<HTML><BODY><p style="margin-top: 0px;" dir="ltr">Dear Bruno, <br> You talk about "some non mechanical super-entities (which exist also in the arithmetical reality)".<br> This way of reasoning throws us into the realm of the philosophy of mathematics, in which you clearly pursue a neo-platonism in the traces of Tegmark, Godel, Husserl, Tiles, against Carnap, Hilbert, Stuart Mill, Poincare', Brouwer, Lakoff & Nunez, Dehaene, Maddy, Field, Lakatos, Benacerraf.  </p> 
<p dir="ltr">Your idea is interesting and intriguing,  related as it is to the philosophy of mathematics.  However, your idea has nothing to do with the concepts of scientific method and of testable hypothesis.  You are talking about philosophy, not about science.  </p> 
<p dir="ltr">I feel myself closer to the scientific method than to the logic underlying the philosophy, therefore I prefer to spend my time in reading scientific papers.   Possibly innovative, always deeply grounded in an experimental context.  </p> 
<div id="mail-app-auto-default-signature">
 <p dir="ltr">--<br> Inviato da Libero Mail per Android</p>
</div>domenica, 20 maggio 2018, 07:06PM +02:00 da Bruno Marchal <a href="mailto:marchal@ulb.ac.be">marchal@ulb.ac.be</a>:<br><br><blockquote id="mail-app-auto-quote" style="border-left:1px solid #85AF31; margin:0px 0px 0px 10px; padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;" cite="15268361100000035335">
        



    









        
        


        
        
        
        
        

        
        

        
        



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                        <div id="style_15268361100000035335_BODY"><div class="class_1526841835">Hi Dai Griffith, Hi Colleagues,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 17 May 2018, at 13:44, Dai Griffiths <<a href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" class="" target="_blank"  rel=" noopener noreferrer" >dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline_mailru_css_attribute_postfix"><div class="">
  
    
  
