<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" lang="DE-AT">Dear Xueshan,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" lang="DE-AT"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">let us work thru your Armenia paradox. It says:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">" Suppose an earthquake occurred in Armenia last night and all of the main
media of the world have given the report about it. On the second day, two
students A and B are putting forward a dialogue facing the newspaper headline “<b>Earthquake
Occurred in Armenia Last Night</b>”:</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Q: What is the <b>MEANING</b> contained in this sentence?</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">A: An earthquake occurred in Armenia last night.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Q: What is the <b>INFORMATION</b> contained in this sentence?</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">A: An earthquake occurred in Armenia last night. “<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Your
viewpoint focuses on the identity of the two terms “meaning” and “information”.
Another approach would be to split A’s and B’s knowledge of the earthquake.
(Maybe A had heard it already in the radio, while for B the paper was news.) <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The
text may be an information for B, while it has no information value for A. The
difference between the subjective, human usage of the word “information” and
the objective, technical usage of the same word is, that in human context, “information”
is synonymous with “new”. The sentences “This is news for me” and “This is
information for me” can be used interchangeably in social discourses and there
is no risk of being misunderstood.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In
a technical understanding of the context, into which the text must fit, there
can be no new elements or ideas. This is what Wittgenstein said. All that can
ever be said, can be considered as having been said. <span> </span>The sequence of discoveries has only
practical, but no theoretical importance. It is completely and absolutely irrelevant
whether which of teleportation or time travel we discover first – please use
your own examples of something that we believe is not possible but that may
still turn out to be possible -, their possibility of being discovered is a part
of their description. Puzzles of Nature are not objective puzzles: they are
subjective shortcomings of not having kept the eyes open. The signs were always
there for a²+b²=c², the Neanderthals could also have formalised the fact, had
they had the time, inclination and education to discover it. There can be no
invention in the world of rational thinking, only discoveries. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">As
to the meaning part of a headline, there are ancient civilisations that have
learnt to listen carefully to the subtle nuances of when an announcement is
made, on which position and using which layout it appears among the
communications, and so forth. In Byzantium the fact of the communication would
have been set in a context, investigated under the aspects of whether the earthquake
and its public acknowledgement will support Prince X’s machinations or rather
those of Metropolit Y. That would have been the meaning of the text, for A and
B.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information
is the flip-side of a coin. Having drunk the mother-milk of Shannon, one will
not think possible that “.not. a” has variants independently of “a”. If the
repertoire is {0,1}, knowing one of them means knowing all of them. If the
repertoire is however {0,1,2,3}, the remaining alternatives, after having
established <i>i</i> is the case, carry a meaning
for the human, and carry information for the machine. Moreover, one can chain up
the non-selected alternatives, make use of their being available for a
concurrent process, build a kind of Lego construction out of the alternatives.
The community of the rejected, de-legitimised, non-accepted has indeed
sometimes reached a critical mass, in the course of history. <span> </span><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information
is an enumeration of the alternatives. If one knows all that what is not the
case in context Q, one may build predictions relating to context R. For a
prediction, it is irrelevant whether the data are presented as positive or
negative extents, as logical .t. or .f. values. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information
and meaning appear to be like key and lock. They cannot exist without each
other and humans like to distinguish them. If one sees the production of a key
together with the lock in an automated fine mechanical factory, the sheets of
drawing paper, or the multiple screens of a computer, devoted to the components
of the merchandise, allow management to decide whether the key is an addendum
to the lock, or the lock is a side product of the key. Whether the hen {is more
important than, contains} the egg is an old paradox, now resurfacing as an
earthquake. <span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Karl<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">PS.:
In my book “Natural Orders” there are 2 chapters: Information, subjective
concept and Information, objective definition.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2018-02-26 12:26 GMT+01:00 Søren Brier <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sbr.msc@cbs.dk" target="_blank">sbr.msc@cbs.dk</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" lang="DA">
<div class="m_-6289146330346593747WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">Dear
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"> Xueshan<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US">The solution to the paradox is to go to a metaparadigm that can encompass information
science as well as linguistics. C.S. Peirce’s semiotics is such a paradigm especially if you can integrate cybernetics and systems theory with it. There is a summary of the framework of Cybersemiotics here:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5e7/cf50ffc5edbc110ccd08279d6d8b513bfbe2.pdf" target="_blank">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.<wbr>org/a5e7/<wbr>cf50ffc5edbc110ccd08279d6d8b51<wbr>3bfbe2.pdf</a>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US">Cordially yours<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"> Søren Brier<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US">Depart. of Management, Society and Comunication, CBS, Dalgas Have 15 (2VO25), 2000 Frederiksberg<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US">Mobil <a href="tel:(28)%20494%20162" value="+3628494162" target="_blank">28494162</a>
</span><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#666666;background:#f7f7f3"><a href="http://www.cbs.dk/en/staff/sbrmsc" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0563c1" lang="EN-US">www.cbs.dk/en/staff/sbrmsc</span></a></span><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#666666;background:#f7f7f3" lang="EN-US">
, <a href="http://cybersemiotics.com" target="_blank">cybersemiotics.com</a>.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1f497d" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:0cm;line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Fis [mailto:<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis-bounces@listas.<wbr>unizar.es</a>]
<b>På vegne af </b>Xueshan Yan<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 26. februar 2018 10:47<br>
<b>Til:</b> FIS Group <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br>
<b>Emne:</b> [Fis] A Paradox<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div><div><div class="h5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Dear colleagues,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">In my teaching career of Information Science, I was often puzzled by the following inference,
I call it <b>Paradox of Meaning and Information</b> or <b>Armenia Paradox</b>. In order not to produce unnecessary ambiguity, I state it below and strictly limit our discussion within the human context.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Suppose an earthquake occurred in Armenia last night and all of the main media of the world have
given the report about it. On the second day, two students A and B are putting forward a dialogue facing the newspaper headline “<b>Earthquake Occurred in Armenia Last Night</b>”:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Q: What is the
<b>MEANING</b> contained in this sentence?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">A: An earthquake occurred in Armenia last night.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Q: What is the
<b>INFORMATION</b> contained in this sentence?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">A: An earthquake occurred in Armenia last night.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Thus we come to the conclusion that
<b>MEANING is equal to INFORMATION</b>, or strictly speaking, human meaning is equal to human information. In Linguistics, the study of human meaning is called Human Semantics; In Information Science, the study of human information is called Human Informatics.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Historically, Human Linguistics has two definitions: 1, It is the study of human language; 2,
It, also called Anthropological Linguistics or Linguistic Anthropology, is the historical and cultural study of a human language. Without loss of generality, we only adopt the first definitions here, so we regard Human Linguistics and Linguistics as the same.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Due to Human Semantics is one of the disciplines of Linguistics and its main task is to deal
with the human meaning, and Human Informatics is one of the disciplines of Information Science and its main task is to deal with the human information; Due to human meaning is equal to human information, thus we have the following corollary:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">A:
<b>Human Informatics is a subfield of Human Linguistics</b>.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">According to the definition of general linguists, language is a vehicle for transmitting information,
therefore, Linguistics is a branch of Human Informatics, so we have another corollary:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">B:
<b>Human Linguistics is a subfield of Human Informatics</b>.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:22.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Apparently, A and B are contradictory or logically unacceptable. It is a paradox in Information
Science and Linguistics. In most cases, a settlement about the related paradox could lead to some important discoveries in a subject, but how should we understand this paradox?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:3.6pt;text-indent:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif" lang="EN-US">Xueshan</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:DengXian" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div></div></div>
</div>
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