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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Dear Loet, Jose Luiz and All,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Another series of New Year’s Greetings – can there be
too many?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>As he knows, I have already found the positions of Jose Luiz most significant,
also the commentaries which they generate as this of Loet. According to my own
interpretation of ‘how things are’, it is best to look at how
things are (partly) the same rather than only what distinguishes them.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Two such ‘things’ are construction and control, and my
point is actually exactly implied by Loet’s phraseology: “when the
balance tips”. In my view, this is the same question as what determines
the change from (primarily) potentiality to (primarily) actuality. Lupasco
thought, eighty years ago, that at the limit, no more than one quantum of
energy is required for a ‘flip’. At this point, logic and
statistical mechanics, determinism and stochasticity, converge. Probability
enters here through the front door, since if the change from potential or
actual (or <i><span style='font-style:italic'>vice versa</span></i>) is more
probable in terms of global energy potential difference, so is the chance of
the flip being in the preferred direction, The system then ‘stays’
there, for a longer or shorter time as the case may be, until ‘flipped back’
(reverse chemical reactions near equilibrium). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Also very suggestive is Loet’s expression that “emergence
rewrites the history from which it emerged”. This is a bit opaque since
cast in terms of abstractions. But, again as proposed by Lupasco, for complex
systems, the emergent entity being actualized is not totally separate from the still
partly potentialized states from which it emerged. I believe on close
inspection, which my formulation has not received, it provides for the apparent
concomitant operation of two opposing chains of causality, for which Loet uses
a modification of a univocal arrow of time. The advantage of my formulation (I
suggest) is that it avoids reference to history and time in their usual senses.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face="Lucida Sans Unicode"><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
color:navy'>Joseph<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
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face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=3 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
Fis [mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b><st1:PersonName w:st="on">Loet Leydesdorff</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> samedi, 5 janvier 2019 13:23<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> jose luis perez velazquez; <st1:PersonName
w:st="on">fis@listas.unizar.es</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Fis] new year
lecture</span></font><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 5.0pt;
margin-left:2.5pt;margin-top:1.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt'>In summary,
these studies represent our preliminary attempt at finding organising
principles of brain function that will help to guide in a more formal sense <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>inquiry into how consciousness arises from the
organization of matter. </span></b>The extension of this work that we are now
carrying out includes a description of the evolution equation of brain dynamics
using a probabilistic framework incorporating the probabilities of connections
among brain cell networks. But this is a story for a future talk! In the
meantime, buena suerte for the new year we just started… even though I
don’t really believe in luck but this is another story too, one about
determinism and stochasticity..</span></font><font size=2 face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 5.0pt;
margin-left:2.5pt;margin-top:1.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'
cite="CAH2XT=-HschvH_WxCemFN6e33n0LES996pWjgSuKw_++nCMdrw@mail.gmail.com"
type=cite>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dear Jose Luis,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Thank you for the lecture. </span></font><font face="Segoe UI"><span
style='font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'>It seems to me that one has to distinguish between
genesis and validity. "How consciousness arises from the organization of
matter" is typically a question about the genesis; some would say
"morphogenesis" or a next-order systems level. However, the emerging
level has a (sub)dynamics of itself which can also function as a control
mechanism. Construction is bottom up, but control top-down. Interesting is, in
my opinion, the question when the balance tips in favor of the emerging system?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'>Whereas the genesis is entropy-driven, the control
mechanism operates as a feedback and therefore in terms of generating
redundancy (as different from entropy); against the arrow of time or, in other
words, not in historical time, but in terms of an evolutionary clock. The emergence
rewrites the history from which it emerged. One thus has to specify the <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>differentia specifica </span></i>of the next-order in
terms of how it operates as a selection mechanism upon the variation (entropy).
This specification cannot be achieved by focusing on the genesis as you
advocate. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'>Hopefully, you find this a fruitful approach and
contribution. The historical genesis can be studied objectivistically since it
occurs in history. The selection mechanisms first have to be specified on
theoretical ground and thus require another design; namely one of hypotheses
and hypothesis-testing. Would you agree?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'>Loet<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id=x6fe6914415c2404>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Segoe UI"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Segoe UI"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
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<div id=x6a43694a733f4a9>
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<div id="signature_old">
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<div id=x337b22579712426abf55c20f258d0a74>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#1F497D'>
<hr size=3 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font size=2
color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'>Loet Leydesdorff</span></font></st1:PersonName><font size=2
color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size=2 color="#1f497d"
face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>Professor
emeritus, University of Amsterdam<br>
Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size=2 color="#44546a"
face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#44546A'><a
href="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net" title="mailto:loet@leydesdorff.net"><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>loet@leydesdorff.net </span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#1F497D'>; </span></font><font size=2 color="#44546a"
face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#44546A'><a
href="http://www.leydesdorff.net/" title="http://www.leydesdorff.net/"><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>http://www.leydesdorff.net/</span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#1F497D'> <br>
</span></font><font size=1 color=black face=Calibri><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Associate Faculty, </span></font><font
size=2 color="#44546a" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/"><font size=1><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>SPRU, </span></font></a></span></font><font size=1
color=black face=Calibri><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:black'>University of Sussex; <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size=1 color=black face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Guest Professor </span></font><font
size=2 color="#44546a" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.zju.edu.cn/english/"><font size=1><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Zhejiang Univ.</span></font></a></span></font><font
size=1 color=black face=Calibri><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:black'>, Hangzhou; Visiting Professor, </span></font><font size=2
color="#44546a" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.istic.ac.cn/Eng/brief_en.html"><font size=1><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>ISTIC, </span></font></a></span></font><font size=1
color=black face=Calibri><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:black'>Beijing;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><font size=1 color=black face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Visiting Fellow, </span></font><font
size=2 color="#44546a" face=Calibri><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
Calibri;color:#44546A'><a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/"><font size=1><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Birkbeck</span></font></a></span></font><font size=1
color=black face=Calibri><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:black'>, University of London; <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<span style='mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin' xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=1 color="#44546a"
face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#44546A'><a
href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ych9gNYAAAAJ&hl=en</a></span></span></font><font
size=2 color=black face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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color:#44546A'><br>
<br>
</span></font><font size=2 color=black face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;color:black'></span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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