<div dir="ltr"><div>Closing is beginning</div><div><br></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Let me add to these soothing Christmas carols a parable
about Shadows in a Cave<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Time-honoured narrative<span></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Plato’s allegory of the cave, being a powerful katathymic
imagination, is an excellent stage to develop the narrative connected to
imagination, information and reality. Their own ignorance and prejudices keep the
inhabitants of the cave prisoners of that place, where they can see nothing of
the things of the outside world but the shadows these throw on the wall of the
cave, as they pass the sunlit entrance of the cave. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">In this narrative, things are mentioned, are still with us.
The allegory spins about the wish to know things better, not us. The frame of
the narrative allows introducing important structural elements of the epistemological
treatise, namely: the terms shadow, perception, form, recognising, reality,
illusion. There is a twist to the story, as one of the prisoners manages to
break free and wanders outside of the cave. He recognises the Sun, the world outside
and the relation of the things, the Sun and the shadow. Returning back, however,
he is unable to see in the semi-dark of the cave, and his co-prisoners believe
that venturing outside robs one of eyesight and causes madness, so they kill him.
The historical allegory then wanders off into discussing beauty, theology and
generally, the place of the subject in the world, which appears to depend on which
structures the subject looks into his concept of the world. One step more, and
we arrive at C.G. Jung and the archetypes of perception.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Interestingly, there is a hint towards combinatorics as they
discuss the extent of the variety of the forms. If one has a limited number of
dialectic alternatives, there can only exist a limited number of different
forms. There is a form of a primitive typology discernible there. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The subject matter of the whole allegory is the meaning of
the term order. It is irrelevant, or undecidable, which of the appearances is
reality, and for whom. Is there among the recognisable appearances any order,
and is this order different to that which reigns among the appearances which we
can not recognise? The ancient Greeks had plenty of new, unknown landscapes and
facts to discover, but they had no computers at their disposal. We have run out
of landscapes that are unknown and are in factual possession of many more facts
that we can build narratives on. Our advantages: we have tools at our disposal,
powerful registries of actual facts, which the Greeks did not have. Computers
allow re-playing history. This situation opens up an opportunity for the gentle
folk in the cave to restart their investigations.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm" start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">New halls found <span></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Let us build a variant of the tale of the cave. Let us
imagine that the prisoners do not kill the adventurer, who manages to accommodate
his eyesight again to the semi-darkness of the cave. What is more, this prophet
succeeds in unchaining the liberty-seeking prisoners and proposes to move in to
an unused deeper portion of the cave system. We migrate deeper into the cave. We
leave the things to be things. We no longer watch the shadows they throw on the
walls of the cave. We want at first to re-calibrate our shadow classification
procedures, using unit things throwing defined shadows. Let us leave reality
out of this Glasperlenspiel. Reality is that what we create in a spacious,
well-climatized, cheerful hall next to the original cave. We illuminate in this
hall of the cave system and watch the shadows objects throw which we place in
the middle of the hall. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">We first have to explain the concepts of the Sun,
illuminated objects and their shadow. We shall not fail to point out that the
perspective-giving a-priori fact, the Sun, <i>is
moving</i> in a cyclic fashion. Whatever the object is that throws a shadow,
this shadow’s place and appearance will <i>change</i>
as an axiomatic fact. We would never come up with a world view that is static,
with one perspective.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Then we generate such objects about which we know all, the
objects being our own invention. These objects we make as dolls, being made up
of two parts. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">We place a self-made terracotta army of dolls in the hall and
make use of our powerful torches. The walls of the hall are standard 21<sup>st</sup>
century AD movie screens, and we have of course an almost unlimited number of perspectives,
from where we can throw light and cause shadows, watching the dolls.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm" start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Learn about yourselves,
not about things<span></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">We may have left the facts of reality outside, but we still
see shadows. These shadows are made by us, our terracotta dolls give such
shadows as result from the positions we have placed our lamps in. We can do
what students like to do, and switch off all the lights and turn them all on
again. We shall observe, that the results achieved such do not allow discussing
shadows, but confront us with ourselves: are we about to figure out the
relation between light and shadow, or are we in a destructive,
anti-intellectual mood? We may not learn much about things while illuminating a
terracotta army of dolls, but we are learning about ourselves. Which is the
ultimate goal, as the Greeks had figured out. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Returning to work, we will see, that what is illuminated can
