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<DIV><FONT size=4>Dear Karl and FIS colleagues,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Yes, the Number Theory is very important basis!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>But, I think, there is no need to number every
word.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>Because ... All words are already numbered <IMG
class="wlEmoticon wlEmoticon-smile"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none"
alt=Smile
src="cid:703422BD476E47F1949072CD9BE741C8@VaioMarkov"> </FONT></DIV>
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style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>We have published large monograph
named</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>“Natural Language Addressing” </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>where we outlined this idea and presented the
mathematical model and computer implementation for very large volumes of data
(BigData).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>One can read it at <A
href="http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-33/ibs-33.htm">http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-33/ibs-33.htm</A>.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>The idea is very simple – every letter has its
own code and in the computer we enter not letters but their codes.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>This way every word is a number in any positional
numbering system.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>It really works!!!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>Friendly greetings</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri>Krassimir</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4 face=Calibri></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=karl.javorszky@gmail.com
href="mailto:karl.javorszky@gmail.com">Karl Javorszky</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 10, 2018 8:36 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=ssalthe@binghamton.edu
href="mailto:ssalthe@binghamton.edu">Stanley N Salthe</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Cc:</B> <A title=fis@listas.unizar.es
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es">fis</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Fis] The unification of the theories of information
based on the cateogry theory</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>Using
the logical language to understand Nature<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'><SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>The
discussion in this group refocuses on the meaning of the terms “symbol”,
“signal”, “marker” and so forth. This is a very welcome development, because
understanding the tools one uses is usually helpful when creating great works.
<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>There
is sufficient professional literature on epistemology, logical languages and the
development of philosophy into specific sub-philosophies. The following is just
an unofficial opinion, maybe it helps. <SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'><SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>Wittgenstein
has created a separate branch within philosophy by investigating the structure
and the realm of true sentences. For this, he has been mocked and ridiculed by
his colleagues. Adorno, e.g. said that Wittgenstein had misunderstood the job of
a philosopher: to chisel away on the border that separates that what can be
explained and that what is opaque; not to elaborate about how one can express
truths that are anyway self-evident and cannot be otherwise. <SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>The
Wittgenstein set of logical sentences are the rational explanation of the world.
That, which we can communicate about, we only can communicate about, because
both the words and what they mean are self-referencing. It is true that nothing
ever new, hair-raising or surprising can come out of a logical discussion modi
Wittgenstein, because every participant can only point out truths that are
factually true, and these have always been true. There is no opportunity for
discovery in rational thinking, only for an unveiling of that what could have
been previously known: like an archaeologist can not be surprised about a
finding, he can only be surprised about himself, how he had been able to ignore
the possibility of the finding so long.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>As
the Wittgenstein collection uses only such concepts that are well-defined, these
concepts can be easily enumerated. In effect, his results show, that if one uses
well-formulated, clearly defined logical words, the collection of all
explanations is the solution of a combinatorial problem. This is also the reason
why he says that his philosophy is just a tool of sharpening the brain, and
contains nothing whatsoever noteworthy in a semantic fashion.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>One
may summarise that the pariah state among philosophers that Wittgenstein
suffered on this his insight, is owed to the conclusion that real philosophy has
either nothing to do with the grammar of true logical sentences or otherwise it
is degenerating into a technique outside philosophy, namely number theory. If
every concept can be represented by a number, and valid sentence are those for
which the rules that govern numbers are satisfied, then one can work with the
numbers as such and figure out later for what they stand. <SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>This
is the situation as per today. There is no change whatsoever. The only
noteworthy development is, that one can indeed teach new tricks to that old dog,
number theory. The sand that has to be swiped away is the covering layer of
attitudes that are too clever by half. By keeping the nose not too high, one may
look before one’s feet and reconsider simple operations that one executes by
routine.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>We
know how to sort and how to order, and we are intelligent and flexible enough to
change priorities if circumstances dictate such. We know how to order and how to
reorder. If we only had a brain like a computer, we could memorise all the
patterns that appear as we transform from priority readiness One into priority
readiness Two. <SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>There
are many opportunities for number theory to jump into action in the field of
organising and reorganising. As one intensifies one’s hobby of reordering the
contents of one’s office, one will now have arrived at the concept of sequenced
groups of elements that change place together during a reorder. Cycles that
constitute a reorder connect elements with each other. Learning is based on the
concept of associations. Being an element in the corpus of a cycle may well be
the formal explanation for a property of being associated with.
