<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Dear Michel and Sung,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">Your
discussion is way above my head in the jargon and background knowledge. Please
bear with me while a non-mathematician tries to express some observations that
regard symmetry.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">Two almost
symmetrical spaces appear as Gestalts, expressed by numbers, if one orders and
reorders the expression <i>a+b=c. </i>One
uses natural numbers – in the range of 1..16 – to create a demo collection,
which one then sorts and re-sorts ad libitum / ad nauseam. The setup of the
whole exercise does not take longer than 1, max 2 hours. Then one can observe
patterns.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The
patterns here specifically referred to are two – almost – symmetrical rectangular,
orthogonal spaces. As these patterns are derived from simple sorting operations
on natural numbers, one can well argue that they represent fundamental
pictures. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The
generating algorithm is 5 lines of code. Here it is.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span> </span></p>
<table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">#d=16<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">begin
outer loop, i:1,d<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">begin
inner loop, j:i,d<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">append
new record<span></span></span></i></p>
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">write<span></span></span></i></p>
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>a=i, b=j, c=a+b, k=b-2a, u=b-a, t=2b-3a,<span></span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"" lang="EN-US">q=a-2b, s=(d+1)-(a+b), w=2a-3b<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">end inner
loop<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:104.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="140" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US">end outer
loop<span></span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:133.15pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="178" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="width:118.9pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt" width="159" valign="top">
<p class="gmail-p1a" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:12pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><i><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The next
step is to <i>sequence</i> (sort, order) the
rows. We use 2 sorting criteria: as first, any one of {a,b,c,k,u,t,q,s,w}, and
as 2<sup>nd</sup> sorting criterium any of the remaining 8. This makes each of
the 9 aspects of <i>a+b=c</i> to be once a
first, and once a second sorting key. We register the linear sequential number
of each element in a column for each of the 72 catalogued sorting orders.. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">Do you
think the idea of symmetry is somehow connected to some very basic truths of
logic? Then maybe the small effort to create a database with 136 rows and 9+72
columns is possible. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The trick
begins with the next step:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">We go
through the 72 sorting orders and re-sort from each of them into all and each
of the remaining 71. We register the sequential place of the element in the
order </span><span lang="EN-GB">αβ</span><span lang="EN-GB"> while being resorted into order </span><span lang="EN-GB">γδ</span><span lang="EN-GB">. This gives each element a value (a linear place, 1..136) “from” and a
value “to”. The element is given the attributes: Element: <i>a,b, </i>“Old Order”: </span><span lang="EN-GB">αβ, from place
nr <i>i</i>, “New Order” γδ, to place nr. j.
While doing this, one will realise, that reorganisations happen by means of <i>cycles, </i>and will add attributes : Cycle
nr: <i>k, </i>Within cycle step nr:. <i>l.</i> This is simple counting and using
logical flags.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The cycles,
that we have now arrived at, give a very useful skeleton for any and all theories
about order. You will find the two Euclid-type spaces by filtering out those reorganisations
that consist of 46 cycles, of which 45 have 3 elements in their corpus, where
each of the 45 cycles has </span><span lang="EN-GB">Σ</span><span lang="EN-GB">a=18, </span><span lang="EN-GB">Σ</span><span lang="EN-GB">b=33. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">The two
rectangular spaces – created by paths of elements during resorting – are not
quite symmetrical. As an outsider, I’d believe that there is something to awake
the natural curiosity of mathematicians.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">Hoping to
have caught your interest.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span lang="EN-GB">Karl<span></span></span></p>
<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2018-05-07 15:06 GMT+02:00 Michel Petitjean <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:petitjean.chiral@gmail.com" target="_blank">petitjean.chiral@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Dear Sung,<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">The formula of the Planckian information in Table 1 is intriguing.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">The argument of the log_2 function was proposed in 1895 by Karl Pearson as a measure of asymmetry of a distribution (see [1], p. 370).<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">In general the mean can be smaller than the mode (so the log cannot exist), but I assume that in your context that cannot happen.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Also, I assume that this context excludes distributions such as a mixture of two well separated unit variance Gaussian laws, for which the mean is located at an antimode, and not at a mode.