<div dir="ltr"> Indeed, I have always thought that life & consciousness share many aspects, starting with the fact that after so many years (centuries) trying to define both, tehre is no accepted definition for any of those two. Which is probably telling us something: that they should not be defined by a specific sentence. Rather, I posit that these two concepts can be defined by enumerating characteristics. This is an accepted practice, think of a fundamental concept in science: linearity and nonlinearity. A linear system is defined by two features: independence and homogeneity (and perhaps one more, I have forgotten...), so there is no need for a clear-cut sentence defining linearity. Similarly, life can be defined by features like self-reproduction, genetic transmission, compartmentalization etc. And consciousness by memory, sensorimotor actions, self awareness etc... features that can be investigated in depth.<div> A fundamental question is when, from a mere chemical reaction system, a metabolism became "alive". Paraphrasing in the case of consciousness, when from mere perception a nervous system becomes "conscious". These are matters for thought, but some indications point to similar phenomena in both cases: complexity of the system, either in terms of molecules reacting, or in terms of nerve cells connecting; and of course the system components, the reactants and cells, they should have some specific features (kidney cells are not neurons, I don't think one can make a brain with kidney cells regardless of contacts you allow them to have among them). In this regard, S. Kaufmann's proposal of metabolic closure (autocatalytic sets) may have a parallel too in the case of cognition, a sort of neural closure where one can reach any neuron in the brain starting from any cell. To me, self-referentiality is the key to life & consciousness.</div><div> And thank you all for your thoughts and comments.</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Jan 22, 2019 at 1:25 PM GUEVARA ERRA RAMON MARIANO <<a href="mailto:guevara.erra@gmail.com">guevara.erra@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear colleagues,</div><div><br></div><div>I have some comments on the question by Krassimir. In our paper we talked about consciousness but I think the results can also be interpreted in a wider sense.</div><div><br></div><div>Indeed, with open or closed eyes, a person is not more or less conscious than with closed eyes, also seems to me. There is simply more sensory input with eyes opened, and presumably more information processing. <br></div><div><br></div><div>So, going back to our paper, we measured the information content in the brain network, and see that in some states there is more information content than in others. Now, if you are unconscious, in a medical sense, say you fainted or you are in coma, the information content is very low. But also if you switch off part of the sensory input. In both cases what you measure is information processing. <br></div><div>In other words, our measure is good at revealing the amount of information processing in large scale brain networks. Incidentally, it serves to contrast conscious and unconscious states as consciousness is related to information processing. But not only, it also serves to contrast states with different sensory input, as in the eyes opened/ eyes closed case, even when both seem to be conscious states. <br></div><div>It would be interesting to see results from an experiment where subjects have sensory deprivation.</div><div><br></div><div>Regarding consciousness, I don't know of a method to quantify it behaviorally. Actually, even the definition is elusive. Without a behavioral quantification, all we can do is to rely on an empirical, medical use of the concept and say "this state is more conscious than that state". <br></div><div> <br></div><div>I agree with Karl , this question is very important, weather something is alive or not, and is perhaps related to the question of begin conscious or not. They may be examples of "major evolutionary transitions" (Maynard Smith and Szathmary). In this sense I have a comment. There seems to be a believe in certain communities that intelligence and /or consciousness would appear as a result of the accumulation of processing units, with networks of sufficient complexity. So, an artificial intelligence could appear if we have a very complex and large set of artificial neurons (it could even be a simulation, it doesn't have to be physical). I disagree with this optimism on historical grounds. There was a similar wave of optimism after the Miller - Urey experiment on the origin of life, long time ago, and look where we are now. As long as I know, a self-replicating artificial cell cannot be created from inorganic molecules. I think this is the case because, of the large amount of possibilities that gives molecular combinations, chemical reactions, etc, only a few can be qualified as "alive". And the more the system is complex, the more there are combinations. Is the selection of the correct combinations that is difficult. One could say the same about the brain, where in this case the units are neurons. There is a nice argument in one of Penrose's books about this. The cerebellum and the cerebral cortex have the same order of magnitude neurons. However, we don't tend to believe that the cerebellum is the material basis of consciousness. <br></div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Ramon<br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></div>
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