<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>Whether
one calls the elements’ {position, amount, sequential place, relation to
potential successors, …} {symbol, signal, mass, impact, chemical valence,
predictability, energy level, information content,…} is of secondary importance.
As we look into a kaleidoscope, the first step is to make sure <I>that</I> we
all look at a kaleidoscope, and preferably the same one. The next task is to
make sure that we all perceive the <I>same picture</I>. As the kaleidoscope
produces natural numbers, this should be a challenge that one can be expected to
match. Only after it has been agreed that we all observe the same patterns is it
reasonable to start discussing how to name the facts of
perception.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>The
present problem is not with the inability of the logical language to process
that what we wish to discuss. <SPAN> </SPAN>The present task is to realise
that one needs a clear idea before one enters the struggle to express it
clearly. The unveiling has been done. Now the interested public is invited to
look at the picture.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>Once
one has answered the dilemma: “On Tuesdays, this here cup is to the left of the
screen, because Tuesdays I order things on their colour; on Wednesdays the same
cup is to the right of the screen for its size, because on Wednesdays I order
things on their size: so, which is the correct place of this cup, actually?”;
once on has figured this out – that namely the cup would be oscillating between
its two places, or take up a position on a plane with axes: colour, size -, then
one has done great strides towards understanding that “symbol”, “sign”, “signal”
etc. are surface concepts, while the underlying deep concepts have to do with
sequencing and the mechanics of re-sequencing, which means cycles, rhythms and
periodicities.<SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'><SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%'>We
all know that the DNA is a <I>sequence</I>. Then, if one wants to understand how
the DNA functions, one had better resign to the fact that one has to deal with
<I>sequences</I>, whether one likes the topic or not. As there can be nothing
philosophically new in the explanation of how the DNA works, the only subject
that needs investigation is, why one has such a reticence to deal with places,
priorities, rankings, order, first and last becoming last and first, etc. Maybe
the door to the edifice of insights on how the interplay between mixtures and
sequences actually works and what this interplay produces; maybe this door opens
from a well-barricaded corridor within the cellar of the sub-conscious, hidden
among some skeletons of {to have sunken low, defeats of self-esteem, to have
been downgraded, to be among the last, to be a low-ranking individual, etc.}.
One of the techniques of influencing people with low self-esteem is to encourage
them to find the discipline in which they are really good. In how many ways can
a person be classified and how many of these ranking results are contradictory?
Is the concept of cognitive dissonance linked to the similarity of two orders?
Number theory should jump onto the subject of intermediate states between two
differing permutations, as it is intimately connected with the subject of how
DNA functions. Which names fit best the patterns we observe while doing manifold
re-orderings is presently of a secondary importance. Of primary importance is
presently to observe, what happens if a <I>sequence</I> is turned into a
different <I>sequence</I>. After all, we deal with <I>sequences</I>, don’t
we.<SPAN></SPAN></P><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_extra>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>2018-02-10 16:24 GMT+01:00 Stanley N Salthe <SPAN
dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:ssalthe@binghamton.edu"
target=_blank>ssalthe@binghamton.edu</A>></SPAN>:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=gmail_quote
style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">
<DIV dir=ltr>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p1><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1>Xueshan -- I think one can condense some
of your insights hierarchically, as:</SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>In a system having language,
information seemingly may be obtained in other ways as well. It would be a
conceptually broader category. Thus (using the compositional
hierarchy):<BR><SPAN class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>
[information [language [signal]]]<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>Meaning that, when a system has
language, all information will be understood or construed by way of linguistic
constructs. <BR><SPAN class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>(Here I am using ‘signal’ as being
more specific than Peirce’s ‘sign’, where:<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>
[sign [information [...]]] ) <BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>Then, more dynamically (using the
subsumptive hierarchy):<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>
{language {signal {information}}}<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>Information in a languaged system is
derived by way linguistic formations, so that, even though it is an extremely
broad category, information (informing) only emerges by way of linguistically
informed transformations.<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-p2>STAN<BR><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626gmail-s1></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=HOEnZb>
<DIV class=h5>
<DIV class=gmail_extra>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On Sat, Feb 10, 2018 at 3:21 AM, Xueshan Yan <SPAN
dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:yxs@pku.edu.cn"
target=_blank>yxs@pku.edu.cn</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=gmail_quote
style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">
<DIV lang=ZH-CN vlink="purple" link="blue">
<DIV class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Dear Colleagues,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">I have read the article "The languages of
bacteria" which Gordana recommended, and has gained a lot of inspiration
from it. In combination with Sung's comparative linguistics exploration on
cell language and human language, I have the following learning feelings to
share with everyone:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">In this article, the author recognized