<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">The skewness, which is also used as an asymmetry coefficient, is the reduced third order centered moment (may be positive or negative).<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">The square of this latter quantity was also introduced by Karl Pearson as a measure of asymmetry of a distribution (see [1], p. 351).<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">So, all these quantities are used as asymmetry measures.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Two questions arise:<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">1. Has the Planckian information some relations with symmetry or asymmetry?<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">If yes, which ones?<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">That would not be shocking: Shu-Kun Lin (refs [2,3]) discussed about relations between information and symmetry.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">2. The asymmetry measures above have a major drawback: a null value can be observed for some families of asymmetric distributions, and not only for symmetric distributions.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">In the case you indeed need to consider the log of a non negative quantity measuring the asymmetry of a distribution, which vanishes if and only if the distribution is symmetric, you may consider the chiral index \chi (section 2.9, ref [4]).<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">\chi index takes values in [0..1] (in fact, in [0..1/2]) for univariate probability distributions, and it is null if and only if the distribution is symmetric.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">It has other properties, but that falls out of the scope of this discussion.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Then, simply replace [ (\mu-mode) / \sigma ] by \chi as the argument of log_2.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">[1] Pearson, K.<br>Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution,-II. Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material.<br>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London (A.), 1895, 186, 343-414.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br>[2] Lin, S.K.<br>Correlation of Entropy with Similarity and Symmetry.<br>J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1996, 36, 367--376<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">[3] Lin, S.K.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">The Nature of the Chemical Process. 1. Symmetry Evolution –Revised Information Theory, Similarity Principle and Ugly Symmetry.<br>Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2001, 2, 10--39<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">(available in open access)<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br>[4] Petitjean, M.<br>Chirality and Symmetry Measures: A Transdisciplinary Review.<br>Entropy, 2003, 5[3], 271--312.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">(available in open access)<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Best regards,<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace">Michel.<span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br></font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:monospace,monospace"><br>Michel Petitjean<br>MTi, INSERM UMR-S 973, University Paris 7,<br>CNRS SNC 9079<br>35 rue Helene Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.<br>Phone: +331 5727 8434; Fax: +331 5727 8372<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:petitjean.chiral@gmail.com" target="_blank">petitjean.chiral@gmail.com</a> (preferred),<br> <a href="mailto:michel.petitjean@univ-paris-diderot.fr" target="_blank">michel.petitjean@univ-paris-<wbr>diderot.fr</a><br><a href="http://petitjeanmichel.free.fr/itoweb.petitjean.symmetry.html" target="_blank">http://petitjeanmichel.free.<wbr>fr/itoweb.petitjean.symmetry.<wbr>html</a><br><br></div></font></span><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><span class="">2018-05-07 4:08 GMT+02:00 Sungchul Ji <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>></span>:<br></span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div class="h5">
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<div dir="ltr">Hi FISers,</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">I think <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">information</span> and <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">
energy</span> are inseparable in reality. Hence to understand what information is, it may be helpful to understand what energy (and the associated concept of motion) is. In this spirit, I am forwarding the following email that I wrote motivated by the lecture
given by Dr. Grossberg this afternoon at the 119th Statistical Mechanics Conference. In
<b>Table 1</b> in the email, I divided particle motions studied in physics and biology into three classes -- (i)
<i>random</i>, (ii) <i>passive</i>, and (iii) <i>active</i>, and identified the field of specialization wherein these motions are studied as (i)
<i>statistical mechanics</i>, (ii) <i>stochastic mechanics</i>, and (iii) <i>info-statistical mechanics</i>. The last term was coined by me in 2012 in [1]. I will be presenting a short talk (5 minutes) on<i> Info-statistical mechanics</i> on Wednesday, May
9, at the above meeting. The abstract of the short talk is given below:</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Short talk to be presented at the
<i>119<sup>th</sup> Statistical Mechanics Conference</i>, Rutgers University,
<span style="font-size:12pt"></span>Piscataway, N.J., May 6-9, 2018).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:16pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size:16pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Planckian Information</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:16pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
may be to Info-Statistical Mechanics what <i>Boltzmann Entropy</i> is to Statistical Mechanics.
