<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Can we not make conceptual leap from networks, information, communication, and language to Sound?<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">From Visual to Speech and Sound.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Sound Making and its role in evolution.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Thanks</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Mayank Chaturvedi</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 13, 2018, at 12:48 PM, Sungchul Ji <<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" class="">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Hi Howard, FISers,</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">I enjoyed reading the informative excerpt from your book.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">(<b class="">I</b>) Regarding the definition of information you give, it seems to me that your defintiion is of the dyadic type:</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> "A is B." (1)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">which can be represeneted diagramatically as </div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> A -----> B (2)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">I would prefer a triadic definition of the type shown below:<br class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> "A determines B which in turn determines C such that C is indirectly determined by A" (3)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">which I often represent diagramatically as follows: </div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> f g</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> A ------> B --------> C (4)<br class=""> | ^<br class=""> | |</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> |_______________|</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> h</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">f =encoding, sign generation; g = decoding. interpreting, translating; h = informaiton flow, grounding, correspondence, or correlation</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Diagram (4) was adopted from C. W. Peirce (1839-1914) who first proposed a triadic deinitiion of the sign:</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class=""><i class="">66 - MS 793 - [On Signs] .</i></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">A Sign is an thing, A, which</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">(1) in addition to others characters of its own,</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">(2) stands in a dyadic relation Þ to a purely active correlate, B, and is also</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" class="">(3) in a triadic relation to B for a purely passive correlate, C, this triadic relation being such as to determine C to be in a relation, µ, to B, the relation µ corresponding in a recognized way to the relation Þ, its dyadic relation to A would belong to it just the same even if A did not exist.</div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><a href="http://www.iupui.edu/~arisbe/rsources/76DEFS/76defs.HTM" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk929853" previewremoved="true">http://www.iupui.edu/~arisbe/rsources/76DEFS/76defs.HTM</a><br class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">(<b class="">II</b>) Regarding the role of entropy in information processes (including translation), it is important to remember that most (if not all) translators of information are non-isolated systems so that their entropy need not increase with time (as widely thought) and, in fact, can decrese if they can dissipative free energy. What the second law of thermodynamics says is that the entropy of ISOLATED SYSTESMS increases with time. In other words,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""><br class="">"What drives the spontaneous processes in isolated systems (e.g., the Big Bang) is entropy increase. But (5)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">what drives the spontaneous processes in non-isolated systems (e.g., the biosphere) is free energy decrease." </div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Let us remember that entropy (S) is a variable of the free energy fucntion, as exemplified by Gibbs free energy (G):</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> G = E + PV - TS (6)</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""> </p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Let me know if you have any questions or comments.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">All the best.</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Sung</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div></div><hr tabindex="-1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline-block; width: 1083.875px;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""></span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fis <<a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" class="">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</a>> on behalf of Howard Bloom <<a href="mailto:howlbloom@aol.com" class="">howlbloom@aol.com</a>><br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, February 13, 2018 12:56:26 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" class="">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:crystal.rosa@howardbloom.net" class="">crystal.rosa@howardbloom.net</a>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:javierweiss@gmail.com" class="">javierweiss@gmail.com</a><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</font><div class=""> </div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Xueshan,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">a huge thanks for your contribution to this dialog. here's mine</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class="">"information is anything a receiver can interpret." information is in the eye of the beholder.</blockquote><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></blockquote><div class="">for more, see my book The God Problem: How a Godless Cosmos Creates.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">here's a sample:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div class=""><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">If meaning is anything that a translator can understand, anything that a translator can interpret, anything that a translator can decode, then the amount of meaning in this cosmos is constantly increasing. Meaning defies the law of entropy, the second law of thermodynamics. Meaning does not ebb away. It is not erased by disorder. It is on the rise. It is constantly piling up. And its pile is reaching toward the heavens. Not to mention pouring from the skies.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Let's take a simple example—starlight. This planet, Mother Earth, pulled itself together from random pebbles, iceballs, and supersized gravity balls 4.5 billion years ago. For the first billion years of Earth's existence, streams of photons from emitters far, far away, rays of light from distant stars, rays of light that looked like pin pricks in the black of the night sky, hit the surface of this Earth's stone and water, its land and seas. And those beams of light found no takers. They found no receivers, no interpreters, no translators. Planet Earth’s stone and water were indifferent to the existence of light from stars. They were literally not moved by starlight. The result? Starlight had no meaning.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Were these trickles of light from stars information yet? No. Not by the standard of "information is anything decoded by a receiver." And not by the standards of Claude Shannon's "meaning." But things would not stay that way forever.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Roughly 3.85 billion years ago, life assembled in the shallows and in the depths of the seas. And roughly three hundred and fifty thousand years into life's existence, cells of life stuff first registered the existence of light. The life forms that pulled off this trick were cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria were single-celled creatures that live in societies of trillions. And cyanobacteria did more than merely register light's presence or absence. They acted on what they “saw.” They used light as a power source. They used light to manufacture food. And they used light to make copies of themselves. They used light to multiply. They used light to conquer the newborn Earth’s rivers, lakes, and seas.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn1" name="x__ednref1" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> How? They invented photosynthesis. They invented an industrial process, a process of manic mass production, that turned light into polypeptides, sugars, hydrocarbons, and proteins. A process of translation. Translation from one medium to another. A process of motion. Electron-and-atom motion. Highly orchestrated motion. An extraordinarily sophisticated response to a stimulus.