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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Hi FISers,</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">(<b>1</b>) I think language and communication cannot be separated, since without a language, no communication would be possible (see
<b>Figure 1</b>).<br>
<br>
<br>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color:red">f
g</span></i></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sender -------><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Message <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>--------><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Receiver<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>^<br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|<br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|<br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>|_____________________________|<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:red">h</span></i><br>
<br>
¡°Language and communication are both irreducibly triadic; i.e., the three nodes and three edges are essential for communication, given a language or code understood by both the sender and receiver.¡±
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:red">f</span></i> =
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>encoding; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">
<span style="color:red">g</span></i> = decoding; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">
<span style="color:red">h</span></i> = information flow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Figure 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>A diagrammatic representation of the irreducibly triadic nature of communication and language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<br>
<br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">(<b>2</b>) I think it may be justified and useful to distinguish between
<i>anthropomorphic language metaphor</i> (ALM) and <i>non-athropomorphic language metaphor</i> (NLM). I agree with many of the members of this list that we should not apply ALM to biology uncritically, since such an approch to biology may lead to unjustifiable
anthropomorphisms. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk583387" previewremoved="true">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus</a>) and the anthropocentric theory of creatiion.</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">(<b>3</b>) <b>Table 1</b> below may represent one possible example of NLM. Although the linguistic terms such as letters, words, sentences, etc. are used in this table, they are
<i>matrially</i>/ontologically different from their molecular coutner parts; e.g.,
<i>letters</i> are different from <i>nucleotides</i>, <i>protein domians</i> , etc.,and words are different from genes, proteins, etc., but there are unmistakable common
<i>formal</i> features among them. </p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"></p>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The formal and material aspects of the cell language (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cellese</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;z-index:251659264"><span style="height:199px"></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">\
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Material Aspect<br>
</i><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> \ </span>(<span style="color:
red">Function</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
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normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Formal Aspect \</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(<span style="color:red">Function</span>) \<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> \</o:p></span></p>
</td>
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height:124.2pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">DNA Language</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<br>
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:#0070C0">DNese</span></i>;<span style="color:red">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:red">Information transmission in time</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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height:124.2pt">
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normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">RNA Language
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:#0070C0">RNese</span></i>;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:red">Information transmission in space, from DNA to proteins</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt;
height:124.2pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Protein Language<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:#0070C0">Proteinese</span></i>;
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:red">Energy transduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:red">from chemical to mechanical; i.e.,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">conformon</i> production</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="114" valign="top" style="width:85.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt;
height:124.2pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Chemical Language<br>
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:#0070C0">Moleculese</span></i><span style="color:#0070C0">;</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:red">Source of free energy</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2">
<td width="162" valign="top" style="width:121.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Letters<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">*</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">To build</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4<sup>n</sup> nucleotides<br>
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Exons (?)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="96" valign="top" style="width:72.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Protein domains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="114" valign="top" style="width:85.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Partial chemical reactions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3">
<td width="162" valign="top" style="width:121.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Words<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<span style="color:red">To denote</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Genes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="96" valign="top" style="width:72.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Proteins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="114" valign="top" style="width:85.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Full chemical reactions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4">
<td width="162" valign="top" style="width:121.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sentences<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<span style="color:red">To decide</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">cis-Genes (?)<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="96" valign="top" style="width:72.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Metabolic pathways<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="114" valign="top" style="width:85.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Chemical gradients<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td width="162" valign="top" style="width:121.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Texts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(<span style="color:red">To reason/compute</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">trans-Genes (?)<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="96" valign="top" style="width:72.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="126" valign="top" style="width:94.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">¡®Hypermetabolic pathways¡¯<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="114" valign="top" style="width:85.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:4.3pt 5.75pt 4.3pt 5.75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Chemical waves (?)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">*</span>I recently proposed that there are n (with n = 1 ~10<sup>3</sup>?) genetic alphabets, each containing 4^n letters and each letter in turn consisting of n nucleotides.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>In this view, the 64 codons are the so-called 3<sup>rd</sup>-order letters , not words as widely assumed.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**</span>cis-Genes are here defined as those genes covalently linked to each other and hence being in the same chromosome, whereas trans-genes are defined as those genes that are located in different
chromos<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(<b>4</b>) <span style="font-size: 12pt;">The terms, </span>
<i style="font-size: 12pt;">DNese</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">RNese, </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">and
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">proteinese </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">were coined by a young American biochemist from Mexico City whom I met at the
<i>International Workshop on the Linguistics of Biology and the Biology of Language</i> held in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1998, where I had presented the cell language ('cellese') theory, prior to the young biochemist¡¯s lecture which followed mine the next day.