  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><p class="">What is a 'thing'? <br class=""></p></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>I assume Digital Mechanism all along. I don’t know if it is true, but if true it provides a clear (and tastable) answer.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>For the staring basic primitive “ontological”, you can stat from any universal complete theory or system.</div><div>To fix the things, I start often from the combinators SK, or, as people are more familiar with them, from numbers, with addition and multiplication. That determines the set of all computations, and our first person experience differentiates on them. Indeed, incompleteness forces the self-referentially correct machines/numbers to get many different modes of selves, the believer, the knower, the observer, the feeler, etc. </div><div><br class=""></div><div>A thing like a chair becomes a sort of map of our (indexical, relative) neighbourhood of consistent continuations.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>I am aware it is counter-intuitive, and quite non materialist, but it explains many features of physics, and of consciousness (which is defined as immediate undoubtable unjustifiable truth). It provides a “natural role” for consciousness like a self-seppeding up relatively to the universal numbers.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><p class="">
    </p><p class="">Perhaps it is more reasonable to think that  only processes
      exist, and that for human convenience in living in the world we
      put conceptual membranes around some parts of those processes and
      call them 'things'. From this point of view we do not have two
      aspects (things and predictions about those things), but simply
      the monitoring of processes, and theorising about what we find.
      This does not preclude a taxonomy of processes (e.g. mechanisms
      might be a special kind of process).<br class="">
    </p><p class="">Perhaps our "Is information physical" problem could be usefully
      reformulated as "Is information a thing?”.<br class=""></p></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>It is certainly a type of thing. With mechanism, we can exploit the abyssal difference between the arithmetical reality and the arithmetical theory seen from inside by the universal machines. The physics (and theology) is not dependent of the choice of the starting ontology, as any universal entity emulates the infinitely many interactions between all of them (I predicted the non cloning theorem of matter from this well before QM “confirms” it. </div><div>The interesting thing is not in the things, but indeed in the relations between, and even more in what the universal relations/things can believe, know, observe among all things/relations.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>Information can be measured, but it can also interpreted, and that is what the universal machine like to do the most. </div><div>See my papers for why mechanism associate a notion of person to a vast variety of machines, and also to some non mechanical super-entities (which exist also in the arithmetical reality (not to be confused with its computable part).</div><div><br class=""></div><div>Bruno</div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><p class="">
    </p>
    Dai<br class="">
    <br class="">
    <br class="">
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">On 17/05/18 11:47, Jose Javier Blanco
      Rivero wrote:<br class="">
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAMEsQ-vORLzewKMRjuCgphxiQRssebdmaX-uWJT81m4rH7Gw=A@mail.gmail.com" class=""><p dir="ltr" class="">Dear FISers, </p><p dir="ltr" class="">I recently came across an old interview to W. van
        Orman Quine and I got an idea -maybe  not very original per se.
        Quine distinguishes two kind of philosophical problems:
        ontological (those referred to the existence of things) and
        predicative (what can we say and know about things). Against
        Quine materialism I came across the idea that ontological
        problems are undecidable -I think of Turing's Halting problem.
        The fact is that we cannot leave the predicative realm. All we
        have as scientists is scientifical statements (therefore I think
        of Science as a communicative social system differentiated from
        its environment by means of a code -I think Loet would agree
        with me in this point). As a system (I mean not the social
        system, but the set of statements taken as a unity) they all are
        incomplete. There are many ways to deal with it, as logicians
        have shown (in this point I confess I would need to examine
        carefully B. Marchal's ideas. I think I have many points of
        agreement with him but also of disagreement -but honestly I
        currently lack the knowledge to undertake a thorough
        discussion). Self-reference, I think, is one of the most
        coherent ways to deal with it. But this means we have to learn
        to deal with paradoxes. <br class="">
        Accordingly, as information theorist we would need to identify
        the constitutive paradox of information and next unfold that
        paradox in a set of statements that represent what we know about
        information. The problem is that although we can have the
        intuition that information is real, physical as has been said,
        it cannot be proved. An external reference like "reality ", if
        we look carefully, acts as regulatory function within the
