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    vlink="#954F72" text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" lang="ZH-CN">
    <div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"
        lang="EN-US">Dear FISers,</span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"></span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">The Berkeley IS4SI
        2019 event is approaching fast. I am re-sending the announcement
        in a separate mail so that everybody, in the extent of his/her
        possibilities, may help to disseminate it.</span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">One of the subjects
        that some presenters will discuss, no doubt about that, is the
        pertinence or plausibility of general or unifying theories of
        information. I am copying below the message from Xueshan, some
        weeks ago, summarizing some discussions between Mark and Joseph
        on that subject.<br>
        Of course, many other voices can be heard, and that is the gist
        of the present message. To ad some piquancy, I cannot help but
        reminding the quip attributed to von Neumann on Prigogine's
        general theory of non-equilibrium systems, for him: "the
        non-elephant theory." Per Bak picked the quip as follows: </span><span
        style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"><br>
      </span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"><i>“…On the other
          hand, no general theory for large non-equilibrium systems
          exists.  The legendary Hungarian mathematician John Von Neuman
          once referred to the theory of non-equilibrium systems as the
          “theory of non-elephants” meaning there could be no unique
          theory of such a vast area of science.” </i>(Per Bak, How
        Nature Works)</span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"></span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">Best wishes</span><br>
      <span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">--Pedro<i><br>
        </i> </span>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">-----------------------------------------------------------------<br>
        </span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><b><font
            size="+1"><span
              style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
              Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">[Fis] An Important Dialog</span></font></b></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><font size="+2"><span
              style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
              Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Xueshan Yan</span></font></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><font size="+2"><span
              style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
              Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><a
                class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
                href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a><br>
            </span></font></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><font size="+2"><span
              style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
              Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><br>
            </span></font></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Dear FIS Colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:21.0pt;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">A few days ago, among some of
          active IS4SI Board members, we have a very constructive
          discussion about Mark Burgin’s General Theory of Information
          (GTI, based on his book <i>Theory of Information:
            Fundamentality, Diversity and Unification</i>, 2010), the
          discussion was in progress mainly between Joseph and Mark and
          focused on the following three points:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">1. Is information a phenomena
          or a reality?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">2. Are the mathematical
          methods Mark developed useful?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.5gd;text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">3. Where is the position of a
          GTI?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:normal"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">I have made a commitment that
          I will summarize the main arguments of the discussion then.
          The following are the gist of them and please give enough
          attention to.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal;layout-grid-mode:char"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:3.6pt;mso-para-margin-top:.3gd;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal;layout-grid-mode:char"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
          Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Xueshan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:3.6pt;mso-para-margin-top:.3gd;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal;layout-grid-mode:char"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:3.6pt;mso-para-margin-top:.3gd;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal;layout-grid-mode:char"><span
          style="font-size:12.0pt" lang="EN-US">               
                       </span><b><span
            style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Century",serif"
            lang="EN-US">The main points of the arguments<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-top:3.6pt;mso-para-margin-top:.3gd;text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal;layout-grid-mode:char"><b><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Century",serif"
            lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
      <table class="32593"
        style="margin-left:63.55pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none"
        cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td style="width:213.9pt;border:solid windowtext
              1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top"
              width="150">
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="text-align:center;text-indent:0cm" align="center"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Mark’s gist</span><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:12.0pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">1. (My) GTI consists
                  of two parts - ontology of information and axiology of
                  information. The mathematical component of this theory
                  is mainly ontological based on mathematical models of
                  information as operators and functors. The system of
                  ontological and axiological principles of the GTI
                  provides unified foundations for information studies,
                  though it is difficult to understand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">2. Information is a
                  phenomenon. It's neither quantitative nor qualitative.
                  It's people (and sometimes machines) who ascribe
                  qualitative or quantitative measures to information.
                  My GTI does acknowledge qualitative information but
                  only existence of qualitative and quantitative
                  measures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">3. My GTI does not
                  define Information in term of bit, bit is a unit of a
                  particular measure of information only in some special
                  information theory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">4. My GTI defines
                  information as a real essence. Although many think
                  that there are only one reality – physical things,
                  actually there are different realities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">5. My GTI allows
                  specification to all existing information theories. It
                  provides constructive tools for doing such
                  specifications and building special information
                  theories without including these theories into its
                  scope.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">6. <span
                    style="color:black">The theories of Shannon, Fisher
                    or Bar-Hillel, etc. are the varieties of GTI, </span>together
                  all these theories form information science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">7. My GTI forms a
                  unified foundation of information science and can be
                  used for studies of actually any kind of information
                  including<span style="color:black"> ethical</span>
                  information or semantic information, for which<span
                    style="color:black"> meaning i</span>s the defining
                  feature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="width:207.4pt;border:solid windowtext
              1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
              valign="top" width="169">
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="text-align:center;text-indent:0cm" align="center"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">Joseph’s gist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:3.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:12.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-margin-top-alt:.3gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;mso-para-margin-left:12.0pt;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">1. There is no role
                  for the information what Mark stated, including
                  qualitative, non-measurable and/or non-quantitative
                  one. It is a lower ontological level.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">2. A GTI should not
                  define information in terms of bit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">3. The question of
                  “What information is” implies a substance rather than
                  dynamic process ontology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">4. If information is
                  only a phenomenon, I cannot imagine a ‘measure’
                  operating on an appearance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">5. Mark’s GTI tries to
                  explain “<b>What Information Is”</b> but without a
                  discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">6. If information by
                  Mark’s GTI consideration cannot be a process or have
                  processual characteristics, it cannot be ‘general’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">7. What Mark have
                  defined is a THEORY OF GENERAL INFORMATION but not a
                  GENERAL THEORY OF INFORMATION.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">8. Mark’s GTI extracts
                  the general characteristics of information processes
                  independently of their substratum of physical
                  (energetic) properties, all of the mathematical
                  aspects of what he has called a GTI then apply to that
                  abstraction, and a ‘meaning’ of those aspects exists,
                  it is tautological.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">9. What is
                  ontologically primary, then, are the phenomena that
                  have meaning – the information necessary for the
                  survival of living beings and for their reproduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">10. According to Mark,
                  Meaning will be the foundation of all theories of
                  information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt"><span
                  style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
                  Roman",serif" lang="EN-US">11. And Mark’s GTI
                  will become a Meta-Theory of Information, a theory of
                  Theories of Information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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