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<DIV><FONT size=4>Sorry, I found a typing error in the text below.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>The correct text is A=B, B=C, A≠C.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=FontStyle18><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-fareast-font-family: calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa"><FONT
size=4>Please excuse me for this!</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=FontStyle18><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; mso-fareast-font-family: calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: en-us; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa"><FONT
size=4>Krassimir</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
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<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=markov@foibg.com
href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">Krassimir Markov</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, March 24, 2018 11:09 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=fis@listas.unizar.es
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">FIS</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> [Fis] concrete and abstract mental models</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Dear
Colleagues,</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>In
previous post I had pointed that, in the Wittgenstein’s “picture” theory of the
meaning of language [Wittgenstein, 1922], the picture has a structure that
corresponds to the structure of what it represent. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>In
the introduction of [Wittgenstein, 1922], Bertrand Russell, F.R.S., had pointed
that:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>“Mr.
Wittgenstein begins his theory of Symbolism with the statement (</SPAN><SPAN><A
style='href: "#bookmark49"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.1</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>):
"We make to ourselves pictures of facts." A picture, he says, is a model of the
reality, and to the objects in the reality correspond the elements of the
picture: the picture itself is a fact. The fact that things have a certain
relation to each other is represented by the fact that in the picture, its
elements have a certain relation to one another. "In the picture and the
pictured there must be something identical in order that the one can be a
picture of the other at all. What the picture must have in common with reality
in order to be able to represent it after its manner—rightly or falsely—is its
form of representation" (</SPAN><SPAN><A style='href: "#bookmark65"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.161</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>,
</SPAN><SPAN><A style='href: "#bookmark66"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.17</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>).”</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Very
important is that Wittgenstein specially point that “it is clear that however
different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something—a
form—in common with the real world (2.022).” For him, “An atomic fact is a
combination of objects (entities, things) (</SPAN><SPAN><A
style='href: "#bookmark534"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">2.01</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>)”
and “</SPAN><SPAN><A style='href: "#bookmark575"'></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>We
make to ourselves pictures of facts (2.1)”. Finally, “The picture is a model of
reality (2.12).” and “The elements of the picture stand, in the picture, for the
objects (2.131)” [Wittgenstein, 1922].</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Now
we are ready to go further. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Infos
reflects reality and, as a result, the reflections of objects and relationships
between them form the “concrete mental models” in its memory. Usually, the
concrete mental models’ structure corresponds to the reality one. What is
important, the concrete mental models are the basis for creating the “abstract
mental models”, which represent 'concepts' and relationships between them. About
the formal aspects of this Wittgenstein had pointed: “The thought is the
significant proposition (4). The totality of propositions is the language
(4.001). The proposition is a picture of reality. The proposition is a model of
the reality as we think it is. (4.01)” [Wittgenstein, 1922].</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>The
difference between concrete and abstract mental models we may see in the
Wittgenstein’s sentence: “What can be shown cannot be said. (4.1212)”
[Wittgenstein, 1922].</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Twenty
years later, in 1943, Kenneth Craik had written:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>“...
a man observes some external event or process and arrives at some 'conclusion'
or 'prediction' expressed in words or numbers that 'mean' or refer to or
describe some external event or process which comes to pass if the man's
reasoning was correct. During the process of reasoning, he may also have availed
himself of words or numbers. Here there are three essential
processes:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>(1)<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>'Translation' of external process into
words, numbers or other symbols,</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>(2)<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Arrival at other symbols by a process of
'reasoning', deduction, inference, etc., and</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>(3)
' Retranslation' of these symbols into external processes (as in building a
bridge to a design) or at least recognition of the correspondence between these
symbols and external events (as in realizing that a prediction is fulfilled).
[Craik, 1943, page 50].</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>The
three processes of translation, inference, and retranslation then become the
translation of external events into some kind of neural patterns by stimulation
of the sense-organs, the interaction and stimulation of other neural patterns as
in 'association', and the excitation by these of effectors or motor organs.