In his lecture, he surprised me by announcing these neologisms, which I did not quite know how to justify. But it took almost 20 years for me to finally realize the utility of these terms for entirely different reasons, I am sure, from those of the young
biochemist from Mexico City. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I am responsible for the coinage of
</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">cellese</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and chemicalese in
<b>Table 1</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(<b>5</b>) If <b>Table 1</b> is right, the cellese and its sub-languages, DNese, RNese, proteinese and chemiclaese, are complemetary unions of form and matter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If you have any questions or comments, pleae let me know.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">All the best.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sung</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(My time is out. I am signing out in a hurry.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<br>
<p></p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><br>
</p>
<br>
<br>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%" tabindex="-1">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Fis <fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es> on behalf of Xueshan Yan <yxs@pku.edu.cn><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, February 12, 2018 6:31 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> FIS Group<br>
<b>Cc:</b> 'Jose Javier Blanco Rivero'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div lang="ZH-CN" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="x_WordSection1">
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Dear Javier and Dear Stan,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Javier:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">1. I very much agree with you as follows:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">¡°I think that only signals can be transmitted, not information. Information can only be gained by an observer (a self-referential system)
that draws a distinction.¡±</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">A Chinese scholar Dongsheng
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Miao¡¯s
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">argument is: There is no information can exists without carrier, i.e. No naked can exists.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">I think both of you two are expressing a principle of information science.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">2. According to Linguistics, the relationship between language and communication is:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Language is a tool of communication about information.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Of course, this is only limited to the human atmosphere. So I think that all (Human) Semiotics ((Human) Linguistics), (Human) Communication
Study should be the subdisciplines of Human Informatics.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">==========================================================</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear Xueshan,</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thanks for sharing your interesting remarks and references. I think no one really wants to deny the crucial role the language metaphor has played in the thinking of
communication and information models. But I believe the crucial point is to distinguish between language and communication. Language is for us humans the main communication medium, though not the only one. We tend to describe other communication media in society
and nature by mapping the language-like characteristics they have. This has been useful and sucessful so far. But pushing the language metaphor too far is showing its analytical limits. I think we need to think of a transdisciplinary theory of communication
media. On the other hand, I agree with you that we need to check the uses of the concepts of signal and information. I think that only signals can be transmitted, not information. Information can only be gained by an observer (a self-referential system) that
draws a distinction. </span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Best,</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Javier</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">==============================================</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">Stan:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">According to Peirce, language is only one of the systematic signs. Here we consider sign, signal, symbol as the same thing. So, more
precisely in my opinion:</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">{signal {information}}, or {substrate {signal {information}}}</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">But not</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">{language {signal {information}}}</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">If you remember, in our previous discussions, I much appreciate the
</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">The hierarchy idea is very important to our study which is initially introduced by Pedro, Nikhil and you.</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black">===============================================================</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p1"><span class="x_gmail-s1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Xueshan -- I think one can condense some of your insights hierarchically, as:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In a system having language, information seemingly may be obtained in other ways as well. It would be a conceptually broader category. Thus (using the compositional hierarchy):</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> [information [language [signal]]]</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Meaning that, when a system has language, all information will be understood or construed by way of linguistic constructs. </span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(Here I am using ¡®signal¡¯ as being more specific than Peirce¡¯s ¡®sign¡¯, where:</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> [sign [information [...]]] ) </span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Then, more dynamically (using the subsumptive hierarchy):</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> {language {signal {information}}}</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information in a languaged system is derived by way linguistic formations, so that, even though it is an extremely broad category, information (informing) only emerges by way