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sungchul Ji, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J. 08854</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Traditionally, the dynamics of any N-particle systems in statistical mechanics is completely described in terms of the 6-dimensional
<i>phase space</i> consisting of the 3N positional coordinates and 3N momenta, where N is the number of particles in the system [1]. Unlike the particles dealt with in statistical mechanics which are featureless and shapeless, the particles in biology
have characteristic shapes and internal structures that determine their biological properties.<span>
</span>The particles in physics are completely described in terms of energy and matter in the phase space but the description of the particles in living systems require not only the energy and matter of the particle but also their genetic information, consistent
with the information-energy complementarity (or gnergy) postulate discussed in [2, Section 2.3.2].<span>
</span>Thus, it seems necessary to expand the dimensionality of the traditional phase space to accommodate the
<i>information </i>dimension, which includes the three coordinates encoding the
<i>amount </i>(in bits), <i>meaning</i> (e.g., recognizability), and
<i>value</i> (e.g., practical effects) of information [2, Section 4.3]. Similar views were expressed by Bellomo et al. [3] and Mamontov et al. [4].<span>
</span>The expanded “phase space” would comprise the 6N phase space of traditional statistical mechanics plus the 3N information space entailed by molecular biology.<span>
</span>The new space (to be called the “gnergy space”) composed of these two subspaces would have 9N dimensions as indicated in Eq. (1).<span>
</span>This equation also makes contact with the concepts of<span> </span>
<i>synchronic</i> and <i>diachronic</i> informations discussed in [2, Section 4.5].<span>
</span>It was suggested therein that the traditional 6N-dimensional phase space deals with<span>
</span>the <i>synchronic information</i> and hence was referred to as the
<i>Synchronic Space</i> while the 3N-dimensional information space is concerned with the consequences of history and evolution encoded in each particle and thus was referred to as the
<i>Diachronic Space</i>.<span> </span>The resulting space was called the
<i>gnergy space</i> (since it encodes not only <i>energy</i> but also
<i>information</i>).<span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span><b>Gnergy Space</b> =<span> </span><b>6N-D Phase Space</b><span>
</span>+<span> </span><b>3N-D<span> </span>Information Space</b><span>
</span>(1)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> <wbr>
</span>(<i><span style="color:red">Synchronic Space</span></i>)<span>
</span>(<i><span style="color:red">Diachronic Space</span></i>)<span>
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The study of both
<i>energy</i> and <i>information</i> was defined as “info-statistical mechanics” in 2012 [2, pp. 102-106, 297-301].<span>
</span>The Planckian information of the second kind, I<sub>PS, </sub>[5] was defined as the negative of the binary logarithm of the skewness of the long-tailed histogram that fits the Planckian Distribution Equation (PDE) [6].
<span> </span>In <b>Table 1</b>, the Planckian information is compared to the Boltzmann entropy in the context of the complexity theory of Weaver [8]. The inseparable relation between
<i>energy </i>and <i>information</i> that underlies “info-statistical mechanics” may be expressed by the following aphorism:<span>
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Information without energy is useless;<br>
Energy without information is valueless.”</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<table class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoTableGrid" style="width:518.35pt;background:rgb(231,230,230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" width="691" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:20.65pt">
<td colspan="2" style="width:518.35pt;border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:20.65pt" width="691" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span>A comparison between Planckian Information (of the second kind) and Boltzmann entropy.<span>
</span>Adopted from [6, Table 8.3].</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.35pt">
<td style="width:259.15pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:16.35pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Order</span></i></b></p>
</td>
<td style="width:3.6in;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:16.35pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Disorder</span></i></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:26.05pt">
<td style="width:259.15pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.05pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">I<sub>PS
</sub>= - log<sub>2</sub> [(µ - mode)/σ] </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(2008-2018)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:3.6in;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.05pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">S = k log W
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(1872-75)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:26.95pt">
<td style="width:259.15pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Planckian Information
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="width:3.6in;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Boltzmann entropy
</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[7]<b></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:26.95pt">
<td style="width:259.15pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Organized Complexity
</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[8]<b><span style="color:red"></span></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:3.6in;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Disorganized Complexity
</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[8]<b><span style="color:red"></span></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:26.95pt">
<td style="width:259.15pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Info-Statistical Mechanics</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">
</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[2, pp. 102-106]<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:3.6in;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:26.95pt" width="346" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center">
<b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Statistical Mechanics
</span></i></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1]<b><i></i></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">References:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%">
<span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><span>
</span>[1]</span></span><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext">
</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tolman, R. C. (1979).