[Craik, 1943, page 53].</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Causality
in the external world would be represented by some (causal) process of
interaction between excited elements in our own brains. As a result of such
interactive or associative processes we might have, for example, A=B, B=C, A=C,
where A, B and C are neural patterns claiming to represent external things or
processes. These patterns clearly cannot all remain simultaneously excited;
inconsistency means a clash in the interaction of patterns. [Craik, 1943, page
57]</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 17pt"><SPAN
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>To
be continued...</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Friendly
greetings</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Krassimir</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>References</SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>[Craik,
1943] </SPAN><SPAN><A title="View other works by Kenneth James Williams Craik"
style='href: "https://philpapers.org/s/Kenneth%20James%20Williams%20Craik"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">Kenneth James Williams
Craik</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>
. </SPAN><SPAN><A
style='href: "https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=CRATNO&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2181361"'
target=_blank><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">The Nature of
Explanation</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1943) . Reprinted: October 1967, ISBN:
9780521094450. 136 pages. </SPAN><SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>[Wittgenstein,
1922] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated C. K.
Ogden, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., New York: Harcourt, Brace
& Company,1922 (in English). </SPAN><SPAN><A
style='href: "https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>
) </SPAN></P>
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style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"></SPAN> </P>
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style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><FONT size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
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style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><FONT size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
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<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=markov@foibg.com
href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">Krassimir Markov</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, March 17, 2018 6:59 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=fis@listas.unizar.es
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">FIS</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> [Fis] a short survey on the “mental
models”</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Dear FIS Colleagues,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><FONT size=4><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>The
Plato’s allegory about prisoners in the cave (maybe!) is one of the first
attempts to pay attention to consciousness models </SPAN>[Plato, 2002, Book VII,
p. 373]<SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>.
Let remember that the best candidate for such kind of prisoner is the brain,
including ones of all kinds of Infoses. (To avoid misunderstandings with
concepts Subject, agent, animal, human, society, humanity, living creatures,
etc., we use the abstract concept “INFOS” to denote every of them as well as all
of artificial creatures which has features similar to the former ones [Markov et
al, 2007]).</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>There are at least two types of models created by and in the Infos’
consciousness - isomorphic (correspond) to the structure of input from the
sensors (called in cognitive science “mental models” [Johnson-Laird, 1983]) and
not isomorphic (textual in any language) (called “deductive, analytic, or
logical models” [Wittgenstein, 1922]). </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Both models are very important but the second type (deductive) exists
only at the high level and very complex organized Infoses (humans, societies,
humanity). For deductive modeling one needs a language as a tool for modeling.
Maybe some animals have some language possibilities but they are not enough for
deductive modeling.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Now I shall continue with a short survey on the “mental models”.
</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>In the next post I shall discuss the deductive models. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>For humans, the mental models are psychological representations of real,
hypothetical, or imaginary situations. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>The mental model theory was established by Philip Johnson-Laird in
[Johnson-Laird, 1983] and has proven extremely powerful in predicting and
explaining higher-level cognition in humans [MMRW, 2018]. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>For other types of Infoses, the mental models correspond to the level of
consciousness organization, for instance art is a kind of “social mental
model”.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>In 1896, the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce had postulated
that reasoning is a process by which a human: “examines the state of things
asserted in the premises, forms a diagram of that state of things, perceives in
the parts of the diagram relations not explicitly mentioned in the premises,
satisfies itself by mental experiments upon the diagram that these relations
would always subsist, or at least would do so in a certain proportion of cases,
and concludes their necessary, or probable, truth.” [Peirce, 1896].