of linguistically informed transformations.</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">STAN</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Best wishes to all,</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Xueshan</span></p>
<p class="x_gmail-p2"><span lang="EN-US">===============================================================</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">El feb 10, 2018 5:23 AM, "Xueshan Yan" <<a href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn">yxs@pku.edu.cn</a>> escribi</span>¨®<span lang="EN-US">:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">I have read the article "The languages of bacteria" which Gordana recommended, and has gained a lot of inspiration from it. In combination with
Sung's comparative linguistics exploration on cell language and human language, I have the following learning feelings to share with everyone:</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">In this article, the author recognized that bacteria have evolved multiple languages for communicating within and between species. Intra- and interspecies
cell-cell communication allows bacteria to coordinate various biological activities in order to behave like multicellular organisms. Such as AI-2, it is a general language that bacteria use for intergenera signaling.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">I found an interesting phenomenon in this paper: the author use the concept
<i>information</i> 3 times but the concept <i>signal</i> (signal or signaling) 55 times, so we have to review the history and application of
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">¡°<span lang="EN-US">information</span>¡±<span lang="EN-US"> and
</span>¡°<span lang="EN-US">signal</span>¡±<span lang="EN-US"> in biology and biochemistry, it is helpful for us to understand the relationship between language, signal, and information.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">The origin of the concept of signal (main the signal transduction) can be traced back to the end of the 1970s. But until 1980, biochemist and endocrinologist
Martin Rodbell published an article titled: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">¡°<span lang="EN-US">The Role of Hormone Receptors and GTP-Regulatory Proteins in Membrane Transduction" in
<i>Nature, </i>in this paper he used the "signal transduction" first time. Since then, the research on signal transduction is popular in biology and biochemistry.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">As for any information transmission system, if we pay more attention to its transmission carrier instead of its transmission content, we are used
to employing "signal transmission" instead of "signal transduction". From the tradition of the early use of information concept, the signal transduction study of cells is only equivalent to the level of telecommunications before 1948. Outwardly, before the
advent of Shannon's information theory, the central issue of telecommunications is "signal" rather than "information". After that, the central issue of telecommunications is "information" rather than "signal".</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">According to the application history of information concept, nearly all the essential problems behind the concepts of communication, messenger,
signal and so on may be information problems. Just as the language problem what we are discussing here, our ultimate goal is to analyze the information.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">For the same reason, I recommend another two papers:</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">1. Do Plants Think? (June 5, 2012,
<i>Scientific American</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:33.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fdo-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz%2F%23rd%3Fsukey%3Dfc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd21bd1ad9ddf46d01a3e08d5720c681d%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C0%7C636540320007030420&sdata=2buOZeZpeC9UCNIIuY6bVfAr%2B4yOET6l35UU6ZwMhdU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz/#rd?sukey=fc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:µÈÏß">£©</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">2. Plants Can Think, Feel and Learn (December 3, 2014,
<i>New Scientist</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:33.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn&data=02%7C01%7Csji%40pharmacy.rutgers.edu%7Cd21bd1ad9ddf46d01a3e08d5720c681d%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C0%7C636540320007030420&sdata=zfHmH3VG30OLHtjwoFmaVX2OVlwZRaxqdOXRIo69GMc%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">From which we can judge whether or not a plants informatics can exists.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt; text-indent:22.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">Best wishes,</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.65pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">Xueshan</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:µÈÏß; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<div style="border:none; border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt; padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
[mailto:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Sungchul Ji<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 8, 2018 9:10 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Francesco Rizzo <</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">>;
Terrence W. DEACON <</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">deacon@berkeley.edu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Fis, <</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">fis@listas.unizar.es</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Hi Terry, and FISers,</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Can it be that "language metaphor" is akin to a (theoretical) knife that, in the hands of a surgeon, can save lives but, in a wrong hand, can kill?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">All the best.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Sung</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<hr size="3" width="98%" align="center">
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> Francesco Rizzo <</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 8, 2018 2:56:11 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Terrence W. DEACON<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Fis,; Sungchul Ji<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry theory</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">Caro Terry estensibile a tutti,
</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="">¨¨<span lang="EN-US"> sempre un piacere leggerTi e capirTi. La
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">general theory of information ¨¨ preceduta da un sistema (o semiotica) di significazione e seguita da un sistema (o semiotica ) di comunicazione.
