<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="DE-AT">Conscious,
subconscious and unconscious<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="DE-AT"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">There are different denotations to these terms in different professional
contexts. For a psychologist, the opposites are conscious – unconscious, but
this delineates at the same time the metier of psychologists from that of
neurology and psychiatry.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The basic question appears to be whether the organism is
living or not. The differentiation into conscious and subconscious is a
discussion on very finely printed details, which are actually of no relevance
in professional eyes. Any person can pretend to be more idiotic than he is, as
opposed to the other way of disguise, one pretending to be more clever than he
is in reality, which pretence is not that easy to maintain.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">In the classical case of a hysteric having problems with sausages,
cucumbers, carrots and chimneys it is irrelevant if the person knows or not of
what these forms remind them. After relaxation, they will have no problem
censuring the inner movie. The border being fluid between no-no pretension and
oy-wey suffering, in practice one may say that the net benefits from pretending
to be different and being different are really exchangeable in quantity
(otherwise it would not be necessary or would be impossible to change the
memory filing system). Acceptance of one’s so-called “negative identity” ends
the need to keep up lies envers one’s self. If I don’t shame myself for myself,
there is no need to lie to myself. The obsessive occupation with unseen, hidden,
mysterious parts of oneself, which one declines to identify with, is either a
sign of overdemanding authority figures in childhood (“internalised repressive
introject”), or of unsolved curiosity of the secrets of the parents. Neither of
the variants are a big deal, clinically. The key tools are self-exploration by
asking oneself: What do I hide before myself, and Which kind of curiosity do I
entertain which I believe I should not entertain? and similar rhetorical
half-steps.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Much more interesting is the phenomenon of life itself.
There is reason to believe that the term “life” refers to a cybernetic feedback
loop, where the temporarily transversal – momentary, contemporaneous – state of
the collection (organism) exerts a running constraint on the alternatives the
same organism possesses in its process along the temporally transversal mental
axis. This process has been discussed in the FIS chatroom several times in the
last 10-15 years. The last time the interaction has been presented in this
chatroom, the analogy was with a battalion of soldiers being fed beans and the
non-synchronicity of the resulting physiological processes. The fact that food
is being digested and the resulting feeling of hunger causes the organism to
seek food again is a nice example of momentarily existing states (full -> hunger)
influencing the future activity (lazy -> goes hunting). <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">As this august assembly has not yet found time, interest and
courage to address the interdependence between sequences and mixtures, a deeper
discussion has to wait to such days as participants realise that “now” is
different to “earlier” and “later”, but both can be transformed in a way that
shows how these perspectives may produce differing pictures, although the
underlying mental creation is one and the same. (Cf the tale of blind people
describing an elephant to each other.)<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><i>Feedback loops</i> is
the <u>general chapter</u>, <i>electrical
discharges</i> resulting from non-continuable states of collections is the <u>section</u>,
<i>replicable patterns of electrical
discharges</i> resulting from non-continuable states of collections that can be
evoked without the state of the collection being non-continuable is the <u>paragraph
</u>in the rational description of a living organism. <span></span></p>
</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Am Mo., 21. Jan. 2019 um 22:05 Uhr schrieb Krassimir Markov <<a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">markov@foibg.com</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr" bgcolor="#ffffff">
<div dir="ltr">
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<div>
<div><font size="4">Dear Pedro, <font style="font-size:12pt"><font size="4">Jose
Luis</font><strong> </strong><font size="4">and FIS
colleagues,</font></font></font></div>
<div><font size="4">Now in Sofia we finish the students’ exams and I have a little
time to analyze the posts. </font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">First of all, I agree with Pedro that “consciousness may well
be considered as "the mother of information" “!</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">At the second place, I want to comment the case with open and
closed eyes:</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="">“ ... the entropy associated with subjects closing
their eyes is lower than that calculated with eyes open. <br>Obviously, one is
equally conscious with eyes open or closed (unless one is sleeping!). <br>Thus,
what does this mean? “</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">There are several hypothesizes about this
phenomenon.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">I prefer the hypothesis about combination of the incoming
sensors’ signals with signals coming from the long and short term
memory.</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Schematically, Jeff Hawkins in his book “On
Intelligence” (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence</a>)</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><img title="image" style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; background-image: none; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px;" alt="image" src="cid:168751ff0bcea8387251" width="214" height="309" border="0"><font size="4"></font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div>
<div><font size="4">presented this by following scheme:
</font> </div></div></div>
<div><strong></strong> </div>