that bacteria have evolved multiple languages for communicating within and
between species. Intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication allows
bacteria to coordinate various biological activities in order to behave like
multicellular organisms. Such as AI-2, it is a general language that
bacteria use for intergenera signaling.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">I found an interesting phenomenon in this
paper: the author use the concept <I>information</I> 3 times but the concept
<I>signal</I> (signal or signaling) 55 times, so we have to review the
history and application of “information” and “signal” in biology and
biochemistry, it is helpful for us to understand the relationship between
language, signal, and information.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The origin of the concept of signal (main
the signal transduction) can be traced back to the end of the 1970s. But
until 1980, biochemist and endocrinologist Martin Rodbell published an
article titled: “The Role of Hormone Receptors and GTP-Regulatory Proteins
in Membrane Transduction" in <I>Nature, </I>in this paper he used the
"signal transduction" first time. Since then, the research on signal
transduction is popular in biology and
biochemistry.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">As for any information transmission
system, if we pay more attention to its transmission carrier instead of its
transmission content, we are used to employing "signal transmission" instead
of "signal transduction". From the tradition of the early use of information
concept, the signal transduction study of cells is only equivalent to the
level of telecommunications before 1948. Outwardly, before the advent of
Shannon's information theory, the central issue of telecommunications is
"signal" rather than "information". After that, the central issue of
telecommunications is "information" rather than
"signal".<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">According to the application history of
information concept, nearly all the essential problems behind the concepts
of communication, messenger, signal and so on may be information problems.
Just as the language problem what we are discussing here, our ultimate goal
is to analyze the information.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">For the same reason, I recommend another
two papers:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">1. Do Plants Think? (June 5, 2012,
<I>Scientific American</I>)<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">(<A
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-plants-think-daniel-chamovitz/#rd?sukey=fc78a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e64057ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c07f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c4b"
target=_blank>http://www.scientificamerican<WBR>.com/article/do-plants-think-d<WBR>aniel-chamovitz/#rd?sukey=fc78<WBR>a68049a14bb24ce82efd8ef931e640<WBR>57ce6142b1f2f7b919612d2b3f42c0<WBR>7f559f5be33be0881613ccfbf5b43c<WBR>4b</A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 等线">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">2. Plants Can Think, Feel and Learn
(December 3, 2014, <I>New Scientist</I>)<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 33pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">(<A
href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429980-400-root-intelligence-plants-can-think-feel-and-learn"
target=_blank>http://www.newscientist.com/a<WBR>rticle/mg22429980-400-root-int<WBR>elligence-plants-can-think-fee<WBR>l-and-learn</A>)<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">From which we can judge whether or not a
plants informatics can exists.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Best wishes,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4.65pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Xueshan</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 等线; COLOR: black"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 等线; COLOR: black"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #e1e1e1 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif'> <A
href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es"
target=_blank>fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es</A> [mailto:<A
href="mailto:fis-bounces@listas.unizar.es"
target=_blank>fis-bounces@listas.uni<WBR>zar.es</A>] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>Sungchul Ji<BR><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, February 8, 2018 9:10
PM<BR><B>To:</B> Francesco Rizzo <<A
href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com"
target=_blank>13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</A>>; Terrence W. DEACON <<A
href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu"
target=_blank>deacon@berkeley.edu</A>><BR><B>Cc:</B> Fis, <<A
href="mailto:fis@listas.unizar.es"
target=_blank>fis@listas.unizar.es</A>><BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Fis] The
unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry
theory<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV id=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740divtagdefaultwrapper>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Hi Terry, and
FISers,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Can it be that
"language metaphor" is akin to a (theoretical) knife that, in the hands of a
surgeon, can save lives but, in a wrong hand, can
kill?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>All the
best.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Sung<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN
lang=EN-US>
<HR align=center SIZE=3 width="98%">
</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV id=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740divRplyFwdMsg>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>
Francesco Rizzo <</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A
href="mailto:13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com" target=_blank><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif'>13francesco.rizzo@gmail.com</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>><BR><B>Sent:</B>
Thursday, February 8, 2018 2:56:11 AM<BR><B>To:</B> Terrence W.
DEACON<BR><B>Cc:</B> Fis,; Sungchul Ji<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Fis] The
unification of the theories of information based on the cateogry
theory</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Caro Terry estensibile a tutti,
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>è sempre un piacere leggerTi e capirTi.