Tranne che quando si ha un processo comunicativo come il passaggio di un Segnale (che non significa necessariamente 'un segno') da una Fonte, attraverso un Trasmettitore, lungo un Canale, a un Destinatario. In un processo tra macchina e macchina il segnale
non ha alcun potere 'significante'. In tal caso non si ha significazione anche se si pu¨° dire che si ha passaggio di informazione. Quando il destinatario ¨¨ un essere umano (e non ¨¨ necessario che la fonte sia anch'essa un essere umano) si ¨¨ in presenza di
un processo di significazione. Un sistema di significazione ¨¨ una costruzione semiotica autonoma, indipendente da ogni possibile atto di comunicazione che l'attualizzi. Invece ogni processo di comunicazione tra esseri umani -- o tra ogni tipo di apparato o
struttura 'intelligente, sia meccanico che biologico, -- presuppone un sistema di significazione come propria o specifica condizione. In conclusione, ¨¨ possibile avere una semiotica della significazione indipendente da una semiotica della comunicazione; ma
¨¨ impossibile stabilire una semiotica della comunicazione indipendente da una semiotica della significazione.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">Ho appreso molto da Umberto Eco a cui ho dedicato il capitolo 10. Umberto Eco e il processo di re-interpretazione e re-incantamento
della scienza economica (pp. 175-217) di "Valore e valutazioni. La scienza dell'economia o l'economia della scienza" (FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1997). Nello mio stesso libro si trovano:</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">- il capitolo 15. Semiotica economico-estimativa (pp. 327-361) che si colloca nel quadro di una teoria globale di tutti
i sistemi di significazione e i processi di comunicazione;</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">- il sottoparagrafo 5.3.3 La psicologia genetica di Jean Piaget e la neurobiologia di Humberto Maturana e Francesco Varela.
una nuova epistemologia sperimentale della qualit¨¤ e dell'unicit¨¤ (pp. 120-130).</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">Chiedo scusa a Tutti se Vi ho stancati o se ancora una volta il mio scrivere in lingua italiana Vi crea qualche problema.
Penso che il dono che mi fate ¨¨, a proposito della QUALITA' e dell'UNICITA', molto pi¨´ grande del (per)dono che Vi chiedo. Grazie.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">Un saluto affettuoso.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#222222; background:white">Francecso</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">2018-02-07 23:02 GMT+01:00 Terrence W. DEACON <<a href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">deacon@berkeley.edu</a>>:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">Dear FISers,</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">In previous posts I have disparaged using language as the base model for building a general theory of information.
</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">Though I realize that this may seem almost heretical, it is not a claim that all those who use linguistic analogies are wrong, only that it can be causally misleading.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">I came to this view decades back in my research into the neurology and evolution of the human language capacity.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">And it became an orgnizing theme in my 1997 book The Symbolic Species.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">Early in the book I describe what I (and now other evolutionary biologists) have come to refer to as a "porcupine fallacy" in evolutionary thinking.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">Though I use it to critique a misleading evolutionary taxonomizing tendency, I think it also applies to biosemiotic and information theoretic thinking as well.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">So to exemplify my reasoning (with apologies for quoting myself) I append the following excerpt from the book.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">But there is a serious problem with using language as the model for analyzing other</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">species¡¯ communication in hindsight. It leads us to treat every other form of communication as</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">exceptions to a rule based on the one most exceptional and divergent case. No analytic method</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">could be more perverse. Social communication has been around for as long as animals have</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">interacted and reproduced sexually. Vocal communication has been around at least as long as frogs</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">have croaked out their mating calls in the night air. Linguistic communication was an afterthought,</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">so to speak, a very recent and very idiosyncratic deviation from an ancient and well-established</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">mode of communicating. It cannot possibly provide an appropriate model against which to assess</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">other forms of communication. It is the rare exception, not the rule, and a quite anomalous</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">exception at that. It is a bit like categorizing birds¡¯ wings with respect to the extent they possess or</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">lack the characteristics of penguins¡¯ wings, or like analyzing the types of hair on different mammals</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">with respect to their degree of resemblance to porcupine quills. It is an understandable</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">anthropocentric bias¡ªperhaps if we were penguins or porcupines we might see more typical wings</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">and hair as primitive stages compared to our own more advanced adaptations¡ªbut it does more to</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">obfuscate than clarify. Language is a derived characteristic and so should be analyzed as an</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">exception to a more general rule, not vice versa."