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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=FI link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear Jose Luis, dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>We would like to thank you for this comprehensive and thought-provoking lecture. We also glad to see many points of correspondence with our own theory of the Operational Architectonics of Brain-Mind functioning which we are developing over 20 years. According to this theory [1] phenomenal consciousness refers to a higher level of organization in the brain and captures all immediate and undeniable (from the first-person perspective) phenomena of subjective experiences (concerning hearing, seeing, touching, feeling, embodiment, moving, and thinking) that present to a person right now (subjective present) and right here (subjective space). In this definition phenomenal means subjective: someone possesses phenomenal consciousness if there is any type of subjective experiences that is currently present for him/her. This notion follows a biological realism approach to consciousness proposed by Revonsuo [2]; according to which subjective consciousness is a real and a natural phenomenon that is tightly anchored to a biological reality found in the human brain. Thus, human brains are those specific ‘‘locations’’ in the physical world, where these two realities, the subjective mental reality and the objective neurobiological reality, although seemingly worlds apart, are intimately connected along a unified metastable continuum [3,4]. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>If phenomenal consciousness is a biological phenomenon within the confines of the brain, then there must be a specific level of brain organization and a specific spatial–temporal grain in it where consciousness resides. In other words, we could expect that at the lower (in comparison with the phenomenal consciousness) level of brain organization there should be nonexperiential entities (some complex electrophysiological mechanisms) that function as the direct realization base of the phenomenal world. We have proposed the functional architecture of the brain – the nested hierarchy of spatiotemporal patterns of 3D electromagnetic fields produced by neuronal assemblies – whose organization and dynamics is in principle isomorphic to the architecture of a mind and thus constitute the subjective experience. However, it makes sense to look at the lower level of explanatory mechanisms (neurophysiology) only after there is a clear description of the phenomenon (phenomenal consciousness) that these mechanisms are supposed to explain. Once we have a clear description of the important principles of the higher phenomenal level (consciousness), it will suggest what sorts of immediate lower-level neural phenomena might be closely associated with it and constitute it through the entangled complementary isomorphism principle [4].<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Our analysis has shown [5] that the structure, organization, dynamics, constitutive and causal relationships of the nested hierarchy of operational architectonics of brain activity are guided by the physical laws such as criticality, self-organization, emergence, and entropy. The proposed operational architectonics framework depicting the mechanisms and dynamics of brain activity may allow us to ‘‘see’’ how the phenomenal (subjective) level is instantiated in the brain. According to this framework, if the operational level of brain organization (as a whole) is taken away, the phenomenal world ceases to exist as for example in the vegetative patients [6].<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>References for a detailed reading:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style='margin-top:0cm' start=1 type=1><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts Al.A., Neves C.F.H. Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time. Physics of Life Reviews 2010;7:195–249. (<a href="https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art61.pdf">https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art61.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>2. Revonsuo A. Inner presence: consciousness as a biological phenomenon. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>3. Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts Al.A. Making complexity simpler: multivariability and metastability in the brain. International Journal of Neuroscience 2004;114:843–62. (<a href="https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art30.pdf">https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art30.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>4. Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts Al.A., Neves C.F.H. Phenomenological architecture of a mind and operational architectonics of the brain: the unified metastable continuum. Journal of New Mathematics and Natural Computing 2009;5:221–44. (<a href="https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art53.pdf">https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art53.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>5. Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts Al.A., Neves C.F.H. Consciousness as a phenomenon in the operational architectonics of brain organization: Criticality and self-organization considerations. </span><span lang=PT style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2013; 55:13–31. (<a href="https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art76.pdf">https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art76.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>6. Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts Al.A., Bagnato S., Boccagni C., Galardi G. Toward operational architectonics of consciousness: basic evidence from patients with severe cerebral injuries. Cognitive Processing. 