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<i style="font-size:12pt; font-variant-ligatures:inherit; font-variant-caps:inherit">Some comments</i><br>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>De :</b> loet@leydesdorff.net <leydesdorff@gmail.com> de la part de Loet Leydesdorff <loet@leydesdorff.net><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> mardi 30 juin 2020 17:45<br>
<b>À :</b> Christophe Menant <christophe.menant@hotmail.fr>; fis <fis@listas.unizar.es><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re[2]: [Fis] Fwd: 10 Principles</font>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">* Information exists only by and for agents that manage the meaning associated to it. Without its associated meaning, information has no reason to exist.</span></div>
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I prefer information which is measurable in bits (nits, dits, etc.). Indeed, information does not "exist" in the sense of
<i>esse, </i>but it is a useful statistic. Information can be provided with meaning when the system(s) of reference is determined. <br>
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)">I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)"><i>nformation
in bits is for communications between artificial agents. Information for humans and for animals exists without using bits. The perception of a cat by a mouse is biological information in the mouse. That information exists (retin pattern, nerve conduction,
…no bits) and it is obviously meaningful. Same thing when I read the news </i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#201F1E"><br style="">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">* Information can be defined as an energy variation that conveys meaning or participates to meaning generation for an agent (the meaning leading to an action by the
agent brings us close to the definition “a difference that makes a difference”). </span></div>
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I recently read Bateson again, but this is not his definition of a difference which makes a difference. I would go for information as a series of differences (as in a probability distribution.) </font></div>
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">A "difference which makes a difference" seems "meaningful information" to me, as different from Shannon-type information. What would be the unit of measurement for "a difference which makes
a difference?. Can one count or measure difference which make a difference in bits? </font></div>
<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#201F1E"><i><br>
</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)"><i>Information cannot always be quantified. The measure of Shannon-type information is a mathematical figure to measure the capacity of a transmission
channel in telecommunications. The information internal to the mouse perceiving a cat is not measurable. Same thing when I read the news.</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)">
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Or is this just your idiosyncratic definition?</font></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#201F1E"><i><br>
</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)"><i>That definition came up with the Meaning Generator System. In addition to its usage for all types of agents, it leads to simple definitions for agency
and autonomy (see link</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:rgb(32,31,30)"><i>).</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#201F1E"><br style="">
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Perhaps, one can measure "differences which make a difference" as a two-dimensional probability distribution Sigma(p(ij)): i would the differences and j the differences among the
differences. Perhaps, this is worthwile to pursue.</span><br>
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<div id="x_x_x18210dc1d3e8404"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Best,</font></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Such definition can be used for humans, animals and artificial agents, assuming we explicit what is a meaning and what is meaning generation (2020 short paper at
</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FMENITA-7.pdf&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538716038&sdata=ehKmN1Mjr6gRXsBDIXpxP6QzW7kwe0Bgj1lVrfUlUN0%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf" shash="kGN3inrGq7/OpRJD1pxXlFdUPcGn670KJWhdUZU+e79v7KdkwuZ+KDRgZqHpZX8Tr8oVZOBjc7Oi21coo1oTmTgasFhMyQ2lljzwZFuUrRWLg8/ArE82Qk1hB++bL/9gxr6rawT0v37HaYfBAism9v6hzbFCZLeLQJ2Cg3Ho6To="><span lang="EN-US" style="color:blue">https://philpapers.org/archive/MENITA-7.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">).
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Can these basics be used to look at high levels like attributive, subjective, primary or secondary?
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Why not?<br>
Best <br>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Christophe<br>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:11pt"><i>Best</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-size:12pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span style="font-size:11pt"> <br>
</span></i></span></span><i style="color:inherit; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:11pt; font-variant-ligatures:inherit; font-variant-caps:inherit; font-weight:inherit; background-color:">Christophe</i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
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<div id="x_x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>De :</b> Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> de la part de Loet Leydesdorff <<a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">loet@leydesdorff.net</a>><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> lundi 29 juin 2020 08:14<br>
<b>À :</b> FIS <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Fis] Fwd: 10 Principles</font>
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<div id="x_x_x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411">Dear Krassimir</div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">These two points correspond to the different paradigms about concept information.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">The first one is based on understanding that the information exists independently of consciousness and it is everywhere. This is so called “Attributive paradigm”.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">The second one is the “Subjective paradigm” which is based on understanding that information is a result from consciousness processing and exists only in its memory.</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">So, it is clear, I belong to the second paradigm.</font></div>
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<div id="x_x_x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font style="font-size:11pt">The issue is, in my opinion, the specification of the relation. Concepts are specified and entertained in discourses to which we have reflexive access to different extends. "Objective knowledge"
is based on coding the communication. </font></div>
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<font size="4" face="Calibri" color="#ff0000">Why “data” instead of information? </font>
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<font color="#ff0000"><font size="4" face="Calibri" color="#000000">The “Data“ and “Information” are dialectically interconnected.