<i>The Principles of Statistical Mechanics, </i><span> </span>Dover Publications, Inc.,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;background:white none repeat scroll 0% 0%">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">New York, pp. 42-46.</span><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span>[2] </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Ji, S. (2012)
<i>Molecular Theory of the Living Cell: Concepts, Molecular Mechanisms, and
</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Biomedical Applications</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.<span>
</span>Springer, New York.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span>[3] Bellomo, N., Bellouquid, A. and Harrero, M. A. (2007).<span>
</span>From microscopic to macroscopic </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">descriptions of multicellular systems and biological growing tissues.
<i>Comp. Math. Applications</i> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">53</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">: 647-663.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[4] Mamontov, E., Psiuk-Maksymowitcz, K. and Koptioug, A. (2006).<span>
</span>Stochastic mechanics </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">in the context of the properties of living systems.
<i>Math. Comp. Modeling</i> <b>44</b>(7-8): 595-607. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span><span> </span>[5] Ji, S. (2018). <a id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311LPlnk907856" class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311OWAAutoLink">
Mathematical (<i>Quantitative</i>) and Cell Linguistic (<i>Qualitative</i>) Evidence for
</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hypermetabolic Pathways</span></i></span><span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> as
</span></span><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311msocomanchor m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311OWAAutoLink" id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311LPlnk805682" name="m_5107603373761393318_m_8094821994801331311__msoanchor_1">[SJ1]</a><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Potential
Drug Targets. <i>J. Mol. Genet. Medicine </i>(in press). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span>[6] Ji, S. (2018).<span> </span><i>The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter.</i> World Scientific
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Publishing, New Jersey.<span>
</span>Chapter 8. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span>[7] </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Boltzmann distribution law.<span>
</span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution" id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311LPlnk878792" class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311OWAAutoLink" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Boltzmann_distribution</span></a><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.</span></span></p>
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext"><span>
</span>[8] </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Weaver, W. (1948) Science and Complexity.