        system. I remember that in the "Science of the Society", Luhmann
        devised the concept of consistency proofs
        (Konsistenzprüfung).But reality as such, the Ding an sich, is
        inaccessible. In conclusion, Quine would say that we should not
        be asking us a question that cannot be answered. </p><p dir="ltr" class="">Best,</p><p dir="ltr" class="">JJ</p>
      <div class="gmail_quote_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">El may 16, 2018 11:24 PM, "Burgin, Mark"
        <<a href="mailto:mburgin@math.ucla.edu" moz-do-not-send="true" class="" target="_blank"  rel=" noopener noreferrer" >mburgin@math.ucla.edu</a>> escribió:<br type="attribution" class="">
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" style="margin:0 0 0           .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
          <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" class="">    Dear FISers,<br class="">
               It was an interesting discussion, in which many highly
            intelligent and creative individuals participated expressing
            different points of view. Many interesting ideas were
            suggested. As a conclusion to this discussion, I would like
            to suggest a logical analysis of the problem based on our
            intrinsic and often tacit assumptions.<br class="">
            <br class="">
               To great extent, our possibility to answer the question
            “Is information physical? “ depends on our model of the
            world. Note that here physical means the nature of
            information and not its substance, or more exactly, the
            substance of its carrier, which can be physical, chemical
            biological or quantum. By the way, expression “quantum
            information” is only the way of expressing that the carrier
            of information belongs to the quantum level of nature. This
            is similar to the expressions “mixed numbers” or “decimal
            numbers”, which are only forms or number representations and
            not numbers themselves.<br class="">
             <br class="">
              If we assume that there is only the physical world, we
            have, at first, to answer the question “Does information
            exist? “ All FISers assume that information exists.
            Otherwise, they would not participate in our discussions.
            However, some people think differently (cf., for example,
            Furner, J. (2004) Information studies without information).<br class="">
            <br class="">
               Now assuming that information exists, we have only one
            option, namely, to admit that information is physical
            because only physical things exist.<br class="">
               If we assume that there are two worlds - information is
            physical, we have three options assuming that information
            exists:<br class="">
            - information is physical<br class="">
            - information is mental<br class="">
            - information is both physical and mental  <br class="">
            <br class="">
            Finally, coming to the Existential Triad of the World, which
            comprises three worlds - the physical world, the mental
            world and the world of structures, we have seven options
            assuming that information exists:<br class="">
            - information is physical<br class="">
            - information is mental<br class="">
            - information is structural  <br class="">
            - information is both physical and mental  <br class="">
            - information is both physical and structural  <br class="">
            - information is both structural and mental  <br class="">
            - information is physical, structural and mental  <br class="">
              <br class="">
             The solution suggested by the general theory of information
            tries to avoid unnecessary multiplication of essences
            suggesting that information (in a general sense) exists in
            all three worlds but … in the physical world, it is called <b class="">energy</b>,
            in the mental world, it is called <b class="">mental energy</b>, and
            in the world of structures, it is called <b class="">information</b>
            (in the strict sense). This conclusion well correlates with
            the suggestion of Mark Johnson that information is both
            physical and not physical only the general theory of
            information makes this idea more exact and testable.<br class="">
               In addition, being in the world of structures,
            information in the strict sense is represented in two other
            worlds by its representations and carriers. Note that any
            representation of information is its carrier but not each
            carrier of information is its representation. For instance,
            an envelope with a letter is a carrier of information in
            this letter but it is not its representation.<br class="">
               Besides, it is possible to call all three faces of
            information by the name energy - physical energy, mental
            energy and structural energy.<br class="">
               <br class="">
               Finally, as many interesting ideas were suggested in this
            discussion, may be Krassimir will continue his excellent
            initiative combining the most interesting contributions into
            a paper with the title<br class="">
                                                             