be called to be that what is the case, and the shadow can be interpreted as a
description of what is not the case. The first question to be answered is then:
by which degree of certainty is it possible to establish, watching the shadows,
which of the dolls had been illuminated? How do statements about what is not
the case restrict the possibilities of Sachverhalte to be the case? <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">This was the easier part, so far. Now the terracotta dolls
begin marching. They are being re-ordered. They are, in fact, always in the
process of being re-ordered. There are many conflicts and collisions. The wide
variety of possible light arrangements and of possible readings of shadows do
not make the circus simpler. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The addition of a hall to the cave allows interested prisoners
to play with their own torches and discover, what kinds of shadows are thrown
when standard form objects are used as shadow-generators. The results allow the
prisoners to unchain their fixations and recognise their own preferences,
prejudices and inhibitions while dealing with the shadows things throw. Undoing
the subjective component allows approaching forms of ideas, by making them
communicable. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">We learn about ourselves as we observe ourselves, how we
deal with a kaleidoscope. There are at least 3 levels of possible varieties:
how the dolls stand, which lights are turned on, which shadows are recognised. The
systematic, methodical approach would be to conduct a series of thought
experiments, which show, how one of the factors influences what we perceive,
while holding the two other factors stable. Are we up to the task to tabulate,
what shadows <i>n</i> dolls throw if
illuminated by <i>k </i>reflectors? We could
arrive at results like “truth is dependent on the perspective”, and this result
might be hard to integrate into one’s long-serving, familiar worldview. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm" start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Are we looking chaos or
order into numbers<span></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">There are lots of spectacular effects, transformations and
metamorphoses among the shadows we have generated. They may catch and keep the
attention of the spectators. We have to find that niche of special, ideal,
optimal circumstances in which that what we are trying to picture: the
transmission of information in theoretical genetics, actually exists. This
surrounding environment is necessarily unspectacular and is an ossified
playing-ground for boring implications, causes and effects, non-existent alternatives
and tautologies. That, what functions best, is the least spectacular (as it is
optimised, having shed in the process all unnecessary ornaments /form follows
function: Adolf Loos/). The small niche of ideal circumstances is hidden among
the spectacular collisions, contradictions, limits, constraints and explosive
transformations and de-materialisations that are also pictured by the numbers. We
can definitely create such a show, using dolls, torches and shadows, which is
unpredictable and chaotic and unstable. All those, who follow the dialectic
school of thought of Heraclit, Hegel, etc. where two opposing forces fight like
James Bond and Dr. No, will find much pleasure in the non-consolidability of
some conflicts. Those, who look for the mechanism that governs the fine clockwork
of genetics and neurology, will have to look carefully, as such contraptions
that function well, do not make noises and are generally inobtrusive.<span></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm" start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Small results are good
results<span></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">What we are looking for, is however easy to find. We are
content if we see cohorts of terracotta dolls march in goose-step, synchronously,
from places to places, in dependence of their position in a linear rank and
file order. We know that these cohorts move in groups of 3, and each of the 3
can have one of 4 variations. We actually have found them in the great melee. It
is now the art of the lights engineer to show them influencing the properties
of the melee. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Understanding ourselves, our prejudices and aversions, helps
in creating an unbiased, clinically sterile working desk, a clean mental image
of order and disorder. Within the general disorder, there are small niches, in
which simple logical, arithmetical implications can unfold and prove their
existence. If we listen to the whispering voice of reason, which states that
the process evidently and obviously does take place in everyday life, therefore
the process can not be logically impossible, we find the chained sequence of
implications that is the principle at work in genetics.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Let us continue to work towards understanding ourselves, by discussing
how one can understand and interpret the term information, in the New Year
also!<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Best wishes to all:<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Karl<span></span></p>
</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">Am Do., 27. Dez. 2018 um 10:20 Uhr schrieb Joseph Brenner <<a href="mailto:joe.brenner@bluewin.ch">joe.brenner@bluewin.ch</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<u></u>
<div lang="FR">
<div class="gmail-m_5126124995737875588Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy">Dear Loet
and All,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">Thank you and best Season’s Greetings also. Please see my
emendations in red.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">Cheers,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Lucida Sans Unicode" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">Joseph<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Arial" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt" lang="EN-US">