2012;13(2):111-131. (<a href="https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art69.pdf">https://www.bm-science.com/images/bms/publ/art69.pdf</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Greetings,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Alexander and Andrew Fingelkurts<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US> Fis <fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es> <b>On Behalf Of </b>jose luis perez velazquez<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, 4 January, 2019 15:41<br><b>To:</b> fis@listas.unizar.es<br><b>Subject:</b> [Fis] new year lecture<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Towards a statistical mechanics of cognition: </span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Consciousness as a global property of brain dynamic activity </span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>As a new year’s lecture, we present our recent work that seeks general principles of the organization of the cellular collective activity in the brain associated with conscious awareness. Our purpose is</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> to identify features of brain organization that are optimal for sensory processing, and that may guide the emergence of cognition and consciousness. We follow the thermodynamic approach: find a state functional which reflects the nature of the states attained by the system and that is influenced by some observables. Considering what is known about how the nervous system functions ―and that brain activity is described from EEG, MEG or functional neuroimaging as a superposition of dynamics at different time scales― the “nature of brain states” consists of patterns of coordinated activity, that is, correlations of cellular (neuronal) activity normally measured as coherence or synchrony, hence neural synchronization is a fundamental observable and constitutes an appropriate metric to characterise nervous system dynamics.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> We also follow the classic approach in physics when it comes to understanding collective behaviours of systems composed of a myriad of units: the assessment of the number of possible configurations, or microstates, that the system can adopt. In our study we focus on the collective level of description and assume that coordinated patterns of brain activity evolve due to interactions of mesoscopic areas. Thus we use several types of brain recordings (intracerebral EEG, scalp EEG and MEG) reflecting the mesoscale level to inspect not only superficial cortical activity but also that of deeper structures in conscious and unconscious states, and calculate the number of “connections” between these areas and the associated entropy and complexity.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The methods are detailed in Guevara Erra et al. (2016) and Mateos et al. (2017). Suffice to say that we compute a phase synchrony index from two brain signals (corresponding to two brain areas) and declare the areas “connected” if the index is higher than the average synchrony obtained from surrogates, and “disconnected” if the index is lower. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> It must be noted that, while normally neuroscientists use the words synchrony and connectivity as synonymous, in reality phase synchrony analysis reveals only a correlation between the phases of the oscillations between two signals, and not a real connectivity which depends on several other factors</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>; this is an important topic but we have no space to discuss it here (some of these consideration are expounded in some chapters in ‘</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The Brain-Behaviour Continuum―The subtle transition between sanity and insanity’ (</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Perez Velazquez and Frantseva, 2011).</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Hence, the number of “connected” brain networks is determined from the recordings in the distinct states: conscious (awake) and unconscious (sleep −slow wave and REM―, coma and epileptic seizures), and the whole collection of connected and not connected networks constitutes our macrostate of the brain. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>An entropy value was then computed for the number of possible configurations of connected brain networks. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The entropy of this macrostate is given by the logarithm of the number of combinations. We found a surprisingly simple result: normal wakeful states are characterised by the greatest number of possible configurations of interactions between brain networks, representing highest entropy values. Unconscious states have lower number of configurations, that is, lower entropy. Therefore, the information content is larger in the network associated to conscious states, suggesting that consciousness could be the result of an optimization of information processing. This result is not too surprising, for, as </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Shinbrot and Muzio (Nature 410:251-258, 2001) already said, Nature chooses states that maximize the number of particle rearrangements (in our case it is the rearrangement of connected cell networks).</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The following schematic figure summarises the main concept derived from the study.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=390 height=173 style='width:4.0625in;height:1.802in' id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image001.png@01D4A5DF.656624F0" alt=image.png><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.2pt;text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.2pt;text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The figure </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>represents the proposed general scheme of the relation between global brain connectivity and behavioural states. Normal alertness resides at the top of the curve representing the number of configurations of connections the system can adopt, or the associated entropy. The maximisation of the configurations (microstates) provides the variability in brain activity needed for normal sensorimotor action. Abnormal, or unconscious states like sleep, are located farther from the top, and are characterised by either large (e.g. in epileptic seizures) or small number of “connected” networks therefore exhibiting lower number of microstates (hence lower entropy) that are not optimal for sensorimotor processing.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>However, the entropy thus computed, as explained in the two aforementioned papers, represents a global measure of the organization of brain cell ensembles, hence, at the macroscale level. Therefore, next we examined activity at the lower level, namely the variability in the connections between brain networks; let’s call this the “microscopic” level (although we are still working with signals that represent the macroscopic scale, do not get confused!). </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Having found maximal entropy in conscious states, the microscopic nature of the configurations of connections was evaluated using an adequate complexity measure derived from the Lempel-Ziv complexity, the Joint Lempel-Ziv Complexity (JLZC). This method allows for the assessment of the variability at short time scales of the configurations of connected networks: the establishment and dissolution of “connections” (for details of this study, please see Mateos et al., 2017). Higher complexity was found in states characterised not only by conscious awareness but also by subconscious cognitive processing, such as during sleep stages, where it is known there is information processing and not only during REM episodes (dreaming) but also during slow wave sleep (</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Stickgold, 2001)</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>. Thus, even in moments of global unconsciousness there can be substantial processing, which is revealed upon a closer scrutiny at the microscale level, as that provided by the JLZC. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The results provide evidence for the notion that ongoing transformations of information in the brain are reflected in the variability and fluctuations in the functional connections among brain cell ensembles (large entropy of the number of possible configurations and concomitant large complexity in the variability of the configurations of the connections), which manifest in aspects of consciousness. The crucial aspect for a healthy brain dynamics then is not to reach maximum number of units (neurons or networks) interacting, but rather the largest possible number of configurations (allowed by the constraints). As such, the result of high global entropy at the macro level and concomitant high JLZC supports the global nature of conscious awareness, because even though there is high JLZC in some unconscious states, the macroscopic entropy is low in these states; therefore, conscious awareness needs high global entropy, whereas the high complexity in some unconscious states like sleep reflects information processing but does not reach “awareness”. On the other hand, we found that in pathological unconscious states like seizures or coma both the global entropy and the JLZC are low. In these pathological states, unlike during sleep, there is almost no information processing.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The global nature of consciousness is advocated by several theories of cognition. In fact, we think our</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> findings encapsulate three main current theories of cognition, as discussed in the papers, namely, the Global Workspace Theory, the Information Integrated Theory, and the notion of metastability of brain states. It is well known that neurophysiological recordings of brain activity demonstrate fluctuating patterns of cellular interactions, variability that allows for a wide range of states or configurations of connections of distributed networks exchanging information, that support the flexibility needed to process sensory inputs and execute motor actions. Recent years have seen a surge in the study of fluctuations in brain coordinated activity, studies that have raised conceptual frameworks such as that of metastable dynamics and that have motivated interest in the practical application of assessments of nervous system variability for clinical purposes. Of course the prominent question is how to describe the organising principles of this cellular collective activity which allow features associated with consciousness to emerge. This is the objective of our work.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In conclusion, and as </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>an extension of previous work [Perez Velazquez, 2009] where it was proposed that a general organizing principle of natural phenomena is the tendency toward maximal —more probable— distribution of energy, we venture that the brain organization optimal for conscious awareness will be a manifestation of the tendency towards a widespread distribution of energy (or, equivalently, maximal information exchange). Whereas we do not directly deal with energy or information in our work, as we focus on the number of (micro)states or combinations of connected signals derived from specific types of neurophysiological recordings, the results obtained are consistent with conscious awareness being associated with widespread distribution of “information” among brain cell ensembles.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In summary, these studies represent our preliminary attempt at finding organising principles of brain function that will help to guide in a more formal sense inquiry into how consciousness arises from the organization of matter. The extension of this work that we are now carrying out includes a description of the evolution equation of brain dynamics using a probabilistic framework incorporating the probabilities of connections among brain cell networks. But this is a story for a future talk! In the meantime, buena suerte for the new year we just started… even though I don’t really believe in luck but this is another story too, one about determinism and stochasticity..</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;text-transform:uppercase'>References</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>R. Guevara Erra, D. M. Mateos, R. Wennberg, J.L. Perez Velazquez (2016) </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Statistical mechanics of consciousness: Maximization of information content of network is associated with conscious awareness. </span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Physical Review E</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>, </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>94, 052402 </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;text-transform:uppercase'> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>D. M. Mateos, R. Wennberg, R. Guevara Erra, J. L. Perez Velazquez </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>(2017) Consciousness as a global property of brain dynamic activity. </span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Physical Review E,</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>96, 062410 </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>J.L. Perez Velazquez, M.V. Frantseva (2011). </span><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The Brain-Behaviour Continuum ―The subtle transition between sanity and insanity</span></i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>. Imperial College Press/World Scientific </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;break-after:avoid'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>J. L. Perez Velazquez (2009) </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>Finding simplicity in complexity: general principles of biological and nonbiological organization. </span><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>Journal of Biological Physics</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>, 35, 209-221 </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></h1><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>R. Stickgold (2001) Watching the sleeping brain watch us —Sensory processing during sleep. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i> 24, 307. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>