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</head><body><p>Dear Krassimir, </p><p>I agree with you. </p><p>In our framework, your second type (deductive) exists only at the high DIMENSIONAL level of the brain. </p><p>When I see a three-dimensional cat, my mind adds to the 3D picture other features (we call them dimensions), such as: I start to think that its name is Jack, it is a feline, it is nice and tender, and so on. </p><p>The only difference from your account is that, according to our framework, we can (leaving apart the human language, that is something more subjective) physically quantify such higher dimensions. And we tried to demonstrate how such process is feasible: </p><p><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-017-9428-2">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-017-9428-2</a></p><p><br></p><p>Ciao! </p><blockquote type="cite">Il 17 marzo 2018 alle 17.59 Krassimir Markov <markov@foibg.com> ha scritto:<br><br><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; color: #000000;"><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Dear FIS Colleagues,</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">The Plato’s allegory about prisoners in the cave (maybe!) is one of the first attempts to pay attention to consciousness models [Plato, 2002, Book VII, p. 373]. Let remember that the best candidate for such kind of prisoner is the brain, including ones of all kinds of Infoses. (To avoid misunderstandings with concepts Subject, agent, animal, human, society, humanity, living creatures, etc., we use the abstract concept “INFOS” to denote every of them as well as all of artificial creatures which has features similar to the former ones [Markov et al, 2007]).</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">There are at least two types of models created by and in the Infos’ consciousness - isomorphic (correspond) to the structure of input from the sensors (called in cognitive science “mental models” [Johnson-Laird, 1983]) and not isomorphic (textual in any language) (called “deductive, analytic, or logical models” [Wittgenstein, 1922]). </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Both models are very important but the second type (deductive) exists only at the high level and very complex organized Infoses (humans, societies, humanity). For deductive modeling one needs a language as a tool for modeling. Maybe some animals have some language possibilities but they are not enough for deductive modeling.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Now I shall continue with a short survey on the “mental models”. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">In the next post I shall discuss the deductive models. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">For humans, the mental models are psychological representations of real, hypothetical, or imaginary situations. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">The mental model theory was established by Philip Johnson-Laird in [Johnson-Laird, 1983] and has proven extremely powerful in predicting and explaining higher-level cognition in humans [MMRW, 2018]. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">For other types of Infoses, the mental models correspond to the level of consciousness organization, for instance art is a kind of “social mental model”.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1896, the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce had postulated that reasoning is a process by which a human: “examines the state of things asserted in the premises, forms a diagram of that state of things, perceives in the parts of the diagram relations not explicitly mentioned in the premises, satisfies itself by mental experiments upon the diagram that these relations would always subsist, or at least would do so in a certain proportion of cases, and concludes their necessary, or probable, truth.” [Peirce, 1896]. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">In Wittgenstein’s “picture” theory of the meaning of language, mental models have a structure that corresponds to the structure of what they represent [Wittgenstein, 1922]. They are accordingly akin to architects’ models of buildings, to molecular biologists’ models of complex molecules, and to physicists’ diagrams of particle interactions. </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1943, the Scottish psychologist Kenneth Craik had proposed a similar idea:</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">“... human thought has a definite function; it provides a convenient small-scale model of a process so that we can, for instance, design a bridge in our minds and know that it will bear a train passing over it instead of having to conduct a number of full-scale experiments; and the thinking of animals represents on a more restricted scale the ability to represent, say, danger before it comes and leads to avoidance instead of repeated bitter experience” [Craik, 1943, page 59].</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">“If the organism carries a 'small-scale model' of external reality and of its own possible actions within its head, it is able to try out various alternatives, conclude which is the best of them, react to future situations before they arise, utilize the knowledge of past events in dealing with the present and future, and in every way to react in a much fuller, safer, and more competent manner to the emergencies which face it” [Craik, 1943, page 61].</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Since Craik’s insight, cognitive scientists have argued that the mind constructs mental models as a result of perception, imagination and knowledge, and the comprehension of discourse. They study how children develop such models, how to design artifacts and computer systems for which it is easy to acquire a model, how a model of one domain may serve as analogy for another domain, and how models engender thoughts, inferences, and feelings [MMRW, 2018].</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">To be continued...</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Friendly greetings</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">Krassimir</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" align="justify"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">References</span></strong></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Craik, 1943] </span><a><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-size: large;">Kenneth James Williams Craik</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> . <a target="_blank"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">The Nature of Explanation</span></span></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1943) . Reprinted: October 1967, ISBN: 9780521094450. 136 pages. </span><a><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-size: large;">http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/psychology/cognition/nature-explanation?format=PB&isbn=9780521094450#cM4ptICCc6vUTlK0.97</span></span></a></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Johnson-Laird, 1983] Mental Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983. Italian translation by Alberto Mazzocco, Il Mulino, 1988. Japanese translation, Japan UNI Agency,1989.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Johnson-Laird, 1995] Philip N. Johnson-Laird. Mental models, deductive reasoning, and the brain. (1995) In Gazzaniga, M.S. (Ed.) The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 999-1008.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Markov et al, 2007] Kr. Markov, Kr. Ivanova, I. Mitov. Basic Structure of the General Information Theory. IJ ITA, Vol.14, No.: 1, 2007. pp. 5-19.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[MMRW, 2018] Mental Models and Reasoning website (MMRW). </span><a><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-size: large;">http://mentalmodels.princeton.edu/about/what-are-mental-models/</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Peirce, 1896], Charles Sanders. Principles of Philosophy, 10. Kinds of reasoning, 66. Deduction. page 28 in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume 1. Harvard University Press, 1931. 