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Back to our question. Was light information yet? Yes. Translators were decoding it. Translators were interpreting it. Translators were transforming it into energy conveyors like ATP (adenosine triphosphate)<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn2" name="x__ednref2" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and social signalling molecules like N-acyl-homoserine lactones and cyclic oligopeptides.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn3" name="x__ednref3" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> Turning light into a new language. A language of chemical sentences. What’s more, translators were grabbing hold of light as a stimulus. And they were responding to it with action. With metabolism. With movement. With migration to new territories. Was light information yet? You bet. Why? Because translators had invented a meaning. A meaning for the light of the Sun.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">OK, that was true of sunlight. But what about starlight? Sorry. It was too weak to register. It still had no translators. No interpreters. So was starlight information yet? No. </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Was starlight destined to be an informational orphan forever? Was it condemned to go unto eternity without meaning? Or, to put it differently, would starlight’s lack of eager translators ever change? </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Over three billion years later, there were light translators all over this planet. Not just in the sea. They had also conquered the land. They were plants. And their ability to coat the planet with light-translators—with the solar panels we call leaves—was astonishing. Did this spread of plants, this astonishing increase in the number of translators, increase the amount of meaning “in” sunlight? Had rainforests and ocean kelp increased the number of implicit properties that the cosmos extracts from sunlight? Had they increased the translation of light from one medium to another? Or, to put it differently, had coating the land and lining the seas with photosynthesizers increased the amount of Shannon's style of information? Had it increased the raw total of response to the stimulus of sunlight? Again, the answer is yes. Absolutely.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">But what about starlight? Still no takers. So was starlight information yet? Not so far as we know.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Let's skip ahead another 999 million years or so. Let’s fast forward to humans. Roughly 36,000 years ago,<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn4" name="x__ednref4" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>humans invented a simple isomorphic symbol set, a system of notation. And they carved their notes in mammoth, baboon, and eagle bones.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn5" name="x__ednref5" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[v]</span></span></span></span></a> What did they keep notes about? What did the symbols try to capture? What did they try to translate? To what were they isomorphic? The phases of the moon.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn6" name="x__ednref6" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a> The repetition roughly every thirty days of a cycle that sees the moon transform from a fingernail-like sliver, a thin crescent, to a fat and full circle of light. These early<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Homo sapiens</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>apparently used their carved bones and tusks to keep track of something that they were in the process of inventing, the concept of time. So moonlight now had translators and interpreters. Was moonlight information yet? You bet. Moonlight had meaning extractors. It had creatures that responded to its changes. It had stimulus, response, and meaning. Did that make it information? I leave the answer up to you. </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">But what about starlight? It appears that we humans didn’t make sense of the random spray of stars in the black of night until well after the invention of agriculture 10,000 years ago. Then in roughly 4,000 B.C.E., the Babylonians got into the act and pioneered star-based mythology, star-based astronomy and astrology. Two thousand years later the inhabitants of Britain and Scotland built hundreds of groupings of massive boulders like Stonehenge and apparently used those boulder circles to translate alignments of the Sun, the moon, and the stars into a language whose letters were fashioned from stone.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn7" name="x__ednref7" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a> And across the Atlantic Ocean, the Aztecs, Incas and Mayans, too, translated the connect-the-dots of the stars into stone, into ritual, and into the synchronized behavior of citizens far and wide.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn8" name="x__ednref8" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a></div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Which brings us back to the basic question. The amount of sunlight has gone up twenty six percent since life first evolved.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn9" name="x__ednref9" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a> And old stars have died and new ones been born in the night sky. But is that what has jacked up the amount of information on this earthly ball? Not a bit. But has the information content on this planet grown? Has the meaning increased? Have the number and variety of responses to light's stimulus gone up? Have the number of breakthroughs that light inspired soared? Have the number of inventions that light triggered climbed? You bet. </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">So in the days of the henge-makers, was the cosmos following the second law of thermodynamics? Was the universe demonstrating entropy? Was information sliding down a slippery slope to disorder? Not one bit. Claude Shannon’s style of information may or may not have been on the increase. But meaning was rocketing.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Then in the land between the two rivers, in Mesopotamia, came tribes, city states, and empires. With full-time star priests, full-time scribes who thought that they could read the secrets of the universe and the secrets of their politicians’ futures in the stars. For one hundred generations—for roughly 2,000 years<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn10" name="x__ednref10" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[x]</span></span></span></span></a>—these astronomers and astrologers watched the stars for the kings of Mesopotamia, the kings of the thirty one cities of The Land of the Lords of Brightness. For one hundred generations the professional star translators made meticulous observations, translated what they saw into the symbol set of cuneiform, recorded those cuneiform translations on clay hand tablets, and deposited the tablets in libraries of as many as twenty thousand clay tablets<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn11" name="x__ednref11" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[xi]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>each in the palaces of kings. Today there are over 1.5 million cuneiform tablets in museums around the world.<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn12" name="x__ednref12" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[xii]</span></span></span></span></a> Needless to say, not all of them concern astronomy. But all are translations of experience into isomorphic symbol sets. </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">How very much like cyanobacteria translating sunlight into a language of biochemicals. How very much like leaves translating sunlight into panels, sheets, threads, and stems of cells. </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">The Mesopotamian priestly tablets recorded the movements of the constellations and the stars. But that wasn’t all. The Mesopotamian scribe priests built one layer of symbol set upon another. The scribe priests invented three new symbol sets—written language, mathematical procedures, and charts. Why? To understand the “messages” of starlight. And they used those “messages” to read the minds of the gods. What’s more, they advised that rulers act according to the stars’ “messages.”