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Interesting. An interesting paper on Russell and Wittgenstein's
views is give by<br>
<h1 class="recTitle" itemprop="name" style="box-sizing: border-box;
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font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
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white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><a rel="nofollow"
href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=DEMBRT&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F289281"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color:
transparent; color: rgb(7, 75, 169); text-decoration: underline;
outline: -webkit-focus-ring-color auto 5px; outline-offset:
-2px; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Bertrand Russell's
the analysis of matter: Its historical context and contemporary
interest</a></h1>
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1200px; width: 708px; float: left; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);
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<div class="recAuthors" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size:
16px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 1200px;"><a
class="discreet" title="View other works by William
Demopoulos"
href="https://philpapers.org/s/William%20Demopoulos"
style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;
color: rgb(7, 75, 169); text-decoration: none;"><span
class="name" itemprop="author" style="box-sizing:
border-box; color: rgb(16, 157, 73);">William Demopoulos</span></a><span> </span>&<span> </span><a
class="discreet" title="View other works by Michael Friedman"
href="https://philpapers.org/s/Michael%20Friedman"
style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;
color: rgb(7, 75, 169); text-decoration: none;"><span
class="name" itemprop="author" style="box-sizing:
border-box; color: rgb(16, 157, 73);">Michael Friedman</span></a></div>
<div class="recPubInfo" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size:
16px; max-width: 1200px;"><em class="pubName" style="box-sizing:
border-box;"><a class="discreet"
href="https://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?pub=827"
style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color:
transparent; color: rgb(7, 75, 169); text-decoration: none;">Philosophy
of Science</a></em><span> </span>52 (4):621-639 (<span
itemprop="copyrightYear" style="box-sizing: border-box;">1985)<br>
</span><span itemprop="copyrightYear" style="box-sizing:
border-box;"><br>
They argue that their argument undermines Wittgenstein's
views, but not Russell's structuralism.<br>
<br>
John<br>
<br>
</span>On 2018/03/24 10:09 PM, Krassimir Markov wrote:<br>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:A8518CE0B2FA40AA93E3A5D72261A0BC@VaioMarkov">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR:
#000000">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="left"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Dear</span><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""> Colleagues,</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:A8518CE0B2FA40AA93E3A5D72261A0BC@VaioMarkov">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR:
#000000">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<span style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""> </span><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:A8518CE0B2FA40AA93E3A5D72261A0BC@VaioMarkov">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR:
#000000"><span style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""> In previous post I had
pointed that, in the Wittgenstein’s “picture” theory of the
meaning of language [Wittgenstein, 1922], the picture has a
structure that corresponds to the structure of what it
represent. </span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">In the introduction of [Wittgenstein, 1922],
Bertrand Russell, F.R.S., had pointed that:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">“Mr. Wittgenstein begins his theory of
Symbolism with the statement (</span><span><a style="href:
"#bookmark49"" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.1</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">): "We make to ourselves
pictures of facts." A picture, he says, is a model of the
reality, and to the objects in the reality correspond the
elements of the picture: the picture itself is a fact. The
fact that things have a certain relation to each other is
represented by the fact that in the picture, its elements
have a certain relation to one another. "In the picture
and the pictured there must be something identical in
order that the one can be a picture of the other at all.
What the picture must have in common with reality in order
to be able to represent it after its manner—rightly or
falsely—is its form of representation" (</span><span><a
style="href: "#bookmark65""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: ;
COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.161</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">, </span><span><a
style="href: "#bookmark66""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: ;
COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.17</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">).”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Very important is that Wittgenstein specially
point that “it is clear that however different from the
real one an imagined world may be, it must have
something—a form—in common with the real world (2.022).”
For him, “An atomic fact is a combination of objects
(entities, things) (</span><span><a style="href:
"#bookmark534"" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.01</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">)” and “</span><span></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">We make to ourselves pictures
of facts (2.1)”. Finally, “The picture is a model of
reality (2.12).” and “The elements of the picture stand,
in the picture, for the objects (2.131)” [Wittgenstein,
1922].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Now we are ready to go further. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Infos reflects reality and, as a result, the
reflections of objects and relationships between them form
the “concrete mental models” in its memory. Usually, the
concrete mental models’ structure corresponds to the
reality one. What is important, the concrete mental models
are the basis for creating the “abstract mental models”,
which represent 'concepts' and relationships between them.