La </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>general
theory of information è preceduta da un sistema (o semiotica) di
significazione e seguita da un sistema (o semiotica ) di comunicazione.
Tranne che quando si ha un processo comunicativo come il passaggio di un
Segnale (che non significa necessariamente 'un segno') da una Fonte,
attraverso un Trasmettitore, lungo un Canale, a un Destinatario. In un
processo tra macchina e macchina il segnale non ha alcun potere
'significante'. In tal caso non si ha significazione anche se si può dire
che si ha passaggio di informazione. Quando il destinatario è un essere
umano (e non è necessario che la fonte sia anch'essa un essere umano) si è
in presenza di un processo di significazione. Un sistema di significazione è
una costruzione semiotica autonoma, indipendente da ogni possibile atto di
comunicazione che l'attualizzi. Invece ogni processo di comunicazione tra
esseri umani -- o tra ogni tipo di apparato o struttura 'intelligente, sia
meccanico che biologico, -- presuppone un sistema di significazione come
propria o specifica condizione. In conclusione, è possibile avere una
semiotica della significazione indipendente da una semiotica della
comunicazione; ma è impossibile stabilire una semiotica della comunicazione
indipendente da una semiotica della significazione.</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>Ho
appreso molto da Umberto Eco a cui ho dedicato il capitolo 10. Umberto Eco e
il processo di re-interpretazione e re-incantamento della scienza economica
(pp. 175-217) di "Valore e valutazioni. La scienza dell'economia o
l'economia della scienza" (FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1997). Nello mio stesso
libro si trovano:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>-
il capitolo 15. Semiotica economico-estimativa (pp. 327-361) che si colloca
nel quadro di una teoria globale di tutti i sistemi di significazione e i
processi di comunicazione;</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>-
il sottoparagrafo 5.3.3 La psicologia genetica di Jean Piaget e la
neurobiologia di Humberto Maturana e Francesco Varela. una nuova
epistemologia sperimentale della qualità e dell'unicità (pp.
120-130).</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>Chiedo
scusa a Tutti se Vi ho stancati o se ancora una volta il mio scrivere in
lingua italiana Vi crea qualche problema. Penso che il dono che mi fate è, a
proposito della QUALITA' e dell'UNICITA', molto più grande del
(per)dono che Vi chiedo. Grazie.</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>Un
saluto affettuoso.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'>Francecso</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; BACKGROUND: white; COLOR: #222222'><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>2018-02-07 23:02 GMT+01:00 Terrence W.
DEACON <</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="mailto:deacon@berkeley.edu"
target=_blank>deacon@berkeley.edu</A></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US>>:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE
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<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Dear
FISers,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>In previous posts I have disparaged
using language as the base model for building a general theory of
information. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Though I realize that this may seem
almost heretical, it is not a claim that all those who use linguistic
analogies are wrong, only that it can be causally
misleading.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>I came to this view decades back in my
research into the neurology and evolution of the human language
capacity.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>And it became an orgnizing theme in my
1997 book The Symbolic Species.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Early in the book I describe what I
(and now other evolutionary biologists) have come to refer to as a
"porcupine fallacy" in evolutionary
thinking.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Though I use it to critique a
misleading evolutionary taxonomizing tendency, I think it also applies to
biosemiotic and information theoretic thinking as
well.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>So to exemplify my reasoning (with
apologies for quoting myself) I append the following excerpt from the
book.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>"</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>But there is a
serious problem with using language as the model for analyzing
other</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>species’
communication in hindsight. It leads us to treat every other form of
communication as<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>exceptions to
a rule based on the one most exceptional and divergent case. No analytic
method<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>could be more
perverse. Social communication has been around for as long as animals
have<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>interacted and
reproduced sexually. Vocal communication has been around at least as long
as frogs<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>have croaked
out their mating calls in the night air. Linguistic communication was an
afterthought,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>so to speak, a
very recent and very idiosyncratic deviation from an ancient and
well-established<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>mode of
communicating. It cannot possibly provide an appropriate model against
which to assess<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>other forms of
communication. It is the rare exception, not the rule, and a quite
anomalous<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>exception at
that. It is a bit like categorizing birds’ wings with respect to the
extent they possess or<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>lack the
characteristics of penguins’ wings, or like analyzing the types of hair on
different mammals<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>with respect
to their degree of resemblance to porcupine quills. It is an
understandable<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>anthropocentric
bias—perhaps if we were penguins or porcupines we might see more typical
wings<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>and hair as
primitive stages compared to our own more advanced adaptations—but it does
more to<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>obfuscate than
clarify. Language is a derived characteristic and so should be analyzed as
an<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>exception to a
more general rule, not vice versa."<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>Of course
there will be analogies to linguistic forms.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>This is
inevitable, since language emerged from and is supported by a vast
nonlinguistic semiotic infrastructure.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>So of course
it will inherit much from less elaborated more fundamental precursors.