</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Had the amount of starlight making it to the surface of the Earth gone up? Not a single iota. But had the amount of information shot up? Had the number of meanings and the number of creatures paying attention to those meanings skyrocketed? Had<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">responses</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to the tiny bits of light from the stars been fruitful and multiplied? Even in Claude Shannon’s crippled terminology, the amount of meaning had soared.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">Meanwhile, Babylon’s star priests were just starting starlight’s informational odyssey. Today there are hundreds of thousands of professional and amateur telescopes pointing at the heavens, and all of them are trying to find yet more meanings in starlight. We've used our telescopes to see that some dots in the black heavens of night, dots that we originally thought were stars, are sky-swirls, tiny spirals in the sky. We've had the “Great Debate” of April 26, 1920 between Heber Curtis and Harlow Shapley at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.,<a href="x-msg://2/#x__edn13" name="x__ednref13" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">[xiii]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>a debate over whether those sky twirls are mere spirals of gas inside our Milky Way, inside our star cluster, or whether they are swirls of something far more substantial than gas, whether they are swirls of stars. We've had The Great Debate over whether those swirls are inside our star cluster, our "globular cluster," or outside of it. We've had the debate over whether our globular star cluster is a spiral like those strange spiral wisps. We've had the debate about whether our globular cluster is a tiny 30,000 light years across or a giant 300,000. We've had the great debate between Curtis and Shapley over whether this is a nice, cozy universe that includes only our star cluster or whether the cosmos is an unimaginably vast space in which "island universes" like ours, things called "galaxies," exist at great distances from each other, huge, lonely, unimaginable distances. We’ve seen a winner to that debate—the argument for many galaxies spread over unimaginable distances.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">We’ve used lenses and mirrors to magnify starlight. We’ve used drawings on paper and images on glass photographic plates and on cellulose film to capture the images of stars and to record their positions. We’ve turned that data into electron flows, into Claude Shannon’s pluses and minuses, ons and offs, one and zeros, into binary numbers and into Shannon’s brilliant language of electronic circuits—the language of computers. We’ve stored these translations of starlight on magnetic film and hard drives.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">And we've used starlight, the streams of photons from the stars, to theorize about the origins of the universe and about the universe's future. Our libraries of scholarly articles and popular books about starlight-interpretation, starlight-translation, have grown huge. So have the numbers of cosmologists, astrophysicists, and astronomers who’ve dedicated their lives to interpreting that trickle of light from the stars. What’s more, we owe everything from Newton's physics and Einstein's relativity to NASA's space explorations to starlight. Has the amount of starlight falling on this planet at night increased? Not a sliver. Not a scratch. So what has gone up? The quantity of interpretation. The quantity of translation. The quantity of response to a stimulus. The quantity of action. The quantity of repetition in a new context. The quantity of raw glass, iron, steel, and money dedicated to starlight. And most important, the quantity of meaning.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">What does this radical increase mean for the quantity of information "in" starlight? What does it mean for the total amount of information and meaning on this third gravity ball from the Sun? And what does it mean for the total amount of information—the total amount of meaning—in the cosmos?</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing">If information is anything a receiver can interpret, anything a translator can translate, has the amount of information gone up? Or is this merely an explosion of meaning? It's a semantic quibble. A quibble you can decide better than I can. But something has been on the increase. Something has shot up dramatically. Something complex. Something extremely social. Something profoundly conversational. Something that utterly defies the pessimistic predictions of entropy. And something that seriously challenges an information theory without meaning.</div><div class="x_MsoNoSpacing"> </div><div class=""><br clear="all" class=""><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" class=""><div id="x_edn1" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref1" name="x__edn1" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[i]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>J. William Schopf & Cornelius Klein,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 360.</div></div><div id="x_edn2" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref2" name="x__edn2" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[ii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rafael Palacios, William Edward Newton,<i class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Genomes and genomics of nitrogen-fixing organisms</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Dordrecht: Springer, 2005), p. 41.</div></div><div id="x_edn3" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref3" name="x__edn3" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[iii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Reinhard Krämer, Kirsten Jung, eds.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Bacterial Signaling</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010), pp. 7, 23-24.</div></div><div id="x_edn4" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref4" name="x__edn4" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[iv]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Paul G. Bahn, Jean Vertut,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Journey Through the Ice Age</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Berkeley CA:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="x_MsoHyperlinkFollowed"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">University of California Press, 1997), <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span>p. 31. Bryan E. Penprase,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Springer, 2011), p. 134.</div></div><div id="x_edn5" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref5" name="x__edn5" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[v]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Peter James, Nick Thorpe,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Ancient Inventions</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Ballantine, 1994), p. 485. Evan Hadingham,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Early Man and the Cosmos</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Walker, 1985), pp. 85-88.</div></div><div id="x_edn6" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref6" name="x__edn6" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[vi]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alexander Marshack,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The roots of civilization: the cognitive beginnings of man's first art, symbol and notation</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Kingston, RI: Moyer Bell, 1991). David H. Kelley, Eugene F. Milone, Anthony F. Aven,<i class="">Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Springer, 2004), pp. 157-158. Paul G. Bahn, ed,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">An Enquiring Mind: Studies in Honor of Alexander Marshack</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Oxford: Oxbow, 2009).</div></div><div id="x_edn7" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref7" name="x__edn7" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[vii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A. Thom, “Megalithic astronomy: Indications in standing stones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Vistas in Astronomy</i>, Volume 7, 1966, pp. 1-56. Clive Ruggles, “The stone alignments of Argyll and Mull: a perspective on the statistical approach in archaeoastronomy,” in Clive Ruggles, ed.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 233.</div></div><div id="x_edn8" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref8" name="x__edn8" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[viii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Penprase,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The Power of Stars</i>, pp. 11, 68, 71, 74-6, 91-92, 123-124.