<div dir="ltr">Caro Sung e cari tutti,<div>

<br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">"I think<span> </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;color:rgb(255,0,0)">information</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>and<span> </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;color:rgb(255,0,0)">energy</span><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><span> </span>are inseparable in reality": è vero anche in economia. </span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline"><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif,EmojiFont,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji",NotoColorEmoji,"Segoe UI Symbol","Android Emoji",EmojiSymbols;font-size:12.8px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;float:none;display:inline">La Parte Terza--Teoria del valore: energia e informazione--  di "Valore e valutazioni. La scienza dell'economia o l'economia della scienza" (FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1995-1999) è costituita dalle pagine 451-646</span>  contenenti questa interessante e significativa problematica. </div><div><br></div><div>Grazie e auguri.<br></div><div>Francesco</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2018-05-07 4:08 GMT+02:00 Sungchul Ji <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">




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<div dir="ltr">Hi FISers,</div>
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<div dir="ltr">I think <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">information</span> and <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">
energy</span> are inseparable in reality.  Hence to understand what information is, it may be helpful to understand what energy (and the associated concept of motion) is.  In this spirit, I am forwarding the following email that I wrote motivated by the lecture
 given by Dr. Grossberg this afternoon at the 119th Statistical Mechanics Conference.  In
<b>Table 1</b> in the email, I divided particle motions studied in physics and biology into three classes -- (i)
<i>random</i>, (ii) <i>passive</i>, and (iii) <i>active</i>, and identified the field of specialization wherein these motions are studied as (i)
<i>statistical mechanics</i>, (ii) <i>stochastic mechanics</i>, and (iii) <i>info-statistical mechanics</i>.  The last term was coined by me in 2012  in [1].  I will be presenting a short talk (5 minutes) on<i> Info-statistical mechanics</i> on Wednesday, May
 9, at the above meeting.   The abstract of the short talk is given below:</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Short talk to be presented at the
<i>119^th Statistical Mechanics Conference</i>, Rutgers University,
<span style="font-size:12pt"></span>Piscataway, N.J., May 6-9, 2018).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Planckian Information</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
 may be to Info-Statistical Mechanics what <i>Boltzmann Entropy</i> is to Statistical Mechanics.
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sungchul Ji, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J. 08854</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Traditionally, the dynamics of any N-particle systems in statistical mechanics is completely described in terms of the 6-dimensional
<i>phase space</i> consisting of the 3N positional coordinates and 3N momenta, where N is the number of particles in the system [1]. Unlike the particles dealt with in statistical mechanics which are featureless and shapeless, the particles in biology
 have characteristic shapes and internal structures that determine their biological properties.<span> 
</span>The particles in physics are completely described in terms of energy and matter in the phase space but the description of the particles in living systems require not only the energy and matter of the particle but also their genetic information, consistent
 with the information-energy complementarity (or gnergy) postulate discussed in [2, Section 2.3.2].<span> 
</span>Thus, it seems necessary to expand the dimensionality of the traditional phase space to accommodate the
<i>information </i>dimension, which includes the three coordinates encoding the
<i>amount </i>(in bits), <i>meaning</i> (e.g., recognizability), and
<i>value</i> (e.g., practical effects) of information [2, Section 4.3]. Similar views were expressed by Bellomo et al. [3] and Mamontov et al. [4].<span> 
</span>The expanded “phase space” would comprise the 6N phase space of traditional statistical mechanics plus the 3N information space entailed by molecular biology.<span> 
</span>The new space (to be called the “gnergy space”) composed of these two subspaces would have 9N dimensions as indicated in Eq. (1).<span> 
</span>This equation also makes contact with the concepts of<span>  </span>
<i>synchronic</i> and <i>diachronic</i> informations discussed in [2, Section 4.5].<span> 
</span>It was suggested therein that the traditional 6N-dimensional phase space deals with<span> 
</span>the <i>synchronic information</i> and hence was referred to as the
<i>Synchronic Space</i> while the 3N-dimensional information space is concerned with the consequences of history and evolution encoded in each particle and thus was referred to as the
<i>Diachronic Space</i>.<span>  </span>The resulting space was called the
<i>gnergy space</i> (since it encodes not only <i>energy</i> but also
<i>information</i>).<span>  </span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>          
</span><b>Gnergy Space</b> =<span>  </span><b>6N-D Phase Space</b><span> 
</span>+<span>  </span><b>3N-D<span>  </span>Information Space</b><span>           
</span>(1)</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>                              <wbr>         
</span>(<i><span style="color:red">Synchronic Space</span></i>)<span>          
</span>(<i><span style="color:red">Diachronic Space</span></i>)<span>        
</span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The study of both
<i>energy</i> and <i>information</i> was defined as “info-statistical mechanics” in 2012 [2, pp. 102-106, 297-301].<span> 
</span>The Planckian information of the second kind, I_PS,[5] was defined as the negative of the binary logarithm of the skewness of the long-tailed histogram that fits the Planckian Distribution Equation (PDE) [6].