</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>In Wittgenstein’s “picture” theory of the meaning of language, mental
models have a structure that corresponds to the structure of what they represent
[Wittgenstein, 1922]. They are accordingly akin to architects’ models of
buildings, to molecular biologists’ models of complex molecules, and to
physicists’ diagrams of particle interactions. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>In 1943, the Scottish psychologist Kenneth Craik had proposed a similar
idea:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>“... human thought has a definite function; it provides a convenient
small-scale model of a process so that we can, for instance, design a bridge in
our minds and know that it will bear a train passing over it instead of having
to conduct a number of full-scale experiments; and the thinking of animals
represents on a more restricted scale the ability to represent, say, danger
before it comes and leads to avoidance instead of repeated bitter experience”
[Craik, 1943, page<SPAN><FONT style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">
</FONT></SPAN>59].</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>“If the organism carries a 'small-scale model' of external reality and of
its own possible actions within its head, it is able to try out various
alternatives, conclude which is the best of them, react to future situations
before they arise, utilize the knowledge of past events in dealing with the
present and future, and in every way to react in a much fuller, safer, and more
competent manner to the emergencies which face it” [Craik, 1943, page
61].</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Since Craik’s insight, cognitive scientists have argued that the mind
constructs mental models as a result of perception, imagination and knowledge,
and the comprehension of discourse. They study how children develop such models,
how to design artifacts and computer systems for which it is easy to acquire a
model, how a model of one domain may serve as analogy for another domain, and
how models engender thoughts, inferences, and feelings [MMRW,
2018].</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>To be continued...</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Friendly greetings</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>Krassimir</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"
align=justify><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><FONT
size=4>References</FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Craik, 1943] </FONT></SPAN><A
title="View other works by Kenneth James Williams Craik"
style='href: "https://philpapers.org/s/Kenneth%20James%20Williams%20Craik"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" size=4>Kenneth James Williams
Craik</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=4><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'>
. </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><A
style='href: "https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=CRATNO&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2181361"'
target=_blank><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none">The Nature of
Explanation</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'>.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1943) . Reprinted: October 1967, ISBN:
9780521094450. 136 pages. </SPAN></FONT><A
style='href: "http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
size=4>http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Johnson-Laird, 1983]<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Mental
Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1983. Italian translation by Alberto Mazzocco, Il Mulino,
1988. Japanese translation, Japan UNI Agency,1989.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Johnson-Laird, 1995] Philip N. Johnson-Laird. Mental models, deductive
reasoning, and the brain. (1995) In Gazzaniga, M.S. (Ed.) The Cognitive
Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 999-1008.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Markov et al, 2007] Kr. Markov, Kr. Ivanova, I. Mitov. Basic Structure
of the General Information Theory. IJ ITA, Vol.14, No.: 1, 2007. pp.
5-19.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[MMRW, 2018]<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Mental Models
and Reasoning website (MMRW). </FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/about/what-are-mental-models/"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
size=4>http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/about/what-are-mental-models/</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Peirce, 1896], Charles Sanders. Principles of Philosophy, 10. Kinds of
reasoning, 66. Deduction. page 28 in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce,
Volume 1. Harvard University Press, 1931. 1932, 1959, 1960, 1974 - 535 pages.
ISBN 0-674-13800-7. </FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "https://books.google.bg/books?id=HoRfcRUtpnEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22forms+a+diagram+of+that+state+of+things%22&source=bl&ots=I0XHZ5xFGs&sig=B2TdRiv8dMsgG9ti9fcp79OEDDo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgKno0O7ZAhXkYJoKHbBVBa8Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22forms%20a%20diagram%20of%20that%20state%20of%20things%22&f=false"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
size=4>https://books.google.bg/books?id=HoRfcRUtpnEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22forms+a+diagram+of+that+state+of+things%22&source=bl&ots=I0XHZ5xFGs&sig=B2TdRiv8dMsgG9ti9fcp79OEDDo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgKno0O7ZAhXkYJoKHbBVBa8Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22forms%20a%20diagram%20of%20that%20state%20of%20things%22&f=false</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>; see also:
</FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-ontos/article/viewFile/2200/2462"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" color=#000000
size=4>http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-ontos/article/viewFile/2200/2462</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><FONT size=4>[Plato,
2002] Plato. The Republic. IDPH. </FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.idph.net/conteudos/ebooks/republic.pdf"'><SPAN
style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#0000ff
size=4>http://www.idph.net/conteudos/ebooks/republic.pdf</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt"