</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Of course there will be analogies to linguistic forms.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">This is inevitable, since language emerged from and is supported by a vast nonlinguistic semiotic infrastructure.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">So of course it will inherit much from less elaborated more fundamental precursors. </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">And our familiarity with language will naturally lead us to draw insight from this more familiar realm.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">I just worry that it provides an elaborate procrustean model that assumes what it endeavors to explain.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Regards to all, Terry</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">On Wed, Feb 7, 2018 at 11:04 AM, Jose Javier Blanco Rivero <<a href="mailto:javierweiss@gmail.com" target="_blank">javierweiss@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</span></p>
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<p><span lang="EN-US">In principle I agree with Terry. I have been thinking of this, though I am still not able to make a sound formulation of the idea. Still I am afraid that if I miss the chance to make at least a brief formulation of it I will lose the opportunity
to make a brainstorming with you. So, here it comes:</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">I have been thinking that a proper way to distinguish the contexts in which the concept of information acquires a fixed meaning or the many contexts on which information can be somehow observed, is to make use of the distinction between
medium and form as developed by N. Luhmann, D. Baecker and E. Esposito. I have already expressed my opinion in this group that what information is depends on the system we are talking about. But the concept of medium is more especific since a complex system
ussualy has many sources and types of information. <br>
So the authors just mentioned, a medium can be broadly defined as a set of loosely coupled elements. No matter what they are. While a Form is a temporary fixed coupling of a limited configuration of those elements. Accordingly, we can be talking about DNA sequences
which are selected by RNA to form proteins or to codify a especific instruction to a determinate cell. We can think of atoms forming a specific kind of matter and a specific kind of molecular structure. We can also think of a vocabulary or a set of linguistic
conventions making possible a meaningful utterance or discourse. <br>
The idea is that the medium conditions what can be treated as information. Or even better, each type of medium produces information of its own kind.
<br>
According to this point of view, information cannot be transmitted. It can only be produced and "interpreted" out of the specific difference that a medium begets between itself and the forms that take shape from it. A medium can only be a source of noise to
other mediums. Still, media can couple among them. This means that media can selforganize in a synergetic manner, where they depend on each others outputs or complexity reductions. And this also mean that they do this by translating noise into information.
For instance, language is coupled to writing, and language and writing to print. Still oral communication is noisy to written communication. Let us say that the gestures, emotions, entonations, that we make when talking cannot be copied as such into writing.
In a similar way, all the social practices and habits made by handwriting were distorted by the introduction of print. From a technical point of view you can codify the same message orally, by writing and by print. Still information and meaning are not the
same. You can tell your girlfriend you love her. That interaction face to face where the lovers look into each others eye, where they can see if the other is nervous, is trembling or whatever. Meaning (declaring love and what that implies: marriage, children,
and so on) and information (he is being sincere, she can see it in his eye; he brought her to a special place, so he planned it, and so on) take a very singular and untranslatable configuration. If you write a letter you just can say "I love you". You shall
write a poem or a love letter. Your beloved would read it alone in her room and she would have to imagine everything you say. And imagination makes information and meaning to articulate quite differently as in oral communication. It is not the same if you
buy a love card in the kiosk and send it to her. Maybe you compensate the simplicity of your message by adding some chocolates and flowers. Again, information (jumm, lets see what he bought her) and meaning are not the same. I use examples of social sciences
because that is my research field, although I have the intuition that it could also work for natural sciences.