<div><img title="image" style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; background-image: none; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px;" alt="image" src="cid:168751ff0bce719d5e72" width="462" height="400" border="0"></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">In other words, by closing eyes, one eliminates the need of
combination and comparison of incoming signals with ones that are coming from
the memory.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"><font><font>If the incoming
signals are ignored anyway, the process continue with combination and
comparison of sequences of sets (gestalts) <font>of</font>
signals from memory which are more organized than incoming
ones.</font></font></font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">So, in sensor areas, as result from comparison of both
kinds of signals one assumes that given set (gestalt) of signals is information
or not.</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">In General Information Theory (GIT) ( <a href="http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.foibg.com/ijita/vol14/ijita14-1-p01.pdf</a>),
the i<font style="font-size:13.6pt">ncoming set (gestalt) of signals from the
sensors is called “reflection” and </font>the set of signals (gestalt) coming
from the memory is called “information expectation”.</font></div>
<div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div><font size="4">Friendly
greetings</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Krassimir</font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4">------</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Krassimir Markov, PhD</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Honorary professor</font></div>
<div><font size="4">University of Telecommunications and Post</font></div>
<div><font size="4">Sofia, Bulgaria</font></div>
<div><font size="4"><a href="mailto:president@ithea.org" target="_blank">president@ithea.org</a>
</font></div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
<div><font size="4"></font> </div>
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<div style="font:10pt tahoma">
<div> </div>
<div style="background:rgb(245,245,245) none repeat scroll 0% 0%">
<div><b>From:</b> <a title="pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">Pedro C. Marijuan</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 21, 2019 7:43 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="fis@listas.unizar.es" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a> </div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] Fwd: Further comments</div></div></div>
<div> </div></div>
<div style="font-size:small;text-decoration:none;font-family:"Calibri";font-weight:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;display:inline">
<div class="gmail-m_3684922082212438240moz-cite-prefix">Dear All,<br><br>Thanks to Xueshan for his preview of
the next discussion session he will lead. I would ask him and the other parties
who have just responded to wait a little. Our "tradition" of the New Year
Lecture is that it lasts until the end of January. During the rest of the
current Lecture we can do something that can be of interest: to air the way each
one's views on information relate to consciousness. For instance, in my own case
I left that crucial aspect in complete obscurity, in the underground, when I
referred to the ten principles of information science.<br><br>More related to
the present discussion, I have always following the ideas drafted by Kenneth
Paul Collins (1989) in his unpublished manuscript: "On the Automation of
Knowledge within Central Nervous Systems". In my comment on Jose Luis' stuff, I
made a mix with the ideas of both sides (but I had misunderstood the Figure on
the entropy variation). Collins' key idea was the definition of a neurodynamic
entropy based on the summation of excitation/inhibition ratios in the
topographically distributed areas of the CNS. Then, variations of entropy
corresponded with the development of adaptive behavior (and synaptic encoding),
with very nice insights by Kenneth to map basic behaviors such as aggression,
sadness, curiosity, high-level thought, etc. Reformulating these topodynamic
insights in terms of the new achievement on connectomics, network science,
criticality, and ideas such as those of Jose Luis and Ramon --couldn't it be a
timely enterprise? Naturalizing the study of consciousness so that we see
reflected our most important behavioral drives has general importance beyond the
neurosciences themselves. <br><br>But the above refers somehow to a few basic
dynamics of correlates, and lacks a series of "engines" that keep the conscious
going on according to the inside and the outside, the sensory and the motor, the
low level and the high level, the emotional and the rational. As a result the
enigmatic consciousness is carrying the possibility to alter in a fluid way the
focus of contemplation of the world. So it provides "de gratis" properties that
we assign or share with the most general notions of information, in particular
those associated to "meaning". It may reduce the complexity of the surroundings
in an astonishing way, so that we may see tiniest details together with highly
integrative drives of other agents. It provides space, time, and a myriad of
different adaptive percepts/acts or "cognits" for Joaquin Fuster (2009), and all
the intricacies around our social lives (narratives)... In my view,
consciousness may well be considered as "the mother of information." But before
descending into this underground, a lot of work has to be done in the surface,
co-ordinating the different approaches, as I have postulated around the life
cycle. <br><br>Anyhow, let us risk some exercising around the conscious, even
only for ten days...<br>Best--Pedro<br><br>It is true that the current
discussion El 10/01/2019 a las 13:07, jose luis perez velazquez
escribió:<br></div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div> </div>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername">jose luis perez velazquez</strong> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jlpvjlpv@gmail.com" target="_blank">jlpvjlpv@gmail.com</a>></span><br>Date: Wed, Jan 9,
2019 at 12:51 PM<br>Subject: Further comments<br>To: <<a href="mailto:fis-request@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-request@listas.unizar.es</a>><br></div><br><br>
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
Colleagues, thank you all for your comments to our New Year's digital seminar.