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The same reflection is Data or Information depending of the subjective interconnections between internal mental models and it.</font></font></div>
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<font style="color:#ff0000"><font face="Calibri"><font size="4">What is reflected by whom?
<font color="#000000">The reflection for the Subject is what is activated on its receptors. So, the subject, or INFOS, reflects states of its external and internal sensors.</font></font></font></font></div>
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<font face="tahoma" style="font-size:14pt"><font size="4">There is a model of agency in the background of these formulations. The "states" cannot communicate. </font></font></div>
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<font size="4"><font style="color:#ff0000">The measurement is not clear.<font color="#000000"> Yes! What is happen in the consciousness is still not known. But for practical needs we already used differed structures and distances. There is nice work of Deza
and Deza called “Encyclopedia of </font></font>distances” published by Springer. In addition you may see the ITHEA book “Mathematics of distances”
<a>http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-25/ibs-25.htm</a> . </font></p>
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<font face="Calibri" size="4">Why not use information theory for the measurement? (Theil, 1972)</font></div>
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<div id="x_x_x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Best,</font></div>
<div id="x_x_x_xf5f6ab4d92f5411"><font face="Calibri" size="4">Loet</font></div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">You are welcome for further questions and remarks!</font></div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div style="font:10pt tahoma"><font size="4" face="Calibri">Krassimir</font></div>
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<div><b>From:</b> <a title="loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net">
Loet Leydesdorff</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 28, 2020 8:57 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="markov@foibg.com" href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">Krassimir Markov</a> ;
<a title="fis@listas.unizar.es" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">FIS</a> </div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
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<span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:calibri,sans-serif">Dear Krassimir, </span>
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<span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:calibri,sans-serif">I find it difficult to follow. I added some comments and questions?</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:calibri,sans-serif">Best,</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:calibri,sans-serif">Loet</span></p>
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<b>1. Information is a primary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<b>2. Information is a secondary concept</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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1. Information <font color="#ff0000">can be considered</font> as information, neither matter nor energy.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<font color="#ff0000">Matter is expressed as mass (e.g. kilograms). Energy in Watts; information in dimensionless bits.
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1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only </i></b><b><i><span style="color:red">subjectively comprehended </span>
</i></b><b><i>reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.<u></u><u></u></i></b></p>
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<b><font color="#ff0000">Why subjectively? Why “data” instead of information.</font><u></u><u></u></b></p>
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<b><font color="#ff0000"><br>
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<b><font color="#ff0000">It seems that there can be mutual information between information and reflections? -:)</font></b></p>
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2. Information is <span style="color:red">comprehended </span>into structures, patterns, messages, or flows.
<font color="#ff0000">What do you mean with “comprehended”? Who is comprehending?</font><u></u><u></u></p>
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2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<font color="#ff0000">What is reflected by whom </font><u></u><u></u></p>
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<font color="#ff0000">Or is this universally the case? </font></p>
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3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p>
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3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured—<font color="#ff0000">what is the dimensionality</font>? How can it be measured? , and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).<u></u><u></u></p>
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<font color="#ff0000">The measurement is not clear. </font><u></u><u></u></p>
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4. <span style="color:red">Information </span>(i<font color="#ff0000">t seems to me that these are entropy and energy flows</font>) flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and
<span style="color:red">mixing </span>up (vague) with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.<u></u><u></u></p>
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5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<span style="color:red">Perhaps even beyond biology.</span><span style="color:red"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one. Such information exchanges
