNYAAAAJ%26hl%3Den&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9ed9231ac5754f5cc60708d81bf3c63d%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637290081095268049&sdata=%2FYt9%2BAyGNRg6leU215b84P%2BIAU3CKjhIPpbJxYk11Kc%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a><span> </span><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p>
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</blockquote>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Jaime F. Cárdenas-García, PhD, PE</div><div><a href="mailto:JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com" target="_blank">JFCardenasGarcia@gmail.com</a></div><div>(240) 498-7556 (cell)<br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>