<hr width="100%" size="3" align="center">
</span></font></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma" lang="EN-US">
Fis [mailto:<u></u>fis<u></u>-<a href="mailto:bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>]
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">On Behalf Of </span></b><u></u>Loet Leydesdorff<u></u><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> mercredi, 26 décembre 2018
07:34<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> Pedro C. Marijuan; <u></u>fis<u></u><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Fis] Concluding
& Season Greetings</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<blockquote style="border-color:currentcolor currentcolor currentcolor rgb(204,204,204);border-style:none none none solid;border-width:medium medium medium 1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 5pt;margin:1.5pt 0cm 5pt 2.5pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black;font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">"Humans stand apart from other species in the amount </span></font></i><i><font face="Segoe UI" color="maroon"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:maroon;font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">and kind </span></font></i><i><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black;font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">of information they acquire by paying attention
to what others do, and crucially to what they say... <br>
Information is our environment, our niche, and we constantly transform that
niche to acquire even more </span></font></i><i><font face="Segoe UI" color="maroon"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:maroon;font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">and different kinds of </span></font></i><i><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black;font-style:italic" lang="EN-GB">information from our surroundings..."</span></font></i><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB"> <br>
</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">Isn't it deeply related to principles of social information
science, and also to the narratives theme of this session?<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">Dear Pedro and
colleagues, <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB">The issue is in my
opinion, not the generation of more information (probabilistic entropy</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="navy"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">; </span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="maroon"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:maroon" lang="EN-GB">quantitative</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB">), but the specification of the selection mechanisms</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="navy"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">; </span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="maroon"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:maroon" lang="EN-GB">qualitative</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB">. These are system-specific</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="navy"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:navy" lang="EN-GB">, </span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="maroon"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:maroon" lang="EN-GB">perhaps, species-specific</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB">.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">I wish you a happy
new year and thanks for keeping the list going.<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">Loet<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588x03afe508a4fa44e">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"> <br>
Like in previous years, after the Xmas pause, we will receive the 2019 with our
traditional "New Year Lecture".<br>
As usual it will be announced during the last week or during first days of the
new year. <br>
It will revolve around a topic we have scarcely discussed: the neuroscience of
consciousness. <br>
After that Lecture, Xueshan and Plamen will tentatively organize respective
discussion sessions.<br>
<br>
And to everybody: enjoy the Xmas time! Feliz Navidad from Zaragoza. <br>
See below the Nativity Scene in the square of El Pilar Basilica. </span></font><font size="5" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><br>
</span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black">Best--Pedro<u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<p><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"><img id="gmail-m_5126124995737875588_x0000_i1025" src="cid:167f04d28bd4ce8e91" width="764" height="509"><br>
</span></font><font size="5" face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"> </span></font><font face="Segoe UI" color="black"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI";color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></font></p>
<pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">-- <u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">-------------------------------------------------<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">Pedro C. Marijuán<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">Grupo de Bioinformación / Bioinformation Group<u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><a href="mailto:pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es" target="_blank">pcmarijuan.iacs@aragon.es</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/" target="_blank">http://sites.google.com/site/pedrocmarijuan/</a><u></u><u></u></span></font></pre><pre><font size="2" face="Courier New" color="black"><span style="font-size:10pt;color:black">------------------------------------------------- <u></u><u></u></span></font></pre>
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