among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt; color:#1f497d">Loet Leydesdorff <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10pt; color:#1f497d">Professor emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="color:#44546a"><a title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><span style="font-size:10pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#1f497d">; </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leydesdorff.net%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538726038&sdata=Y%2BId7lBbjfh%2B0%2Brkm36RTxhZCBzNYtnLe8ue3WgKTF0%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" shash="oP3PXylVkJrbaLPqKpBdB7fUr2I1eLNcLgz70QzgKJ6PffA+PmUsPewKk/3eMHLRQMmygf9tBugFI3l0CBb6V6h+Pne8yy+8TOoViT1i5F+/mlfPRufkc0qORalSLGRmneltbWmVTTJDLuMN2PW+9h2vM8gD2uhnvncgUtfh5EE="><span style="font-size:10pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt; color:#1f497d">
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</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Associate Faculty, </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fspru%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538736029&sdata=OwXoLgflVDit5%2BhwVQntyPK7VmBLRY6oYAnkNoivu9g%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" shash="N/W0Cw+LJkUxhpRILafJEKxBVp3NSe6oYNKTc1l8yzkstrlzqAMiWv5GATZcPYiJn1RCXdueIqEoKvf/ki93wq+oblmWK9vtAWmCN7dOFiqCwDnxwXU2sFMSSVP7WNQOVuH7qqxvhqm3GFaKmP7rwIa8JenwjIsa0U3PHJxd2Qc="><span style="font-size:9pt">SPRU,
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt">Guest Professor </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zju.edu.cn%2Fenglish%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538746025&sdata=3iSDgFwyKCgbJIjeV6OJyyxgwxHToZSd%2F9%2FOW3ptQd8%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/" shash="spGnWhyS4wS74N5M9QBo7vpT5p+Y9o8x7Bz0u4jqqNq2olmFa77kXy94RKe9RGHPWQZ7XBq4JYb/gou6k29enLPUXlRUxXLkYLrRCJ5C9faYuY4JjIG5EJo7TJ8Kkyb/E1uplwgFsRstWPvARZnsq1H5+zfD+du6rf+srDdl65w="><span style="font-size:9pt">Zhejiang
Univ.</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor,
</span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istic.ac.cn%2FEng%2Fbrief_en.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538756020&sdata=GwhBlQ%2BJPc9ZooVXFLybYje%2B4UTmssFyDifLv7oDMQA%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" shash="ATYlLz/Y6FKFnkIpzPRYEaFUfyqYkdA1QWlPxWgH+xy/DPGCqv2ijZUwt9QsAMBlVSD03E3omlclmIB1/joGsX00KL/4KtucUxX4tywMmHuIqI7eU4XaIDMMrymbbInGvetU7hGMwixs1j/kdCsl67RYNYUejUn/IkDfBn+Sg4s="><span style="font-size:9pt">ISTIC,
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing;<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Fellow, </span><span style="color:#44546a"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbk.ac.uk%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538766014&sdata=2D0RyclDOmZbMWaNK56V2EwFlIzem9WXLBcsvDcTc0I%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/" shash="FFzEN5mk3xdOWwxo/lFq5BqgNYp+xHTQg78a0Vtri9d/j63+VU7Esww7MKduOsyrhw/EzZbwHdtrFhaQTkKRQg/03ALTSu0/rSeM6muRu+hg1r+80WNMU2H8PkC9ysoJUk0jXeE6pG6G39jWiBN/dPLlqEHAQKpN+gqPWFZweoc="><span style="font-size:9pt">Birkbeck</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">,
University of London; <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Krassimir Markov" <<a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">markov@foibg.com</a>></div>
<div>To: "FIS" <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 6/28/2020 3:46:22 PM</div>
<div>Subject: [Fis] 10 Principles</div>
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<div><font size="4">Dear Marcus and FIS Colleagues,<br>
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<div><font size="4">From my point of view the main choice which has to be made in the very beginning is between two opposite cases:</font></div>
<div><font size="4">1. <b>Information is a primary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4"><b>2. </b><b>Information is a secondary concept</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4">This is fundamental choice which cause all further work.</font></div>
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As I already had pointed, if information is a primary concept than no theories about information can be created. One may create many other theories for EVERYTHING but not for information. Only infinite variety of examples may be created but not fruitful theory
and discussions. For instance, the religious approach belong to this class.</font></div>
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The second case gives us possibility to create theories ABOUT information starting from one or more other primary concepts.</font></div>
<div><font size="4">I prefer the second case. The primary concepts I have used are Entity and Relationship (<a title="http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf" href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foibg.com%2Fijita%2Fvol14%2Fijita14-1-p01.pdf&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538796000&sdata=MQM7G7KK%2FCmE0eobKR%2BG8CtcJso6XTjkYL3ZgsGlGZA%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf" shash="JrOWGePbwqg7kwWsvOTjHpie19SqfvX+q1BjiZIx2VnuXP65UfzmZJTWkTU3p0MHpYHn9kvy0v+E0EYM22Gs8uRcMAnfCev4lQiHUYdrdYXSbIooDiKM39YvvOGAVxs/AtYXUVfZ6xNODIaC6rIqaMFeRbztby9AI8Be5gd8qJY=">http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf</a>),
and Reflection as a result of interaction between entities.<br>
<br>
To illustrate the difference between two cases, let see the first 5 principles of Pedro in the two variants:
</font></div>
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<b><font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a primary concept</font></b></p>
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<b><font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is a secondary concept</font></b></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is information, neither matter nor energy.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">1. Information is a class of reflections in material entities. Not every reflection is information.