                                <b class=""> Is information physical?</b><br class="">
               and publish it in his esteemed Journal.<br class="">
               <br class="">
               Sincerely,<br class="">
               Mark Burgin<br class="">
            <br class="">
            <div class="m_-6888820020232975365moz-cite-prefix_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">On
              5/11/2018 3:20 AM, Karl Javorszky wrote:<br class="">
            </div>
            <blockquote type="cite" class="">
              <div dir="auto" class="">Dear Arturo, 
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">There were some reports in clinical
                  psychology, about 30 years ago, that relate to the
                  question whether a machine can pretend to be a
                  therapist. That was the time as computers could newly
                  be used in an interactive fashion, and the Rogers
                  techniques were a current discovery.</div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">(Rogers developed a dialogue method
                  where one does not address the contents of what the
                  patient says, but rather the emotional aspects of the
                  message, assumed to be at work in the patient.)</div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">They then said, that in some cases it
                  was indistinguishable, whether a human or a machine
                  provides the answer to a patient's elucidations. </div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">Progress since then has surely made
                  possible to create machines that are indistinguishable
                  in interaction to humans. Indeed, what is called
                  "expert systems ", are widely used in many fields. If
                  the interaction is rational,  that is: formally
                  equivalent to a logical discussion modi Wittgenstein,
                  the difference in: "who arrived at this answer,
                  machinery or a human", becomes irrelevant. </div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">Artistry, intuition, creativity are
                  presently seen as not possible to translate into
                  Wittgenstein sentences. Maybe the inner instincts are
                  not yet well understood. But!: there are some who are
                  busily undermining the current fundamentals of
                  rational thinking. So there is hope that we shall live
                  to experience the ultimate disillusionment,  namely
                  that humans are a combinatorial tautology. </div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">Accordingly, may I respectfully express
                  opposing views to what you state: that machines and
                  humans are of incompatible builds. There are hints
                  that as far as rational capabilities go, the same
                  principles apply. There is a rest, you say, which is
                  not of this kind. The counter argument says that
                  irrational processes do not take place in organisms,
                  therefore what you refer to belongs to the main
                  process, maybe like waste belongs to the organism's
                  principle. This view draws a picture of a functional
                  biotope, in which the waste of one kind of organism is
                  raw material for a different kind. </div>
                <div dir="auto" class=""><br class="">
                </div>
                <div dir="auto" class="">Karl </div>
              </div>
              <br class="">
              <div class="gmail_quote_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">
                <div dir="ltr" class=""> <<a href="mailto:tozziarturo@libero.it" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="" rel=" noopener noreferrer" >tozziarturo@libero.it</a>>
                  schrieb am Do., 10. Mai 2018 15:24:<br class="">
                </div>
                <blockquote class="gmail_quote_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" style="margin:0 0 0                   .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                  <div class=""><p style="margin-top:0px" dir="ltr" class="">Dear Bruno, <br class="">
                      You state: <br class="">
                      "IF indexical digital mechanism is correct in the
                      cognitive science,<br class="">
                      THEN “physical” has to be defined entirely in
                      arithmetical term, i.e. “physical” becomes a
                      mathematical notion.<br class="">
                      ...Indexical digital mechanism is the hypothesis
                      that there is a level of description of the
                      brain/body such that I would survive, or “not feel
                      any change” if my brain/body is replaced by a
                      digital machine emulating the brain/body at that
                      level of description".</p><p dir="ltr" class="">The problem of your account is the
                      following:<br class="">
                      You say "IF" and "indexical digital mechanism is
                      the HYPOTHESIS".<br class="">
                      Therefore, you are talking of an HYPOTHESIS: it is
                      not empirically tested and it is not empirically
                      testable.  You are starting with a sort of
                      postulate: I, and other people, do not agree with
                      it.  The current neuroscience does not state that
                      our brain/body is (or can be replaced by) a
                      digital machine.<br class="">
                      In other words, your "IF" stands for something
                      that possibly does not exist in our real world. 
                      Here your entire building falls down.  <br class="">
                    </p>
                    <div id="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129mail-app-auto-default-signature_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" class=""><p dir="ltr" class="">--<br class="">
                        Inviato da Libero Mail per Android</p>
                    </div>
                    giovedì, 10 maggio 2018, 02:46PM +02:00 da Bruno
                    Marchal <a class="m_-6888820020232975365moz-txt-link-abbreviated_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" href="mailto:marchal@ulb.ac.be" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" rel=" noopener noreferrer" >marchal@ulb.ac.be</a>:<br class="">
                    <br class="">
                    <blockquote id="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129mail-app-auto-quote_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" style="border-left:1px solid #85af31;margin:0px                       0px 0px 10px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px" cite="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;15259565360000035165&#x2F;" class="">
                      <div >
                        <div class="">
                          <div id="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129style_15259565360000035165_BODY_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" class="">
                            <div class="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129class_1525973693_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">
                              <div class="">(This mail has been sent previously ,
                                but without success. I resend it, with
                                minor changes). Problems due to
                                different accounts. It was my first
                                comment to Mark Burgin new thread “Is
                                information physical?”.</div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              Dear Mark, Dear Colleagues,
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class="">Apology for not answering the mails
                                in the chronological orders, as my new
                                computer classifies them in some
                                mysterious way!</div>
                              <div class="">This is my first post of the week. I
                                might answer comment, if any, at the end
                                of the week.</div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                              </div>
                              <div class=""><br class="">
                                <div class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <div class="">On 25 Apr 2018, at 03:47,
                                      Burgin, Mark <<a href="mailto:mburgin@math.ucla.edu" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="" rel=" noopener noreferrer" >mburgin@math.ucla.edu</a>>
                                      wrote:</div>
                                    <br class="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129Apple-interchange-newline_mailru_css_attribute_postfix_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">
                                    <div class=""><p style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class="">Dear
                                        Colleagues,</p><p style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class="">I
                                        would like to suggest the new
                                        topic for discussion</p><p style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class="">                                     
                                        Is information physical?<br class="">
                                      </p>
                                    </div>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">That is an important topic
                                    indeed, very close to what I am
                                    working on. </div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">My result here is that </div>
                                  <div class=""><b class=""><u class=""><br class="">