I will try to answer some things in those comments received so far in a
more or less compact manner.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
<b>Francesco R</b>. points out different notions of consciousness, and also of
entropy. Let us clarify some things that, perhaps because of the word
limitations, were not made apparent in the “talk” and of course more details
can be found in the two PRE papers listed in the references.
Nonetheless, let me say for now that we deal with <i>conscious awareness</i>,
we prefer not to delve into the diverse connotations of consciousness
(Edelman’s primary consciousness, higher-order etc.), rather our study deals
in fact more with <i>optimality of sensory awareness</i> than with
consciousness itself (even though these two are absolutely related, of
course). Let me explain why because that was something we could not describe
in the text due to the space limit. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
Briefly, as can be seen in our PRE 2016 paper, the entropy associated with
subjects closing their eyes is lower than that calculated with eyes open.
Obviously, one is equally conscious with eyes open or closed (unless one is
sleeping!). Thus, what does this mean? In animals like us that depend almost
totally in visual input, stopping visual stimuli to the brain causes
remarkable changes in brain dynamics. To wit, the appearance of very rhythmic
oscillation, the alpha rhythm, in parieto-occipital cortex (but it can be
recorded as well in frontal and temporal areas). Some studies have found that
brain complexity is lower and its structure more organised with eyes closed (I
don’t exactly remember but I think they used graph theory or similar), not too
surprising after we see the very periodic and beautiful alpha; hence, not
surprising either that this “more organised brain” is manifested in our study
showing lower entropy. For these reasons, we tend to think that our entropy
reflects more <i>optimality of sensory manipulations</i> rather than “pure”
consciousness (for visual animals like us, being blind is not optimal at
all!).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
And this brings us to Francesco’s comment on the diverse entropies (which I
will call from now on S for short… my fingers are getting tired of typing).
There are indeed different notions of S and this is why it is important to
specify what S is being computed. In our case it is the S associated with the
<i>number of configurations of connected signals/networks.</i> <b>Pedro
C.M</b>., in two of his points, refers to entropy, for instance: “</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial" lang="EN-GB">
if the inner processes ring some alarm, that entropy would escalate
enormously</span>”. <span lang="EN-GB">This
in fact cannot occur in our case, because the S has a maximum value for
certain number of configurations of connections, namely, when the number of
connected signals are the same as the not connected. This is why the S graphs
in the papers (and in my cartoon in the talk) are inverted Us, a Gaussian
basically – the maximum S is at the top of the curve, it cannot increase any
further</span><span>.
Many of the S values we see in awake-eyes open are close to this top, hence
almost maximal. It is important to emphasise again that we are
evaluating the number of configurations of connections, the fact we go one
step further and obtain an S adds very little in terms of concept but makes
the wording and data presentation easier. That is, in awake-eyes open we have
near maximal number of possible configurations (our microstates), and the
macrostate is represented by all those configurations. For those into
chemistry, this is akin to chemical equilibrium: equilibrium is found at the
top of the Gaussian where the quantity of the two molecules of a chemical
reaction (for the sake of simplicity let’s assume it is a reaction involving 2
molecules) is the same, and far from equilibrium we have lots of one molecule
and little of the other. Sorry for this digression into chemistry, but I am a
biochemist after all. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
So this is our S, but if we were to consider the S applied to other aspects,
say, ions/molecules, it would be different. Just extract the brain of a mouse
and homogeneize it (a common biochemical technique to make neuronal milk
shake). The S of molecules has increased vastly, complete disorder of ions and
molecules. But this is not the S we are talking about here. That molecular
mess cannot process any information/sensory input because there is no
organization of cell networks, connections and all that. Can our S
capture brain dynamics, as <b>Pedro</b> asks? To some extent, but only in its
global character, this is then reason for the second PRE paper, “</span><span style="background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial" lang="EN-GB">Consciousness
as a <i>global property</i> of brain dynamic activit</span>y”, <span lang="EN-GB">where
we used </span><span lang="EN-GB">LZC
which allowed us to capture the “microscopic” dynamics, the fluctuations in
the configurations of connections that our S cannot capture. By the way,
Pedro, when you say “</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial" lang="EN-GB">All
the brain areas relatively silent in the left side of your figure, when
transiently connected with some portion of the central cluster of the
conscious space” </span><span lang="EN-GB">I
am not sure you understood the figure, the x-axis does not represent
“silence”, or activity, in brain areas, it is number of synchronous