About the formal aspects of this Wittgenstein had pointed:
“The thought is the significant proposition (4). The
totality of propositions is the language (4.001). The
proposition is a picture of reality. The proposition is a
model of the reality as we think it is. (4.01)”
[Wittgenstein, 1922].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">The difference between concrete and abstract
mental models we may see in the Wittgenstein’s sentence:
“What can be shown cannot be said. (4.1212)”
[Wittgenstein, 1922].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Twenty years later, in 1943, Kenneth Craik
had written:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">“... a man observes some external event or
process and arrives at some 'conclusion' or 'prediction'
expressed in words or numbers that 'mean' or refer to or
describe some external event or process which comes to
pass if the man's reasoning was correct. During the
process of reasoning, he may also have availed himself of
words or numbers. Here there are three essential
processes:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">(1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>'Translation'
of external process into words, numbers or other symbols,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">(2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Arrival
at other symbols by a process of 'reasoning', deduction,
inference, etc., and</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">(3) ' Retranslation' of these symbols into
external processes (as in building a bridge to a design)
or at least recognition of the correspondence between
these symbols and external events (as in realizing that a
prediction is fulfilled). [Craik, 1943, page 50].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">The three processes of translation,
inference, and retranslation then become the translation
of external events into some kind of neural patterns by
stimulation of the sense-organs, the interaction and
stimulation of other neural patterns as in 'association',
and the excitation by these of effectors or motor organs.
[Craik, 1943, page 53].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Causality in the external world would be
represented by some (causal) process of interaction
between excited elements in our own brains. As a result of
such interactive or associative processes we might have,
for example, A=B, B=C, A=C, where A, B and C are neural
patterns claiming to represent external things or
processes. These patterns clearly cannot all remain
simultaneously excited; inconsistency means a clash in the
interaction of patterns. [Craik, 1943, page 57]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT:
17pt"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">To be continued...</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Friendly greetings</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"">Krassimir</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT:
normal" align="justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:
calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">References</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">[Craik, 1943] </span><span><a
title="View other works by Kenneth James Williams Craik"
style="href:
"https://philpapers.org/s/Kenneth%20James%20Williams%20Craik""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: ;
COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">Kenneth
James Williams Craik</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""> . </span><span><a
style="href:
"https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=CRATNO&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2181361""
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:
calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">The
Nature of Explanation</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press (1943) . Reprinted: October 1967, ISBN:
9780521094450. 136 pages. </span><span><a style="href:
"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: ;
COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">[Wittgenstein, 1922] Ludwig
Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated
C. K. Ogden, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner &
CO., New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1922 (in
English). </span><span><a style="href:
"https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: ;
COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""> ) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT:
17pt"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT:
17pt"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT:
17pt"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></span> </p>
<div style="FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none;
FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal;
COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline">
<div style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<div> </div>
<div style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<div style="font-color: black"><b>From:</b> <a
title="markov@foibg.com"
href="mailto:markov@foibg.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">Krassimir Markov</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, March 17, 2018 6:59 PM</div>
<div><b>To:</b> <a title="fis@listas.unizar.es"
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"
moz-do-not-send="true">FIS</a> </div>
<div><b>Subject:</b> [Fis] a short survey on the “mental
models”</div>
</div>
</div>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div style="FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none;
FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal;
COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri';
COLOR: #000000">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Dear FIS Colleagues,</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><font size="4"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">The
Plato’s allegory about prisoners in the cave
(maybe!) is one of the first attempts to pay
attention to consciousness models </span>[Plato,
2002, Book VII, p. 373]<span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">.
Let remember that the best candidate for such kind
of prisoner is the brain, including ones of all
kinds of Infoses. (To avoid misunderstandings with
concepts Subject, agent, animal, human, society,
humanity, living creatures, etc., we use the
abstract concept “INFOS” to denote every of them
as well as all of artificial creatures which has
features similar to the former ones [Markov et al,
2007]).</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">There are at least two types of models
created by and in the Infos’ consciousness -
isomorphic (correspond) to the structure of input
from the sensors (called in cognitive science
“mental models” [Johnson-Laird, 1983]) and not
isomorphic (textual in any language) (called
“deductive, analytic, or logical models”
[Wittgenstein, 1922]). </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Both models are very important but the
second type (deductive) exists only at the high
level and very complex organized Infoses (humans,
societies, humanity). For deductive modeling one
needs a language as a tool for modeling. Maybe
some animals have some language possibilities but
they are not enough for deductive modeling.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Now I shall continue with a short survey
on the “mental models”. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">In the next post I shall discuss the
deductive models. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">For humans, the mental models are
psychological representations of real,
hypothetical, or imaginary situations. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">The mental model theory was established
by Philip Johnson-Laird in [Johnson-Laird, 1983]
and has proven extremely powerful in predicting
and explaining higher-level cognition in humans
[MMRW, 2018]. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">For other types of Infoses, the mental
models correspond to the level of consciousness
organization, for instance art is a kind of
“social mental model”.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">In 1896, the American philosopher Charles
Sanders Peirce had postulated that reasoning is a
process by which a human: “examines the state of
things asserted in the premises, forms a diagram
of that state of things, perceives in the parts of
the diagram relations not explicitly mentioned in
the premises, satisfies itself by mental
experiments upon the diagram that these relations
would always subsist, or at least would do so in a
certain proportion of cases, and concludes their
necessary, or probable, truth.” [Peirce, 1896]. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">In Wittgenstein’s “picture” theory of the
meaning of language, mental models have a
structure that corresponds to the structure of
what they represent [Wittgenstein, 1922]. They are