                                      </u></b></div>
                                  <div class=""><b class=""><u class="">IF</u></b> indexical
                                    digital mechanism is correct in the
                                    cognitive science, </div>
                                  <div class=""><b class=""><u class=""><br class="">
                                      </u></b></div>
                                  <div class=""><b class=""><u class="">THEN</u></b>  “physical”
                                    has to be defined entirely in
                                    arithmetical term, i.e. “physical”
                                    becomes a mathematical notion.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">The proof is constructive. It
                                    shows exactly how to derive physics
                                    from Arithmetic (the reality, not
                                    the theory. I use “reality” instead
                                    of “model" (logician’s term, because
                                    physicists use “model" for
                                    “theory").</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Indexical digital mechanism is
                                    the hypothesis that there is a level
                                    of description of the brain/body
                                    such that I would survive, or “not
                                    feel any change” if my brain/body is
                                    replaced by a digital machine
                                    emulating the brain/body at that
                                    level of description.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Not only information is not
                                    physical, but matter, time, space,
                                    and all physical objects become part
                                    of the universal machine
                                    phenomenology. Physics is reduced to
                                    arithmetic, or, equivalently, to any
                                    Turing-complete machinery. Amazingly
                                    Arithmetic (even the tiny
                                    semi-computable part of arithmetic)
                                    is Turing complete (Turing
                                    Universal).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">The basic idea is that:</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">1) no universal machine can
                                    distinguish if she is executed by an
                                    arithmetical reality or by a
                                    physical reality. And,</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">2) all universal machines are
                                    executed in arithmetic, and they are
                                    necessarily undetermined on the set
                                    of of all its continuations emulated
                                    in arithmetic. </div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">That reduces physics to a
                                    statistics on all computations
                                    relative to my actual state, and see
                                    from some first person points of
                                    view (something I can describe more
                                    precisely in some future post
                                    perhaps).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Put in that way, the proof is not
                                    constructive, as, if we are machine,
                                    we cannot know which machine we are.
                                    But Gödel’s incompleteness can be
                                    used to recover this constructively
                                    for a simpler machine than us, like
                                    Peano arithmetic. This way of
                                    proceeding enforces the distinction
                                    between first and third person views
                                    (and six others!).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">I have derived already many
                                    feature of quantum mechanics from
                                    this (including the possibility of
                                    quantum computer) a long time ago. 
                                    I was about sure this would refute
                                    Mechanism, until I learned about
                                    quantum mechanics, which verifies
                                    all the most startling predictions
                                    of Indexical Mechanism, unless we
                                    add the controversial wave collapse
                                    reduction principle.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">The curious “many-worlds” becomes
                                    the obvious (in arithmetic) many
                                    computations (up to some equivalence
                                    quotient). The weird indeterminacy
                                    becomes the simpler amoeba like
                                    duplication. The non-cloning of
                                    matter becomes obvious: as any piece
                                    of matter is the result of the first
                                    person indeterminacy (the first
                                    person view of the amoeba undergoing
                                    a duplication, …) on infinitely many
                                    computations. This entails also that
                                    neither matter appearance nor
                                    consciousness are Turing emulable
                                    per se, as the whole arithmetical
                                    reality—which is a highly non
                                    computable notion as we know since
                                    Gödel—plays a key role. Note this
                                    makes Digital Physics leaning to
                                    inconsistency, as it implies
                                    indexical computationalism which
                                    implies the negation of Digital
                                    Physics (unless my “body” is the
                                    entire physical universe, which I
                                    rather doubt).</div>
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <div class=""><p style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class="">My
                                        opinion is presented below:<br class="">
                                      </p>
                                      <div style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><br class="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129webkit-block-placeholder_mailru_css_attribute_postfix_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">
                                      </div>
                                      <div style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><br class="m_-6888820020232975365m_1048372877214317129webkit-block-placeholder_mailru_css_attribute_postfix_mailru_css_attribute_postfix">
                                      </div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>Why
                                          some people erroneously think
                                          that information is physical</span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span></span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>The
                                          main reason to think that
                                          information is physical is the
                                          strong belief of many people,
                                          especially, scientists that
                                          there is only physical
                                          reality, which is studied by
                                          science. At the same time,
                                          people encounter something
                                          that they call information.</span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>When
                                          people receive a letter, they
                                          comprehend that it is
                                          information because with the
                                          letter they receive
                                          information. The letter is
                                          physical, i.e., a physical
                                          object. As a result, people
                                          start thinking that
                                          information is physical. When
                                          people receive an e-mail, they
                                          comprehend that it is
                                          information because with the
                                          e-mail they receive
                                          information. The e-mail comes
                                          to the computer in the form of
                                          electromagnetic waves, which
                                          are physical. As a result,
                                          people start thinking even
                                          more that information is
                                          physical.</span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>However,
                                          letters, electromagnetic waves