</div></div><div id="x_edn9" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref9" name="x__edn9" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[ix]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kenneth R. Lang,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The Sun</i><i class=""> From Space<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>(Berlin: Springer, 2009), p. 385.</div></div><div id="x_edn10" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref10" name="x__edn10" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[x]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>J. Edward Wright,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The early history</i><i class=""> of heaven</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 31.</div></div><div id="x_edn11" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref11" name="x__edn11" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[xi]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lorna Oakes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Mesopotamia</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(New York: Rosen, 2009), p. 54.</div></div><div id="x_edn12" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref12" name="x__edn12" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[xii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dr. Tonia Sharlach, “Taxes in Ancient Mesopotamia,”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The University of Pennsylvania Almanac</i>, April 2, 2002<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Falmanac%2Fv48%2Fn28%2FAncientTaxes.html%23meso&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=cqrEkAO%2BbatZQycqXZSwb8tRAue4%2B1zY%2F45hdQrg8Sw%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v48/n28/AncientTaxes.html#meso</a> (accessed June 28, 2011). Louise Roug, "Cuneiform bits become history bytes,"<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Los Angeles Times</i>, May 27, 2003,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2003%2Fmay%2F27%2Fentertainment%2Fet-roug27&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=opr4hTl6b3n4nc6ob%2B2PUyYeW%2FF8oprCZCGIs0GMsPQ%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/27/entertainment/et-roug27</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(accessed October 12, 2011).</div></div><div id="x_edn13" class=""><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"><a href="x-msg://2/#x__ednref13" name="x__edn13" title="" class=""><span class="x_MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[xiii]</span></span></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Robert W. Smith,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate', 1900-1931</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).</div><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"> </div><div class="x_MsoEndnoteText"> </div></div></div></div></blockquote><br class=""><div style="clear: both;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Howard Bloom</font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class=""><a href="http://howardbloom.net/" class="">Howardbloom.net</a></font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Author of: The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into the Forces of History ("mesmerizing"-The Washington Post), </font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind From The Big Bang to the 21st Century ("reassuring and sobering"-The New Yorker), </font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">The Genius of the Beast: A Radical Re-Vision of Capitalism ("A tremendously enjoyable book." James Fallows, National Correspondent, The Atlantic), </font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">The God Problem: How A Godless Cosmos Creates("Bloom's argument will rock your world." Barbara Ehrenreich), </font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">How I Accidentally Started the Sixties (“Wow! Whew! Wild! Wonderful!” Timothy Leary), and </font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">The Mohammed Code (“A terrifying book…the best book I’ve read on Islam.” David Swindle, PJ Media).</font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Former Core Faculty Member, The Graduate Institute; Former Visiting Scholar-Graduate Psychology Department, New York University</font></div><div class=""><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2" class="">Founder: International Paleopsychology Project. Founder, Space Development Steering Committee. Board Member and Member Of Board Of Governors, National Space Society. Founding Board Member: Epic of Evolution Society. Founding Board Member, The Darwin Project.</font></div></div></div><br class=""><br class=""><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;" class="">-----Original Message-----<br class="">From: Xueshan Yan <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" class="">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>><br class="">To: FIS Group <<a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">fis@listas.unizar.es</a>><br class="">Cc: 'Jose Javier Blanco Rivero' <<a href="mailto:javierweiss@gmail.com" class="">javierweiss@gmail.com</a>><br class="">Sent: Mon, Feb 12, 2018 6:33 am<br class="">Subject: Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory<br class=""><br class=""><div id="x_AOLMsgPart_1.2_64d5d6a3-f10e-4f90-8c39-3b80ef5555d2" class=""><div lang="ZH-CN" class="x_aolReplacedBody"><div class="x_aolmail_WordSection1"><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Dear Javier and Dear Stan,</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Javier:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">1. I very much agree with you as follows:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">“I think that only signals can be transmitted, not information. Information can only be gained by an observer (a self-referential system) that draws a distinction.”</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">A Chinese scholar Dongsheng<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Miao’s<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">argument is: There is no information can exists without carrier, i.e. No naked can exists.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">I think both of you two are expressing a principle of information science.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">2. According to Linguistics, the relationship between language and communication is:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Language is a tool of communication about information.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Of course, this is only limited to the human atmosphere. So I think that all (Human) Semiotics ((Human) Linguistics), (Human) Communication Study should be the subdisciplines of Human Informatics.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">==========================================================</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Dear Xueshan,</span></div><div style="text-indent: 12pt;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Thanks for sharing your interesting remarks and references. I think no one really wants to deny the crucial role the language metaphor has played in the thinking of communication and information models. But I believe the crucial point is to distinguish between language and communication. Language is for us humans the main communication medium, though not the only one. We tend to describe other communication media in society and nature by mapping the language-like characteristics they have. This has been useful and sucessful so far. But pushing the language metaphor too far is showing its analytical limits. I think we need to think of a transdisciplinary theory of communication media. On the other hand, I agree with you that we need to check the uses of the concepts of signal and information. I think that only signals can be transmitted, not information. Information can only be gained by an observer (a self-referential system) that draws a distinction. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Best,</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Javier</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">==============================================</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Stan:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">According to Peirce, language is only one of the systematic signs. Here we consider sign, signal, symbol as the same thing. So, more precisely in my opinion:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">{signal {information}}, or {substrate {signal {information}}}</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">But not</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">{language {signal {information}}}</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">If you remember, in our previous discussions, I much appreciate the</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">The hierarchy idea is very important to our study which is initially introduced by Pedro, Nikhil and you.