align=justify><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4>[Wittgenstein, 1922] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,
translated C. K. Ogden, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., New York:
Harcourt, Brace & Company,1922 (in English). </FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf"'><SPAN
style='TEXT-DECORATION: ; COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-underline: none; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
color=#000000><FONT style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
size=4>https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style='COLOR: ; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt'><FONT
size=4> ) </FONT></SPAN></P>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<DIV><FONT size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B><FONT size=4></FONT></B> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><STRONG><FONT size=4></FONT></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=markov@foibg.com
href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">Krassimir Markov</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Monday, March 12, 2018 12:34 AM</DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'><FONT
size=4></FONT></DIV><o:p><FONT size=4>... </FONT></o:p></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>Infos has possibility to
reflect the reality via receptors and to operate with received reflections in
its memory. The opposite is possible - via effectors Infos has possibility to
realize in reality some of its (self-) reflections from its
consciousness.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>The commutative diagram
on Figure 1 represents modeling relations. In the frame of diagram:</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>- in reality: real
models: s is a model of r, </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>- in consciousness:
mental models: s<SUB>i</SUB> is a mental model of r<SUB>i</SUB>;</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>- between reality and
consciousness: perceiving data and creating mental models: <FONT
size=4>triple (s<SUB>i</SUB>, e<SUB>i</SUB>, r<SUB>i</SUB>) is a mental model of
triple (s, e, r).</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>It is easy to imagine
the case when the Infos realizes its reflections using its effectors, i.e.
relation between consciousness and reality: realizing mental models and creating
data. In this case the receptors’ arrows should be replaces by opposite
effectors’ arrows. In this case triple (s, e, r) is a realization of the mental
model (s<SUB>i</SUB>, e<SUB>i</SUB>, r<SUB>i</SUB>).</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes"><FONT
size=4><IMG title=clip_image002
style="BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px"
border=0 alt=clip_image002 src="cid:67F974B75D044C5EA5141F502495030E@VaioMarkov"
width=502 height=140 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>Figure 1</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>After creating the
mental model it may be reflected by other levels of consciousness. In literature
several such levels are described. For instance, in [2], six levels are
separated for humans (Figure 2). <SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">The
complexity of Infos determines the levels. For instance, for societies the
levels are much more, for animals with no neo-cortex the levels a
less.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN style="mso-no-proof: yes"><FONT
size=4></FONT></SPAN> </P><IMG title=image
style="BORDER-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px"
border=0 alt=image src="cid:DF431760029F49E19F0CC05057FEA6D6@VaioMarkov"
width=644 height=426></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>Figure 2.
[2]<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size=4>This means that the mental
models are on different consciousness levels and different types (for instance -
touch, audition, vision).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>In [2], Jeff Hawkins had
remarked: “The transformation— from fast changing to slow changing and from
spatially specific to spatially invariant— is well documented for vision. And
although there is a smaller body of evidence to prove it, many neuroscientists
believe you'd find the same thing happening in all the sensory areas of your
cortex, not just in vision” [2].<SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">As it is shown on </SPAN>Figure 2 mental
models are in very large range from spatially specific to spatially invariant;
from fast changing to slow changing; from “features” and “details” to
objects”.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>To be
continued...</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4><STRONG><FONT
size=4>...</FONT></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4><STRONG><FONT
size=4></FONT></STRONG></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4><FONT size=4>Friendly
greetings</FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>Krassimir</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><o:p><FONT
size=4> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>References</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><FONT size=4>[1] Kr. Markov, Kr.
Ivanova, I. Mitov. Basic Structure of the General Information Theory. IJ ITA,
Vol.14, No.: 1, 2007. pp. 5-19.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 3pt 0cm"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size=4>[2] Hawkins, Jeff (2004). On
Intelligence (1st ed.). Times Books. p. 272. </FONT></SPAN><A
title="International Standard Book Number"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><SPAN
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; COLOR: windowtext; text-underline: none"><FONT
size=4>ISBN</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT
size=4> </FONT></SPAN><A title=Special:BookSources/0805074562
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805074562"><SPAN
style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; COLOR: windowtext; text-underline: none"><FONT
size=4>0805074562</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT
size=4>.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>
<HR>
_</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>
<HR>
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<HR>
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