                                          and actually all physical
                                          objects are only carriers or
                                          containers of information.</span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>To
                                          understand this better, let us
                                          consider a textbook. Is
                                          possible to say that this book
                                          is knowledge? Any reasonable
                                          person will tell that the
                                          textbook contains knowledge
                                          but is not knowledge itself.
                                          In the same way, the textbook
                                          contains information but is
                                          not information itself. The
                                          same is true for letters,
                                          e-mails, electromagnetic waves
                                          and other physical objects
                                          because all of them only
                                          contain information but are
                                          not information. For instance,
                                          as we know, different letters
                                          can contain the same
                                          information. Even if we make
                                          an identical copy of a letter
                                          or any other text, then the
                                          letter and its copy will be
                                          different physical objects
                                          (physical things) but they
                                          will contain the same
                                          information.</span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>Information
                                          belongs to a different
                                          (non-physical) world of
                                          knowledge, data and similar
                                          essences. In spite of this,
                                          information can act on
                                          physical objects (physical
                                          bodies) and this action also
                                          misleads people who think that
                                          information is physical.</span></div>
                                    </div>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">OK. The reason is that we can
                                    hardly imagine how immaterial or non
                                    physical objects can alter the
                                    physical realm. It is the usual
                                    problem faced by dualist ontologies.
                                    With Indexical computationalism we
                                    recover many dualities, but they
                                    belong to the phenomenologies.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <div class="">
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""></span></div>
                                      <div style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" class=""><span class=""><span class="">   </span>One
                                          more misleading property of
                                          information is that people can
                                          measure it. This brings an
                                          erroneous assumption that it
                                          is possible to measure only
                                          physical essences. Naturally,
                                          this brings people to the
                                          erroneous conclusion that
                                          information is physical.
                                          However, measuring information
                                          is essentially different than
                                          measuring physical quantities,
                                          i.e., weight. There are no
                                          “scales” that measure
                                          information. Only human
                                          intellect can do this.</span></div>
                                    </div>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">OK. I think all intellect can do
                                    that, not just he human one.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Now, the reason why people
                                    believe in the physical is always a
                                    form of the “knocking table”
                                    argument. They knocks on the table
                                    and say “you will not tell me that
                                    this table is unreal”.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">I have got so many people giving
                                    me that argument, that I have made
                                    dreams in which I made that
                                    argument, or even where I was
                                    convinced by that argument … until I
                                    wake up.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">When we do metaphysics with the
                                    scientific method, this “dream
                                    argument” illustrates that seeing,
                                    measuring, … cannot prove anything
                                    ontological. A subjective experience
                                    proves only the phenomenological
                                    existence of consciousness, and
                                    nothing more. It shows that although
                                    there are plenty of strong evidences
                                    for a material reality, there are no
                                    evidences (yet) for a primitive or
                                    primary matter (and that is why, I
                                    think, Aristotle assumes it quasi
                                    explicitly, against Plato, and
                                    plausibly against Pythagorus).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Mechanism forces a coming back to
                                    Plato, where the worlds of ideas is
                                    the world of programs, or
                                    information, or even just numbers,
                                    since very elementary arithmetic (PA
                                    without induction, + the predecessor
                                    axiom) is already Turing complete
                                    (it contains what I have named a
                                    Universal Dovetailer: a program
                                    which generates *and* executes all
                                    programs).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">So I agree with you: information
                                    is not physical. I claim that if we
                                    assume Mechanism (Indexical
                                    computationalism) matter itself is
                                    also not *primarily* physical: it is
                                    all in the “head of the universal
                                    machine/number” (so to speak).</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">And this provides a test for
                                    primary matter: it is enough to find
                                    if there is a discrepancy between
                                    the physics that we infer from the
                                    observation, and the physics that we
                                    extract from “the head” of the
                                    machine. This took me more than 30
                                    years of work, but the results
                                    obtained up to now is that there is
                                    no discrepancies. I have compared
                                    the quantum logic imposed by
                                    incompleteness (formally) on the
                                    semi-computable (partial recursive,
                                    sigma_1) propositions, with most
                                    quantum logics given by physicists,
                                    and it fits rather well.</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Best regards,</div>
                                  <div class=""><br class="">
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="">Bruno</div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
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Professor David (Dai) Griffiths
Professor of Education
School of Education and Psychology
The University of Bolton
Deane Road
Bolton, BL3 5AB

Office: M106

SKYPE: daigriffiths

Phones (please don't leave voice mail)
   UK Mobile +44 (0)7491151559
   Spanish Mobile: + 34 687955912
   Work landline: + 44 (0)1204903598

email
   <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" href="mailto:d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk" target="_blank"  rel=" noopener noreferrer" >d.e.griffiths@bolton.ac.uk</a>  
   <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated_mailru_css_attribute_postfix" href="mailto:dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com" target="_blank"  rel=" noopener noreferrer" >dai.griffiths.1@gmail.com</a></pre>
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