accordingly akin to architects’ models of
buildings, to molecular biologists’ models of
complex molecules, and to physicists’ diagrams of
particle interactions. </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">In 1943, the Scottish psychologist
Kenneth Craik had proposed a similar idea:</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">“... human thought has a definite
function; it provides a convenient small-scale
model of a process so that we can, for instance,
design a bridge in our minds and know that it will
bear a train passing over it instead of having to
conduct a number of full-scale experiments; and
the thinking of animals represents on a more
restricted scale the ability to represent, say,
danger before it comes and leads to avoidance
instead of repeated bitter experience” [Craik,
1943, page<span><font style="FONT-VARIANT:
small-caps"> </font></span>59].</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">“If the organism carries a 'small-scale
model' of external reality and of its own possible
actions within its head, it is able to try out
various alternatives, conclude which is the best
of them, react to future situations before they
arise, utilize the knowledge of past events in
dealing with the present and future, and in every
way to react in a much fuller, safer, and more
competent manner to the emergencies which face it”
[Craik, 1943, page 61].</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Since Craik’s insight, cognitive
scientists have argued that the mind constructs
mental models as a result of perception,
imagination and knowledge, and the comprehension
of discourse. They study how children develop such
models, how to design artifacts and computer
systems for which it is easy to acquire a model,
how a model of one domain may serve as analogy for
another domain, and how models engender thoughts,
inferences, and feelings [MMRW, 2018].</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">To be continued...</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Friendly greetings</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">Krassimir</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal" align="justify"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><font
size="4">References</font></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Craik,
1943] </font></span><a title="View other works by
Kenneth James Williams Craik" style="href:
"https://philpapers.org/s/Kenneth%20James%20Williams%20Craik""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION:
none" size="4">Kenneth James Williams Craik</font></font></span></a><font
size="4"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> . </span><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><a style="href:
"https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=CRATNO&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2181361""
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; text-underline: none"><font
color="#000000"><font
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">The Nature
of Explanation</font></font></span></a></span><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press (1943) . Reprinted: October 1967,
ISBN: 9780521094450. 136 pages. </span></font><a
style="href:
"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION:
none" size="4">http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97</font></font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Johnson-Laird,
1983]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Mental
Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983.
Italian translation by Alberto Mazzocco, Il
Mulino, 1988. Japanese translation, Japan UNI
Agency,1989.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Johnson-Laird,
1995] Philip N. Johnson-Laird. Mental models,
deductive reasoning, and the brain. (1995) In
Gazzaniga, M.S. (Ed.) The Cognitive Neurosciences.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 999-1008.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Markov
et al, 2007] Kr. Markov, Kr. Ivanova, I. Mitov.
Basic Structure of the General Information Theory.
IJ ITA, Vol.14, No.: 1, 2007. pp. 5-19.</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[MMRW,
2018]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Mental
Models and Reasoning website (MMRW). </font></span><a
style="href:
"http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/about/what-are-mental-models/""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION:
none" size="4">http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/about/what-are-mental-models/</font></font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size="4"> </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Peirce,
1896], Charles Sanders. Principles of Philosophy,
10. Kinds of reasoning, 66. Deduction. page 28 in
Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume
1. Harvard University Press, 1931. 1932, 1959,
1960, 1974 - 535 pages. ISBN 0-674-13800-7. </font></span><a
style="href:
"https://books.google.bg/books?id=HoRfcRUtpnEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22forms+a+diagram+of+that+state+of+things%22&source=bl&ots=I0XHZ5xFGs&sig=B2TdRiv8dMsgG9ti9fcp79OEDDo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgKno0O7ZAhXkYJoKHbBVBa8Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22forms%20a%20diagram%20of%20that%20state%20of%20things%22&f=false""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION:
none" size="4">https://books.google.bg/books?id=HoRfcRUtpnEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22forms+a+diagram+of+that+state+of+things%22&source=bl&ots=I0XHZ5xFGs&sig=B2TdRiv8dMsgG9ti9fcp79OEDDo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgKno0O7ZAhXkYJoKHbBVBa8Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22forms%20a%20diagram%20of%20that%20state%20of%20things%22&f=false</font></font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4"><span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>; see also:
</font></span><a style="href:
"http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-ontos/article/viewFile/2200/2462""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" size="4"
color="#000000">http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-ontos/article/viewFile/2200/2462</font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt"><font size="4">[Plato, 2002] Plato. The
Republic. IDPH. </font></span><a style="href:
"http://www.idph.net/conteudos/ebooks/republic.pdf""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4"
color="#0000ff">http://www.idph.net/conteudos/ebooks/republic.pdf</font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align="justify"><span style="COLOR: ;
mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New
Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4">[Wittgenstein,
1922] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus, translated C. K. Ogden,
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., New
York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1922 (in
English). </font></span><a style="href:
"https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf""
moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION:
; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font
color="#000000"><font style="TEXT-DECORATION:
none" size="4">https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf</font></font></span></a><span
style="COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times
New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family: calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><font size="4"> ) </font></span></p>
<div style="FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none;
FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal;
COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline">
<div style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<div> </div>
<div style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<div style="font-color: black"> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><strong></strong> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><strong></strong> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><strong></strong> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><strong></strong> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><strong></strong> </div>
<div style="font-color: black"><b>From:</b> <a
title="markov@foibg.com"
href="mailto:markov@foibg.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">Krassimir Markov</a> </div>
<div><b>Sent:</b> Monday, March 12, 2018 12:34 AM</div>
<div>
<div style="FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION:
none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri";
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000;
FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline">
<o:p><font size="4">... </font></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">Infos has possibility to reflect
the reality via receptors and to operate
with received reflections in its memory.