<i>American Scientist</i> <b>36</b>:536-544.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span>
</span><span> </span></span><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">- - - - - - - - - - - - - -the Email to Dr. Grossberg --------------------- - - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - <br>
<span> </span></span></p>
<div>
<hr class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311msocomoff" align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div>
<div id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311_com_1" class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311msocomtxt"><span><a name="m_5107603373761393318_m_8094821994801331311__msocom_1" id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311LPlnk974360" class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311OWAAutoLink"></a></span>
<p class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoCommentText"><span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:8pt"><span> </span></span></span><span style="background-color:transparent">Hi Dr. Grossberg,</span></p>
</div>
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<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thank you for your thought-provoking lecture (<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">entitled "From Sisyphus to Boltzmann: an example of repulsive depletion interaction") </span>this afternoon at the 119th Statistical Mechanics Conference
at Rutgers. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Your lecture prompted me to construct the following table based on my experience as a theoretical cell biologist over the last 4 decades as summarized in [1, 2].</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>According to <b>Table 1</b>, we can recognize three distinct kinds of <i>particle motions</i> in physics and biology that may be studied in 3 distinct fields of specialization, tentatively identified with (i) statistical mechanics, (ii) stochastic mechanics,
and (iii) what I recently referred to as "info-statistical mechanics" [<b>1</b>,pp. 102-107; <b>2</b>, pp. 371-374]. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<table class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311m_3116025349952126689gmail-MsoTableGrid" style="background:rgb(231,230,230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:medium none" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> The trichotomy of particle motions in physics and biology</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Particle Motions<br>
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Discipline</span></i><b><i><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Random motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">1</span></i>)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Statistical mechanics</span></i>)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Passive motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">2</span></i>)</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Stochastic mechanics</span></i><span style="color:red"> ?</span>)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:39.3pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Active motion (<i><span style="color:rgb(0,112,192)">3</span></i>)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i><span style="color:red">Info-statistical mechanics</span></i><span style="color:red"> ?</span>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[<b>1</b>, <b>2</b>]</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:89.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="120" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Energy Source</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">homogeneous thermal environment</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">external</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(e.g., magnetic field)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">internal<br>
(e.g., chemical reactions)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:89.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="120" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Physics</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dust particles in water</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">at equilibrium</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dust particles in water in flow</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a piece of sodium metal in water at equilibrium</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:12.3pt">
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:12.3pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Brownian motion</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:12.3pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">e.g., Orenstein-Uhlenbeck process</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:12.3pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">artificial molecular machines</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:37.05pt">
<td rowspan="2" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:89.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-style:none solid solid;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:37.05pt" width="120" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Biology</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:37.05pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">dead bacteria in water at equilibrium</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:37.05pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">live bacteria moving down a gradient</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:37.05pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">live bacteria swimming against a gradient</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:35.7pt">
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:121.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:35.7pt" width="162" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Brownian motion</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:112.5pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:35.7pt" width="150" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">diffusion driven by gradient</span></p>
</td>
<td style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;margin:0px;width:143.75pt;border-color:currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-style:none solid solid none;border-width:medium 1pt 1pt medium;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt;height:35.7pt" width="192" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:red">Chemotaxis driven by ATP hydroly</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li style="margin-left:15px">In your lecture today,. you referred to "active motions" of inanimate particles, which seems to correspond to "passive motions" in the above table, since the driving force for your particle motion is external to the particle. If
you wish to preserve the term "active motion", it seems to me necessary to differentiate between the "externally driven active motion" and the "internally driven active motion". On the other hand, if we adopt the terms,"active" vs. "passive" particle motions,
we have a precedence in biology where "active transport" (e.g., the Na/K pump) and "passive transport" (e.g., the Na/Ca exchange channel) are well known. In fact, the triadic classification of particle motions defined in <b>Table 1</b> can be applied to ion
movements across biomembranes with an equal force. <br>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>If you have any questions or comments on the suggestions made in Table 1, I would appreciate hearing from you. <br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>All the best.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Sung</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">References:</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> [<b>1</b>] Ji, S. (2012). <i>Molecular Theory of the Living Cell: Concepts, Molecular Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications</i>. Springer, New York.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> [<b>2</b>] Ji, S. (2018). <i>The Cell Language Theory: Connecting Mind and Matter</i>. World Scientific Publishing, New Jersey. <span class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"></font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">With all the best.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sung</span></p>
<div class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311yj6qo m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311ajU" style="outline:medium none currentcolor;padding:10px 0px;width:22px;margin:2px 0px 0px">
<div id="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311:13p" class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311ajR" style="background-color:rgb(241,241,241);border:1px solid rgb(221,221,221);clear:both;line-height:6px;outline:medium none currentcolor">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311hi" style="border-bottom-left-radius:1px;border-bottom-right-radius:1px;padding:0px;width:auto;background:rgb(242,242,242) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;margin:0px">
</div>
</div>
<div class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311ajx" style="clear:both"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311nH">
<div class="m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311l2 m_5107603373761393318gmail-m_8094821994801331311ov" style="padding-bottom:180px;padding-top:20px;text-align:center">
</div>
</div>
<br>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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