</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">JJ</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US">El feb 7, 2018 10:47 AM, "Sungchul Ji" <<a href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu" target="_blank">sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</a>> escribi</span>¨®<span lang="EN-US">:</span></p>
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<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Hi FISers,</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">On 10/8/2017, Terry wrote:</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">" </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#212121">So basically, I am advocating an effort to broaden our discussions and recognize
that the term information applies in diverse ways to many different contexts. And because of this it is important to indicate the framing, whether physical, formal, biological, phenomenological, linguistic, etc.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#212121">. . . . . . The classic syntax-semantics-pragmatics distinction introduced by Charles Morris has often been cited in this respect,
though it too is in my opinion too limited to the linguistic paradigm, and may be misleading when applied more broadly. I have suggested a parallel, less linguistic (and nested in Stan's subsumption sense) way of making the division: i.e. into
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red">intrinsic, referential,
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red"> normative analyses/properties of information.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">"</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">I agree with Terry's concern about the often overused linguistic metaphor in defining "information". Although the linguistic metaphor
has its limitations (as all metaphors do), it nevertheless offers a unique advantage as well, for example, its well-established categories of
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red">functions</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black"> (see the last column in
<b>Table 1</b>.) </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#212121"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">The main purpose of this post is to suggest that all the varied theories of information discussed on this list may be viewed as belonging
to the same category of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) diagrammatically represented as the 3-node closed network in the first column of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red">
</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">Table 1</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#212121"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#222222">Table 1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#222222"> The postulated universality of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) as manifested
in information theory, semiotics, cell language theory, and linguistics.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#222222">Category Theory</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#222222"><br>
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red"> f g</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red"><br>
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#222222"> A -----> B ------> C<br>
| ^<br>
| |<br>
|______________|<br>
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red"> <i>h</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red"> </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal" align="center" style="text-align:center">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#7030A0">ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:#7030A0">)</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Deacon</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">¡¯<span lang="EN-US">s theory of information</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Shannon</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">¡¯<span lang="EN-US">s</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Theory of</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">information</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Peirce</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">¡¯<span lang="EN-US">s theory of signs</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Cell language theory</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Human language<br>
(<span style="color:red">Function</span>)</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">A</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Intrinsic
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">information</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Source</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Object</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Nucleotides*/<br>
Amion acids</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Letters<br>
(<span style="color:red">Building blocks</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">B</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Referential
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">information</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Message</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Sign</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Proteins</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Words<br>
(<span style="color:red">Denotation</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">C</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Normative
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">information</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Receiver</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Interpretant</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Metabolomes<br>
(Totality of cell metabolism)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Systems of words<br>
(<span style="color:red">Decision making & Reasoning</span>)</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td width="458" valign="top" style="width:107.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:2.9pt 5.75pt 2.9pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red">f</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
<td width="89" valign="top" style="width:62.85pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:2.9pt 5.75pt 2.9pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Encoding</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Sign production</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Physical laws</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Second articulation</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red">g</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Decoding</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Sign interpretation</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Evoutionary selection</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">First and Third articulation</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; color:red">h</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Information flow</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Information flow</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Inheritance</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Grounding/</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="x_m-1310756314569834306xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt">Habit</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="458" valign="top" style="width:107.9pt; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none; padding:2.9pt 5.75pt 2.9pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Scale</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Micro-Macro?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
<td width="109" valign="top" style="width:67.5pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:2.9pt 5.75pt 2.9pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" valign="top" style="width:72.0pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:2.9pt 5.75pt 2.9pt 5.75pt">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Micro</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><b><span lang="EN-US">Macro</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#212121"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">*There may be more than one genetic alphabet of 4 nucleotides. According to the "multiple genetic alphabet hypothesis', there are n
genetic alphabets, each consisting of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red">4^n letters</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">, each of which
in turn consisting of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red"> n nucleotides</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">. In this view, the classical
genetic alphabet is just one example of the n alphabets, i.e., the one with n = 1. When n = 3, for example, we have the so-called 3rd-order genetic alphabet with 4^3 = 64 letters each consisting of 3 nucleotides, resulting in the familiar codon table. Thus,
the 64 genetic codons are not words as widely thought (including myself until recently) but letters! It then follows that
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:red">proteins are words and metabolic pathways are sentences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">. Finally,
the transient network of metbolic pathways (referred to as "hyperstructures" by V. Norris in 1999 and as "hypermetabolic pathways" by me more recently) correspond to texts essential to represent arguement/reasoning/computing. What is most exciting is the
recent discovery in my lab at Rutgers that the so-called "Planck-Shannon plots" of mRNA levels in living cells can identify function-dependent "hypermetabolic pathways" underlying breast cancer before and after drug treatment (manuscript under review). </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">Any comments, questions, or suggestions would be welcome.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:black">Sung</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"><br>
<br clear="all">
</span></p>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span class="x_m-1310756314569834306xhoenzb"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#888888">--
</span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#888888">Professor Terrence W. Deacon<br>
University of California, Berkeley</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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