The opposite is possible - via effectors
Infos has possibility to realize in
reality some of its (self-) reflections
from its consciousness.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">The commutative diagram on Figure
1 represents modeling relations. In the
frame of diagram:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">- in reality: real models: s is a
model of r, </font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">- in consciousness: mental
models: s<sub>i</sub> is a mental model of
r<sub>i</sub>;</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">- between reality and
consciousness: perceiving data and
creating mental models: <font size="4">triple
(s<sub>i</sub>, e<sub>i</sub>, r<sub>i</sub>)
is a mental model of triple (s, e, r).</font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">It is easy to imagine the case
when the Infos realizes its reflections
using its effectors, i.e. relation between
consciousness and reality: realizing
mental models and creating data. In this
case the receptors’ arrows should be
replaces by opposite effectors’ arrows. In
this case triple (s, e, r) is a
realization of the mental model (s<sub>i</sub>,
e<sub>i</sub>, r<sub>i</sub>).</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-no-proof: yes"><font size="4"><img
title="clip_image002"
style="BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px;
PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px;
BORDER-LEFT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline;
PADDING-RIGHT: 0px"
alt="clip_image002"
src="cid:part24.408B518C.EA403FD9@ncf.ca"
v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" class=""
height="140" width="502" border="0"></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">Figure 1</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">After creating the mental model
it may be reflected by other levels of
consciousness. In literature several such
levels are described. For instance, in
[2], six levels are separated for humans
(Figure 2). <span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">The
complexity of Infos determines the
levels. For instance, for societies the
levels are much more, for animals with
no neo-cortex the levels a less.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-no-proof: yes">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-no-proof: yes"></span> </p>
<img title="image" style="BORDER-TOP: 0px;
BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px;
PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT:
0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px"
alt="image"
src="cid:part25.2E96354A.4C25663B@ncf.ca"
class="" height="426" width="644" border="0">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">Figure 2. [2]<span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><font
size="4">This means that the mental
models are on different consciousness
levels and different types (for instance
- touch, audition, vision).<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">In [2], Jeff Hawkins had
remarked: “The transformation— from fast
changing to slow changing and from
spatially specific to spatially invariant—
is well documented for vision. And
although there is a smaller body of
evidence to prove it, many neuroscientists
believe you'd find the same thing
happening in all the sensory areas of your
cortex, not just in vision” [2].<span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:
italic">As it is shown on </span>Figure
2 mental models are in very large range
from spatially specific to spatially
invariant; from fast changing to slow
changing; from “features” and “details” to
objects”.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">To be continued...</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4"><strong><font size="4">...</font></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4"><font size="4">Friendly greetings</font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">Krassimir</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><font
size="4"> </font></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">References</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><font
size="4">[1] Kr. Markov, Kr. Ivanova, I.
Mitov. Basic Structure of the General
Information Theory. IJ ITA, Vol.14, No.:
1, 2007. pp. 5-19.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><font
size="4">[2] Hawkins, Jeff (2004). On
Intelligence (1st ed.). Times Books. p.
272. </font></span><a
title="International Standard Book Number"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; COLOR:
windowtext; text-underline: none"><font
size="4">ISBN</font></span></a><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><font
size="4"> </font></span><a
title="Special:BookSources/0805074562"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805074562"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; COLOR:
windowtext; text-underline: none"><font
size="4">0805074562</font></span></a><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><font
size="4">.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
_</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
</p>
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
John Collier<br>
Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Associate<br>
Philosophy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban<br>
<a href="http://web.ncf.ca/collier">Collier web page </a><br>
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