<span>  </span>In <b>Table 1</b>, the Planckian information is compared to the Boltzmann entropy in the context of the complexity theory of Weaver [8]. The inseparable relation between
<i>energy </i>and <i>information</i> that underlies “info-statistical mechanics” may be expressed by the following aphorism:<span> 
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Information without energy is useless;<br>
Energy without information is valueless.”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<table class="m_-676865681370903663MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="691" style="width:518.35pt;background:#e7e6e6;border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> 
</span>A comparison between Planckian Information (of the second kind) and Boltzmann entropy.<span> 
</span>Adopted from [6, Table 8.3].</span></p>
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<b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Order</span></i></b></p>
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<b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Disorder</span></i></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#7030a0">I_PS= - log₂ [(µ - mode)/σ] </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(2008-2018)</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#7030a0">S = k log W
</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(1872-75)</span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Planckian Information
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></b></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Boltzmann entropy
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[7]<b></b></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Organized Complexity
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[8]<b><span style="color:red"></span></b></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Disorganized Complexity
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[8]<b><span style="color:red"></span></b></span></p>
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<b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Info-Statistical Mechanics</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[2, pp. 102-106]<b></b></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal">
<b><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Statistical Mechanics
</span></i></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1]<b><i></i></b></span></p>
</td>
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</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">References:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><span>  
</span>[1]</span></span><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext">
</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tolman, R. C. (1979).
<i>The Principles of Statistical Mechanics, </i><span> </span>Dover Publications, Inc.,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">New York, pp. 42-46.</span><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>  
</span>[2] </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ji, S. (2012)
<i>Molecular Theory of the Living Cell: Concepts, Molecular Mechanisms, and
</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Biomedical Applications</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.<span> 
</span>Springer, New York.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>  
</span>[3] Bellomo, N., Bellouquid, A. and Harrero, M. A. (2007).<span> 
</span>From microscopic to macroscopic </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">descriptions of multicellular systems and biological growing tissues.
<i>Comp. Math. Applications</i> </span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">53</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 647-663.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>  
</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[4] Mamontov, E., Psiuk-Maksymowitcz, K. and Koptioug, A. (2006).<span> 
</span>Stochastic mechanics </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">in the context of the properties of living systems.
<i>Math. Comp. Modeling</i> <b>44</b>(7-8): 595-607. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> 
</span><span>  </span>[5] Ji, S. (2018). <a id="m_-676865681370903663LPlnk907856" class="m_-676865681370903663OWAAutoLink">
Mathematical (<i>Quantitative</i>) and Cell Linguistic (<i>Qualitative</i>) Evidence for
</a></span></p>
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<span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hypermetabolic Pathways</span></i></span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> as
</span></span><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a class="m_-676865681370903663msocomanchor m_-676865681370903663OWAAutoLink" id="m_-676865681370903663LPlnk805682" name="m_-676865681370903663__msoanchor_1">[SJ1]</a><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Potential
 Drug Targets. <i>J. Mol. Genet. Medicine </i>(in press). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>   
</span>[6] Ji, S. (2018).<span>  </span><i>The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter.</i> World Scientific
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Publishing, New Jersey.<span> 
</span>Chapter 8. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>   
</span>[7] </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Boltzmann distribution law.<span> 
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution" id="m_-676865681370903663LPlnk878792" class="m_-676865681370903663OWAAutoLink" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Boltzmann_distribution</span></a><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext"><span>   
</span>[8] </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Weaver, W. (1948) Science and Complexity.