channels: in the left the number of synchronised networks is lower, but
those nets may be very active, just not synchronised. Higher activity does not
always lead to more synchrony, to wit, right at the start of epileptic
seizures, when the cellular activity begins to grow, there is normally a
decrease in synchrony (which then increases during the ictal
event).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><b><span>
Loet L.,</span></b><span>
</span><b><span>Joseph
B., </span></b><span>and
<b>Francesco </b>have related points mentioning Prigiogine’s order through
fluctuations and emergence. My opinion is that S is a concept humans created
to characterise/understand phenomena, but I would not claim it is the cause of
processes (like H. Haken thought as well, in his “Information and
self-organization” book). It is for this reason we normally use the terms “S
associated with…” in our papers. It is hard, in open, complex systems, to talk
about cause and effect. As <b>Joseph B</b>. mentions, </span><span lang="EN-GB">the
emergent entity being actualized is not totally separate from states from
which it emerged. Remember Haken’s enslaving principle. The “control
mechanisms” (Loet’s words) that may exist operating in neural feedback loops
are hard to disentangle, because, due to the enslaving, one microscopic aspect
may become a macroscopic “force” at some level. <b>Alexander F</b>. mentions
their theory about the nested hierarchy of brain processes and talks about
causal relations. But as for our study, we don’t know. All we can say is
that awareness is associated with larger number of possible configurations of
connections among brain areas that may be needed for the integration and
segregation of sensory-motor activities. We are now, as an extension of our
work, trying to come up with an evolution law, something that will allow us to
make some predictions about what can be found in certain brain states. This
evolution equation may be related to the probability of connections, but we
are not sure yet… this is something for another talk.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB">
Let me mention too that </span><span>fluctuations
are fundamental for pattern formation, and in the nervous system we talk about
fluctuations in synchrony that, perhaps via dynamical bifurcations (the
existence of bifurcations in brain activity, at least in epilepsy, has been
obtained <i>in vivo: ‘</i></span><span lang="EN-GB">Dynamical regimes underlying
epileptiform events: role of instabilities and bifurcations in brain
activity’ </span>Perez Velazquez et al., <i> </i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Physica D</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">, 186, 205-220,
2003</span><span lang="EN-GB">),
create patterns of organised neuronal activity. It is this organised activity
pattern that is the fundamental for a proper, healthy brain information
processing. In seizures you find lot of synchrony with not enough variability
in the configurations of connections, hence not good for sensorimotor
processing, thus loss of awareness is common during seizures. There is an
extensive literature suggesting that variability in brain activity is
associated with good health -- not only in neurophysiology, but also in
cardiac activity, hormonal concentrations etc… Variability makes you
healthy!).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></b><span lang="EN-GB">Sorry
we missed, in our papers, to mention some parallels of our results with<b>
Alexander F’s </b>Operational Architectonics<b>, </b>above all that phenomenal
consciousness refers to a higher level of organization in the brain. We will
take note of this for future publications. </span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-GB">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
And finally, let me mention that I tend to agree with Pierre Gloor in his view
of consciousness that he expounded in ‘Consciousness as a neurological concept
in epileptology: a<b> c</b>ritical review' (<i>Epilepsia </i>27 (Suppl. 2):
S14-S26, 1986): “Consciousness cannot therefore be external to itself; it
cannot be an “object, out there”; it thus cannot be observed. If I may be
allowed to use the metaphor of describing consciousness as the
<i>only</i><b><i> </i></b>window through which we can look at the world, then
it follows that when looking through this window we cannot see the window
itself, even though it, too, is part of the world. Consciousness thus
conceived is not an objectively verifiable datum; it therefore cannot be
defined, and its very nature is not accessible to any form of objective
analysis”. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>Like
Gloor, I do not want to search for strict definitions of consciousness, rather
for properties of it, which can be investigated, e.g. memory, self-awareness,
motor actions etc. To me, consciousness, like life, can be best defined
by enumerating properties rather than by a strict sentence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span>
This is all for now. My colleague Ramon, I am sure, will have more things to
add and comment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;line-height:normal"><span><br></span></p></div></div></div>
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<p> </p><pre class="gmail-m_3684922082212438240moz-signature" cols="72">--
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Pedro C. Marijuán
Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group
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