1932, 1959, 1960, 1974 - 535 pages. ISBN 0-674-13800-7. </span><a><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-size: large;">https://books.google.bg/books?id=HoRfcRUtpnEC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=%22forms+a+diagram+of+that+state+of+things%22&source=bl&ots=I0XHZ5xFGs&sig=B2TdRiv8dMsgG9ti9fcp79OEDDo&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgKno0O7ZAhXkYJoKHbBVBa8Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22forms%20a%20diagram%20of%20that%20state%20of%20things%22&f=false</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> ; see also: </span><a><span style="text-decoration: none; color: #000000; font-size: large;">http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-ontos/article/viewFile/2200/2462</span></a></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Plato, 2002] Plato. The Republic. IDPH. </span><a><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large;">http://www.idph.net/conteudos/ebooks/republic.pdf</span></a></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: large;">[Wittgenstein, 1922] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated C. K. Ogden, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO., New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1922 (in English). </span><a><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-size: large;">https://monoskop.org/File:Wittgenstein_Ludwig_Tractatus_Logico_Philosophicus_1922.pdf</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> ) </span></p><div style="font-size: small; text-decoration: none; font-family: 'Calibri'; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; font-style: normal; display: inline;"><div style="font: 10pt tahoma;"><div> </div><div style="background: #f5f5f5;"><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"> </div><div style="font-color: black;"><strong>From:</strong> <a href="mailto:markov@foibg.com">Krassimir Markov</a></div><div><strong>Sent:</strong> Monday, March 12, 2018 12:34 AM</div><div><div> <br></div><div style="font-size: small; text-decoration: none; font-family: 'Calibri'; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; font-style: normal; display: inline;"><div style="font-size: small; text-decoration: none; font-family: 'Calibri'; font-weight: normal; color: #000000; font-style: normal; display: inline;"> <br></div><span style="font-size: large;">... </span></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri'; color: #000000;"><div><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">Infos has possibility to reflect the reality via receptors and to operate with received reflections in its memory. The opposite is possible - via effectors Infos has possibility to realize in reality some of its (self-) reflections from its consciousness.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">The commutative diagram on Figure 1 represents modeling relations. In the frame of diagram:</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">- in reality: real models: s is a model of r, </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">- in consciousness: mental models: s<sub>i</sub> is a mental model of r<sub>i</sub>;</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">- between reality and consciousness: perceiving data and creating mental models: <span style="font-size: large;">triple (s<sub>i</sub>, e<sub>i</sub>, r<sub>i</sub>) is a mental model of triple (s, e, r).</span></span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is easy to imagine the case when the Infos realizes its reflections using its effectors, i.e. relation between consciousness and reality: realizing mental models and creating data. In this case the receptors’ arrows should be replaces by opposite effectors’ arrows. In this case triple (s, e, r) is a realization of the mental model (s<sub>i</sub>, e<sub>i</sub>, r<sub>i</sub>).</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img style="width: 502px; height: 140px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px;" border="0" alt="clip_image002" src="cid:28A60A2491C04D1B817D7FAA0BCC1E2C@VaioMarkov" id="28A60A2491C04D1B817D7FAA0BCC1E2C@VaioMarkov" width="502" height="140"></span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 1</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">After creating the mental model it may be reflected by other levels of consciousness. In literature several such levels are described. For instance, in [2], six levels are separated for humans (Figure 2). The complexity of Infos determines the levels. For instance, for societies the levels are much more, for animals with no neo-cortex the levels a less.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"> <br></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"> <br></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"> </p><img style="width: 644px; height: 426px; padding-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px;" border="0" alt="image" src="cid:8AB21C4CE32C40ACA83EB4C3648A9A20@VaioMarkov" id="8AB21C4CE32C40ACA83EB4C3648A9A20@VaioMarkov" width="644" height="426"><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 2. [2]</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">This means that the mental models are on different consciousness levels and different types (for instance - touch, audition, vision).</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">In [2], Jeff Hawkins had remarked: “The transformation— from fast changing to slow changing and from spatially specific to spatially invariant— is well documented for vision. And although there is a smaller body of evidence to prove it, many neuroscientists believe you'd find the same thing happening in all the sensory areas of your cortex, not just in vision” [2].</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">As it is shown on Figure 2 mental models are in very large range from spatially specific to spatially invariant; from fast changing to slow changing; from “features” and “details” to objects”.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">To be continued...</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">...</span></strong></span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"> </p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Friendly greetings</span></span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">Krassimir</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">References</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">[1] Kr. Markov, Kr. Ivanova, I. Mitov. Basic Structure of the General Information Theory. IJ ITA, Vol.14, No.: 1, 2007. pp. 5-19.</span></p><p class="ox-f2481d202b-MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: large;">[2] Hawkins, Jeff (2004). On Intelligence (1st ed.). Times Books. p. 272. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: windowtext;"><span style="font-size: large;">ISBN</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805074562"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: windowtext;"><span style="font-size: large;">0805074562</span></span></a><span style="font-size: large;">.</span></p></div></div></div></div><p> <br></p><hr>_</div></div></div></blockquote><p><br> </p><blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br>Fis mailing list<br>Fis@listas.unizar.es<br>http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis<br></blockquote><p><br></p><div class="io-ox-signature"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'courier new', monospace;"><strong>Arturo Tozzi</strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'courier new', monospace;">AA Professor Physics, University North Texas</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'courier new', monospace;">Pediatrician ASL Na2Nord, Italy</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: 'courier new', monospace;">Comput Intell Lab, University Manitoba</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'courier new', monospace;"><a href="http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/" style="font-size: 14px; color: #05447e;">http://arturotozzi.webnode.it/</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span></span><br></p></div></body></html>