<i>American Scientist</i> <b>36</b>:536-544.</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>  
</span><span>   </span></span><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">- - - - - - - - - - - - - -the Email to Dr. Grossberg --------------------- - - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - <br>
<span>   </span></span></p>
<div>
<hr class="m_-676865681370903663msocomoff" align="left" size="1" width="33%">
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<div id="m_-676865681370903663_com_1" class="m_-676865681370903663msocomtxt"><span><a name="m_-676865681370903663__msocom_1" id="m_-676865681370903663LPlnk974360" class="m_-676865681370903663OWAAutoLink"></a></span>
<p class="m_-676865681370903663MsoCommentText"><span class="m_-676865681370903663MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><span> </span></span></span><span style="background-color:transparent">Hi Dr. Grossberg,</span></p>
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<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thank you for your thought-provoking lecture (<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">entitled "From Sisyphus to Boltzmann: an example of repulsive depletion interaction") </span>this afternoon at the 119th Statistical Mechanics Conference
 at Rutgers. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Your lecture prompted me to construct the following table based on my experience as a theoretical cell biologist over the last 4 decades as summarized in [1, 2].</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>According to <b>Table 1</b>, we can recognize three distinct kinds of <i>particle motions</i> in physics and biology that may be studied in 3 distinct fields of specialization, tentatively identified with (i) statistical mechanics, (ii) stochastic mechanics,
 and (iii) what I recently referred to as "info-statistical mechanics" [<b>1</b>,pp. 102-107; <b>2</b>, pp. 371-374]. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
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<div>
<table class="m_-676865681370903663m_3116025349952126689gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:rgb(231,230,230);border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">  The trichotomy of particle motions in physics and biology</span></p>
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<td width="120" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:89.75pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Particle Motions<br>
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Discipline</span></i><b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="162" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Random motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">1</span></i>)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Statistical mechanics</span></i>)</span></p>
</td>
<td width="150" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Passive motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">2</span></i>)</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Stochastic mechanics</span></i><span style="color:red"> ?</span>)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
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<td width="192" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Active motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">3</span></i>)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Info-statistical mechanics</span></i><span style="color:red"> ?</span>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[<b>1</b>, <b>2</b>]</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Energy Source</span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="162" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">homogeneous thermal environment</span></p>
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<td width="150" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">external</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(e.g., magnetic field)</span></p>
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<td width="192" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">internal<br>
(e.g., chemical reactions)</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Physics</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
</td>
<td width="162" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dust particles in water</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">at equilibrium</span></p>
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<td width="150" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dust particles in water in flow</span></p>
</td>
<td width="192" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a piece of sodium metal in water at equilibrium</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.3pt">
<td width="162" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:12.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Brownian motion</span></p>
</td>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">e.g., Orenstein-Uhlenbeck process</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">artificial molecular machines</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Biology</span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dead bacteria in water at equilibrium</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">live bacteria moving down a gradient</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">live bacteria swimming against a gradient</span></p>
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<td width="162" valign="top" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:35.7pt">
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Brownian motion</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">diffusion driven by gradient</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Chemotaxis driven by ATP hydroly</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li style="margin-left:15px">In your lecture today,. you referred to "active motions" of inanimate particles, which seems to correspond to "passive motions" in the above table, since the driving force for your particle motion is external to the particle. If
 you wish to preserve the term "active motion", it seems to me necessary to differentiate between the "externally driven active motion" and the "internally driven active motion".  On the other hand, if we adopt the terms,"active" vs. "passive" particle motions,
 we have a precedence in biology where "active transport" (e.g., the Na/K pump) and "passive transport" (e.g., the Na/Ca exchange channel) are well known.  In fact, the triadic classification of particle motions defined in <b>Table 1</b> can be applied to ion
 movements across biomembranes with an equal force. <br>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>If you have any questions or comments on the suggestions made in Table 1, I would appreciate hearing from you. <br>
</div>
<div><br>
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<div>All the best.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Sung</div>
<div><br>
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<div>
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<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">References:</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">   [<b>1</b>] Ji, S. (2012). <i>Molecular Theory of the Living Cell: Concepts, Molecular Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications</i>. Springer, New York.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">   [<b>2</b>] Ji, S. (2018).  <i>The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter</i>.  World Scientific Publishing, New Jersey. <span class="m_-676865681370903663HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"></font></span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">With all the best.</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sung</span></p>
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