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">===============================================================</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p1" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span class="x_aolmail_gmail-s1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Xueshan -- I think one can condense some of your insights hierarchically, as:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">In a system having language, information seemingly may be obtained in other ways as well. It would be a conceptually broader category. Thus (using the compositional hierarchy):</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> [information [language [signal]]]</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Meaning that, when a system has language, all information will be understood or construed by way of linguistic constructs. </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">(Here I am using ‘signal’ as being more specific than Peirce’s ‘sign’, where:</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> [sign [information [...]]] ) </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Then, more dynamically (using the subsumptive hierarchy):</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> {language {signal {information}}}</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Information in a languaged system is derived by way linguistic formations, so that, even though it is an extremely broad category, information (informing) only emerges by way of linguistically informed transformations.</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">STAN</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class=""> </span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Best wishes to all,</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" class="">Xueshan</span></div><div class="x_aolmail_gmail-p2" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">===============================================================</span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">El feb 10, 2018 5:23 AM, "Xueshan Yan" <<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn" class="">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>> escribi</span>ó<span lang="EN-US" class="">:</span></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 4.8pt;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Dear Colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">I have read the article "The languages of bacteria" which Gordana recommended, and has gained a lot of inspiration from it. In combination with Sung's comparative linguistics exploration on cell language and human language, I have the following learning feelings to share with everyone:</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">In this article, the author recognized that bacteria have evolved multiple languages for communicating within and between species. Intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication allows bacteria to coordinate various biological activities in order to behave like multicellular organisms. Such as AI-2, it is a general language that bacteria use for intergenera signaling.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">I found an interesting phenomenon in this paper: the author use the concept<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">information</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3 times but the concept<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">signal</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(signal or signaling) 55 times, so we have to review the history and application of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">“<span lang="EN-US" class="">information</span>”<span lang="EN-US" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" class="">signal</span>”<span lang="EN-US" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in biology and biochemistry, it is helpful for us to understand the relationship between language, signal, and information.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">The origin of the concept of signal (main the signal transduction) can be traced back to the end of the 1970s. But until 1980, biochemist and endocrinologist Martin Rodbell published an article titled:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">“<span lang="EN-US" class="">The Role of Hormone Receptors and GTP-Regulatory Proteins in Membrane Transduction" in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Nature,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>in this paper he used the "signal transduction" first time. Since then, the research on signal transduction is popular in biology and biochemistry.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">As for any information transmission system, if we pay more attention to its transmission carrier instead of its transmission content, we are used to employing "signal transmission" instead of "signal transduction". From the tradition of the early use of information concept, the signal transduction study of cells is only equivalent to the level of telecommunications before 1948. Outwardly, before the advent of Shannon's information theory, the central issue of telecommunications is "signal" rather than "information". After that, the central issue of telecommunications is "information" rather than "signal".</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">According to the application history of information concept, nearly all the essential problems behind the concepts of communication, messenger, signal and so on may be information problems. Just as the language problem what we are discussing here, our ultimate goal is to analyze the information.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">For the same reason, I recommend another two papers:</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">1. Do Plants Think? (June 5, 2012,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Scientific American</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 33pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">(</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdo-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz%2F%23rd%3Fsukey%3Dfc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=sjMaL0T%2BN3KelB8f5NoBPusXMIPszIAA4bUlLcfQE0U%3D&reserved=0" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""></span></a><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdo-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz%2F%23rd%3Fsukey%3Dfc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=sjMaL0T%2BN3KelB8f5NoBPusXMIPszIAA4bUlLcfQE0U%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" class="">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz/#rd?sukey=fc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 等线;" class="">）</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">2. Plants Can Think, Feel and Learn (December 3, 2014,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">New Scientist</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 33pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">(</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=hbtSeKAvx4zsL0e77t%2FM14QU7UbxDrIKbr%2Fv%2BqapVJM%3D&reserved=0" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""></span></a><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=hbtSeKAvx4zsL0e77t%2FM14QU7UbxDrIKbr%2Fv%2BqapVJM%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" class="">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">From which we can judge whether or not a plants informatics can exists.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-indent: 22pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Best wishes,</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 4.65pt 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Xueshan</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 等线;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">fis-</span></a><a href="mailto:bounces@listas.unizar.es" class="">bounces@listas.unizar.es</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[mailto:</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">fis-</span></a><a href="mailto:bounces@listas.unizar.es" class="">bounces@listas.unizar.es</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Sungchul Ji<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, February 8, 2018 9:10 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Francesco Rizzo <</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""></span></a><a href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" class="">13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">>; Terrence W. DEACON <</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""></span></a><a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" class="">deacon@berkeley.edu</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fis, <</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""></span></a><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">fis@listas.unizar.es</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div><div id="x_aolmail_m_-1310756314569834306divtagdefaultwrapper" class=""><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Hi Terry, and FISers,</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Can it be that "language metaphor" is akin to a (theoretical) knife that, in the hands of a surgeon, can save lives but, in a wrong hand, can kill?