<b><i>Only subjectively comprehended reflections are information. Not comprehended reflections are data.</i></b></font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">2. Information is comprehended into structures, patterns, messages, or flows.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">2. Reflections may be comprehended as structures, patterns, messages, flows, etc.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">3. Information can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">3. Reflections can be recognized, can be measured, and can be processed (either computationally or non-computationally).</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">4. Information flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">4. Reflection flows are essential organizers of life's self-production processes--anticipating, shaping, and mixing up with the accompanying energy flows.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication/information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman">5. Communication is based on special kind of reflections created by one entity and reflected by a second one. This way, the reflections comprehended as information by the first entity may be secondary reflected by the second one.
Such information exchanges among adaptive life-cycles underlie the complexity of biological organizations at all scales.</font></p>
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<div><font size="4">I am afraid that many of FIS members prefer the first case. <br>
I do not know who prefer the second one beside me. If such ones exist, please write to me and we will continue the productive common work.
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<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">Friendly greetings</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Krassimir</font></div>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Loet Leydesdorff </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">Professor, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR)<br>
Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam.<br>
Tel. +31-20-525 6598; fax: +31-842239111</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-bottom:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">loet@leydesdorff.net
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">; </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leydesdorff.net%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538805994&sdata=WIGl4Rwv%2BueBYsBN5xV6PJMK8RChI5ya%2Bo9%2BKRiLmtQ%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" shash="e02ZLE6uNVvf6xBI1qJZjiH0PwPBtDRAyOeT/5HGF87M4uTEeNq/T1Mx/qNyl8X1nuyF5QpniXndnpgdV5hE1iI4zBaLADFPstBwrDt1QsEa0GKrUc2f0DqplYxX3Os/mp6aEKErAbBFuMVTJbpQ1Mmw1svhBxUa766kTPcjdck=" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:9pt">Visiting Professor, </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; color:blue"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istic.ac.cn%2FEng%2Fbrief_en.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538815990&sdata=djaWZzJK478TUdVUvNQUW5lyTnNfi5EO0CLxlPN9dyM%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html" shash="X3qIJBh4idHmofNgJpe9eJ2dVoIDRGy9fJ6jV45H60WR2S380G/4/WY+nfxR9nSivmAVvjBTNUE+r9+HTSNNqHt4qCAtkrEazCoFfI5+YGfEGtotPQiTvJV3UxH9krEKa5TuBFwlwqH4KwkvnkU1I8Z1jruemeSvQumeyEDpcN8=">ISTIC,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">Beijing; Honorary Professor, </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; color:blue"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fspru%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538825986&sdata=XaeFSf4k271VlBXIF7%2B2034beL1d20Z88kWK4k%2FotMM%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/" shash="aVv8nnwB7IRrxd6MqnyTuBLB7t8qareJU9bfzajpfIjNG0/Vt/NHhg+P5262K22sXiWVRdWj9wt86+v6sgz3XUZh34TLQ32UDfkVxoW4IH3wNrhv61EewC7A5czk1WvRSb/z142/R0LGT0/5NBY+rG7+r/tUnIMEMRLap3WsmA4=">SPRU,
</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt">University of Sussex; <a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3Dych9gNYAAAAJ%26hl%3Den&data=02%7C01%7C%7C458143ab1c894851b63b08d81d3b7796%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637291488538835986&sdata=qCaK1K0PDHDYhH1ftSRBU7tFO44DX7vEXtu5ixFZI0c%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en" shash="OCQem18RFw+ZoDjyIM5IUvs58zUrbcTFhsGr0NhQBKtTGDsaV1kMU+c+uWf8GkvlmcIDDn4hBdpDb5C8Iw2zyFYvKV0ZNsP3AgkKW1jngOsZyJdgd8/vVykbuaQB/ZHZ+zroOzjdego6TIlXzuMeV7pSq7E7kMVotZ6zw/WiAiU=">
http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a><span> </span><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></p>
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