</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">All the best.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Sung</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><hr size="3" width="98%" align="center" class=""></span></div><div id="x_aolmail_m_-1310756314569834306divRplyFwdMsg" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Francesco Rizzo <</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""></span></a><a href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" class="">13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">><br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, February 8, 2018 2:56:11 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Terrence W. DEACON<br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fis,; Sungchul Ji<br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Caro Terry estensibile a tutti,</span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">è<span lang="EN-US" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>sempre un piacere leggerTi e capirTi. La <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">general theory of information è preceduta da un sistema (o semiotica) di significazione e seguita da un sistema (o semiotica ) di comunicazione. Tranne che quando si ha un processo comunicativo come il passaggio di un Segnale (che non significa necessariamente 'un segno') da una Fonte, attraverso un Trasmettitore, lungo un Canale, a un Destinatario. In un processo tra macchina e macchina il segnale non ha alcun potere 'significante'. In tal caso non si ha significazione anche se si può dire che si ha passaggio di informazione. Quando il destinatario è un essere umano (e non è necessario che la fonte sia anch'essa un essere umano) si è in presenza di un processo di significazione. Un sistema di significazione è una costruzione semiotica autonoma, indipendente da ogni possibile atto di comunicazione che l'attualizzi. Invece ogni processo di comunicazione tra esseri umani -- o tra ogni tipo di apparato o struttura 'intelligente, sia meccanico che biologico, -- presuppone un sistema di significazione come propria o specifica condizione. In conclusione, è possibile avere una semiotica della significazione indipendente da una semiotica della comunicazione; ma è impossibile stabilire una semiotica della comunicazione indipendente da una semiotica della significazione.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Ho appreso molto da Umberto Eco a cui ho dedicato il capitolo 10. Umberto Eco e il processo di re-interpretazione e re-incantamento della scienza economica (pp. 175-217) di "Valore e valutazioni. La scienza dell'economia o l'economia della scienza" (FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1997). Nello mio stesso libro si trovano:</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">- il capitolo 15. Semiotica economico-estimativa (pp. 327-361) che si colloca nel quadro di una teoria globale di tutti i sistemi di significazione e i processi di comunicazione;</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">- il sottoparagrafo 5.3.3 La psicologia genetica di Jean Piaget e la neurobiologia di Humberto Maturana e Francesco Varela. una nuova epistemologia sperimentale della qualità e dell'unicità (pp. 120-130).</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Chiedo scusa a Tutti se Vi ho stancati o se ancora una volta il mio scrivere in lingua italiana Vi crea qualche problema. Penso che il dono che mi fate è, a proposito della QUALITA' e dell'UNICITA', molto più grande del (per)dono che Vi chiedo. Grazie.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Un saluto affettuoso.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Francecso</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">2018-02-07 23:02 GMT+01:00 Terrence W. DEACON <<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" class="">deacon@berkeley.edu</a>>:</span></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 4.8pt;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Dear FISers,</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">In previous posts I have disparaged using language as the base model for building a general theory of information.</span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Though I realize that this may seem almost heretical, it is not a claim that all those who use linguistic analogies are wrong, only that it can be causally misleading.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">I came to this view decades back in my research into the neurology and evolution of the human language capacity.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">And it became an orgnizing theme in my 1997 book The Symbolic Species.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Early in the book I describe what I (and now other evolutionary biologists) have come to refer to as a "porcupine fallacy" in evolutionary thinking.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Though I use it to critique a misleading evolutionary taxonomizing tendency, I think it also applies to biosemiotic and information theoretic thinking as well.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">So to exemplify my reasoning (with apologies for quoting myself) I append the following excerpt from the book.</span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">"</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">But there is a serious problem with using language as the model for analyzing other</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">species’ communication in hindsight. It leads us to treat every other form of communication as</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">exceptions to a rule based on the one most exceptional and divergent case. No analytic method</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">could be more perverse. Social communication has been around for as long as animals have</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">interacted and reproduced sexually. Vocal communication has been around at least as long as frogs</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">have croaked out their mating calls in the night air. Linguistic communication was an afterthought,</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">so to speak, a very recent and very idiosyncratic deviation from an ancient and well-established</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">mode of communicating. It cannot possibly provide an appropriate model against which to assess</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">other forms of communication. It is the rare exception, not the rule, and a quite anomalous</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">exception at that. It is a bit like categorizing birds’ wings with respect to the extent they possess or</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">lack the characteristics of penguins’ wings, or like analyzing the types of hair on different mammals</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">with respect to their degree of resemblance to porcupine quills. It is an understandable</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">anthropocentric bias—perhaps if we were penguins or porcupines we might see more typical wings</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">and hair as primitive stages compared to our own more advanced adaptations—but it does more to</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">obfuscate than clarify. Language is a derived characteristic and so should be analyzed as an</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">exception to a more general rule, not vice versa."</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">Of course there will be analogies to linguistic forms.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">This is inevitable, since language emerged from and is supported by a vast nonlinguistic semiotic infrastructure.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">So of course it will inherit much from less elaborated more fundamental precursors. </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">And our familiarity with language will naturally lead us to draw insight from this more familiar realm.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">I just worry that it provides an elaborate procrustean model that assumes what it endeavors to explain.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">Regards to all, Terry</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">On Wed, Feb 7, 2018 at 11:04 AM, Jose Javier Blanco Rivero <<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:javierweiss@gmail.com" class="">javierweiss@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</span></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 4.8pt;" class=""><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">In principle I agree with Terry. I have been thinking of this, though I am still not able to make a sound formulation of the idea. Still I am afraid that if I miss the chance to make at least a brief formulation of it I will lose the opportunity to make a brainstorming with you. So, here it comes:</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">I have been thinking that a proper way to distinguish the contexts in which the concept of information acquires a fixed meaning or the many contexts on which information can be somehow observed, is to make use of the distinction between medium and form as developed by N. Luhmann, D. Baecker and E. Esposito. I have already expressed my opinion in this group that what information is depends on the system we are talking about. But the concept of medium is more especific since a complex system ussualy has many sources and types of information.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">So the authors just mentioned, a medium can be broadly defined as a set of loosely coupled elements. No matter what they are. While a Form is a temporary fixed coupling of a limited configuration of those elements. Accordingly, we can be talking about DNA sequences which are selected by RNA to form proteins or to codify a especific instruction to a determinate cell. We can think of atoms forming a specific kind of matter and a specific kind of molecular structure. We can also think of a vocabulary or a set of linguistic conventions making possible a meaningful utterance or discourse.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">The idea is that the medium conditions what can be treated as information. Or even better, each type of medium produces information of its own kind.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">According to this point of view, information cannot be transmitted. It can only be produced and "interpreted" out of the specific difference that a medium begets between itself and the forms that take shape from it. A medium can only be a source of noise to other mediums. Still, media can couple among them. This means that media can selforganize in a synergetic manner, where they depend on each others outputs or complexity reductions. And this also mean that they do this by translating noise into information. For instance, language is coupled to writing, and language and writing to print. Still oral communication is noisy to written communication. Let us say that the gestures, emotions, entonations, that we make when talking cannot be copied as such into writing. In a similar way, all the social practices and habits made by handwriting were distorted by the introduction of print. From a technical point of view you can codify the same message orally, by writing and by print. Still information and meaning are not the same. You can tell your girlfriend you love her. That interaction face to face where the lovers look into each others eye, where they can see if the other is nervous, is trembling or whatever. Meaning (declaring love and what that implies: marriage, children, and so on) and information (he is being sincere, she can see it in his eye; he brought her to a special place, so he planned it, and so on) take a very singular and untranslatable configuration. If you write a letter you just can say "I love you". You shall write a poem or a love letter. Your beloved would read it alone in her room and she would have to imagine everything you say. And imagination makes information and meaning to articulate quite differently as in oral communication. It is not the same if you buy a love card in the kiosk and send it to her. Maybe you compensate the simplicity of your message by adding some chocolates and flowers. Again, information (jumm, lets see what he bought her) and meaning are not the same. I use examples of social sciences because that is my research field, although I have the intuition that it could also work for natural sciences.</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Best,</span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">JJ</span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">El feb 7, 2018 10:47 AM, "Sungchul Ji" <<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" class="">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>> escribi</span>ó<span lang="EN-US" class="">:</span></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 4.8pt;" class=""><div class=""><div id="x_aolmail_m_-1310756314569834306x_m_-7265720678269287463m_-5697883375523604198m_8141231946603854929divtagdefaultwrapper" class=""><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Hi FISers,</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On 10/8/2017, Terry wrote:</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">" </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class="">So basically, I am advocating an effort to broaden our discussions and recognize that the term information applies in diverse ways to many different contexts. And because of this it is important to indicate the framing, whether physical, formal, biological, phenomenological, linguistic, etc.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class="">. . . . . . The classic syntax-semantics-pragmatics distinction introduced by Charles Morris has often been cited in this respect, though it too is in my opinion too limited to the linguistic paradigm, and may be misleading when applied more broadly. I have suggested a parallel, less linguistic (and nested in Stan's subsumption sense) way of making the division: i.e. into<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class="">intrinsic, referential,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>normative analyses/properties of information.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">"</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">I agree with Terry's concern about the often overused linguistic metaphor in defining "information". Although the linguistic metaphor has its limitations (as all metaphors do), it nevertheless offers a unique advantage as well, for example, its well-established categories of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class="">functions</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(see the last column in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Table 1</b>.) </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">The main purpose of this post is to suggest that all the varied theories of information discussed on this list may be viewed as belonging to the same category of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) diagrammatically represented as the 3-node closed network in the first column of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">Table 1</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><table class="x_aolmail_MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: rgb(231, 230, 230); border-collapse: collapse; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td width="944" colspan="6" valign="top" style="width: 467.5pt; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Table 1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> The postulated universality of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) as manifested in information theory, semiotics, cell language theory, and linguistics.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 106.85pt;" class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-align: center;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">Category Theory</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-align: center;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""><br class=""></span></b><b class=""><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class=""> f g</span></i></b><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class=""><br class=""></span></b><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class=""> A -----> B ------> C<br class=""> | ^<br class=""> | |<br class=""> |______________|<br class=""></span></b><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class=""> <i class="">h</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class=""> </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; text-align: center;"><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(112, 48, 160);" class="">ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation</span></i><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(112, 48, 160);" class="">)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Deacon</span></b><b class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">’<span lang="EN-US" class="">s theory of information</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Shannon</span></b><b class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">’<span lang="EN-US" class="">s</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Theory of</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">information</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Peirce</span></b><b class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">’<span lang="EN-US" class="">s theory of signs</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Cell language theory</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt; height: 106.85pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Human language<br class="">(<span style="color: red;" class="">Function</span>)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">A</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Intrinsic</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">information</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Source</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Object</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Nucleotides*/<br class="">Amion acids</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Letters<br class="">(<span style="color: red;" class="">Building blocks</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">B</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Referential</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">information</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Message</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Sign</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Proteins</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Words<br class="">(<span style="color: red;" class="">Denotation</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">C</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Normative</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">information</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Receiver</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Interpretant</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Metabolomes<br class="">(Totality of cell metabolism)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Systems of words<br class="">(<span style="color: red;" class="">Decision making & Reasoning</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class="">f</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">?</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Encoding</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Sign production</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Physical laws</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Second articulation</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class="">g</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">?</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Decoding</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Sign interpretation</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Evoutionary selection</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">First and Third articulation</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; color: red;" class="">h</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">?</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Information flow</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Information flow</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class="">Inheritance</span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Grounding/</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Habit</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td width="458" valign="top" style="width: 107.9pt; border-style: none solid solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Scale</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 62.85pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Micro-Macro?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="89" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="109" valign="top" style="width: 67.5pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="103" valign="top" style="width: 72pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Micro</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="width: 89.75pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; padding: 2.9pt 5.75pt;" class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: rgb(33, 33, 33);" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">*There may be more than one genetic alphabet of 4 nucleotides. According to the "multiple genetic alphabet hypothesis', there are n genetic alphabets, each consisting of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class="">4^n letters</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">, each of which in turn consisting of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>n nucleotides</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">. In this view, the classical genetic alphabet is just one example of the n alphabets, i.e., the one with n = 1. When n = 3, for example, we have the so-called 3rd-order genetic alphabet with 4^3 = 64 letters each consisting of 3 nucleotides, resulting in the familiar codon table. Thus, the 64 genetic codons are not words as widely thought (including myself until recently) but letters! It then follows that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; color: red;" class="">proteins are words and metabolic pathways are sentences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">. Finally, the transient network of metbolic pathways (referred to as "hyperstructures" by V. Norris in 1999 and as "hypermetabolic pathways" by me more recently) correspond to texts essential to represent arguement/reasoning/computing. What is most exciting is the recent discovery in my lab at Rutgers that the so-called "Planck-Shannon plots" of mRNA levels in living cells can identify function-dependent "hypermetabolic pathways" underlying breast cancer before and after drug treatment (manuscript under review). </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">Any comments, questions, or suggestions would be welcome.</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;" class="">Sung</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cca4905ddbcb943df537b08d56ec96c4c%7C927347c284584fde99b9ca9ba94d96e0%7C1%7C0%7C636536733755726637&sdata=ir%2FcgnTkNiV8YXWkbn3T4FULEtrqVHFhg%2FFFVuDc9IA%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cca4905ddbcb943df537b08d56ec96c4c%7C927347c284584fde99b9ca9ba94d96e0%7C1%7C0%7C636536733755726637&sdata=ir%2FcgnTkNiV8YXWkbn3T4FULEtrqVHFhg%2FFFVuDc9IA%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><br class=""><br clear="all" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span class="x_aolmail_m-1310756314569834306xhoenzb"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);" class="">--</span></span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div><div class=""><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);" class="">Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br class="">University of California, Berkeley</span><span lang="EN-US" class=""></span></div></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cca4905ddbcb943df537b08d56ec96c4c%7C927347c284584fde99b9ca9ba94d96e0%7C1%7C0%7C636536733755726637&sdata=ir%2FcgnTkNiV8YXWkbn3T4FULEtrqVHFhg%2FFFVuDc9IA%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></span></div></blockquote></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="x_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=cXMt%2B%2FCdmpz2UpeEC3sN8ImXGcOez90oLGzoH7G%2Fwb0%3D&reserved=0" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></span></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div>_______________________________________________<br class="">Fis mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br class=""><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flistas.unizar.es%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Ffis&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cb88de82245994dfca88c08d572a69927%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C1%7C636540982287359387&sdata=cXMt%2B%2FCdmpz2UpeEC3sN8ImXGcOez90oLGzoH7G%2Fwb0%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a><br class=""></div></div></font></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Fis mailing list</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><a href="mailto:Fis@listas.unizar.es" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Fis@listas.unizar.es</a><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><a href="http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>