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>And our
familiarity with language will naturally lead us to draw insight from this
more familiar realm.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>I just worry
that it provides an elaborate procrustean model that assumes what it
endeavors to explain.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica",sans-serif'>Regards to
all, Terry<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>On Wed, Feb 7, 2018 at 11:04 AM, Jose
Javier Blanco Rivero <</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A
href="mailto:javierweiss@gmail.com"
target=_blank>javierweiss@gmail.com</A></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>>
wrote:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US>In principle I agree with Terry. I have been
thinking of this, though I am still not able to make a sound formulation
of the idea. Still I am afraid that if I miss the chance to make at
least a brief formulation of it I will lose the opportunity to make a
brainstorming with you. So, here it comes:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US>I have been thinking that a proper way to
distinguish the contexts in which the concept of information acquires a
fixed meaning or the many contexts on which information can be somehow
observed, is to make use of the distinction between medium and form as
developed by N. Luhmann, D. Baecker and E. Esposito. I have already
expressed my opinion in this group that what information is depends on
the system we are talking about. But the concept of medium is more
especific since a complex system ussualy has many sources and types of
information. <BR>So the authors just mentioned, a medium can be broadly
defined as a set of loosely coupled elements. No matter what they are.
While a Form is a temporary fixed coupling of a limited configuration of
those elements. Accordingly, we can be talking about DNA sequences which
are selected by RNA to form proteins or to codify a especific
instruction to a determinate cell. We can think of atoms forming a
specific kind of matter and a specific kind of molecular structure. We
can also think of a vocabulary or a set of linguistic conventions making
possible a meaningful utterance or discourse. <BR>The idea is that the
medium conditions what can be treated as information. Or even better,
each type of medium produces information of its own kind. <BR>According
to this point of view, information cannot be transmitted. It can only be
produced and "interpreted" out of the specific difference that a medium
begets between itself and the forms that take shape from it. A medium
can only be a source of noise to other mediums. Still, media can couple
among them. This means that media can selforganize in a synergetic
manner, where they depend on each others outputs or complexity
reductions. And this also mean that they do this by translating noise
into information. For instance, language is coupled to writing, and
language and writing to print. Still oral communication is noisy to
written communication. Let us say that the gestures, emotions,
entonations, that we make when talking cannot be copied as such into
writing. In a similar way, all the social practices and habits made by
handwriting were distorted by the introduction of print. From a
technical point of view you can codify the same message orally, by
writing and by print. Still information and meaning are not the same.
You can tell your girlfriend you love her. That interaction face to face
where the lovers look into each others eye, where they can see if the
other is nervous, is trembling or whatever. Meaning (declaring love and
what that implies: marriage, children, and so on) and information (he is
being sincere, she can see it in his eye; he brought her to a special
place, so he planned it, and so on) take a very singular and
untranslatable configuration. If you write a letter you just can say "I
love you". You shall write a poem or a love letter. Your beloved would
read it alone in her room and she would have to imagine everything you
say. And imagination makes information and meaning to articulate
quite differently as in oral communication. It is not the same if you
buy a love card in the kiosk and send it to her. Maybe you compensate
the simplicity of your message by adding some chocolates and flowers.
Again, information (jumm, lets see what he bought her) and meaning are
not the same. I use examples of social sciences because that is my
research field, although I have the intuition that it could also work
for natural sciences. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US>Best,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US>JJ<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>El feb 7, 2018 10:47 AM, "Sungchul
Ji" <</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A
href="mailto:sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu"
target=_blank>sji@pharmacy.rutgers.edu</A></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>>
escribió:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE
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<DIV>
<DIV
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<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Hi
FISers,<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>On 10/8/2017,
Terry wrote:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>" </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'>So
basically, I am advocating an effort to broaden our discussions and
recognize that the term information applies in diverse ways to many
different contexts. And because of this it is important to indicate
the framing, whether physical, formal, biological, phenomenological,
linguistic, etc.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'>.
. . . . . The classic syntax-semantics-pragmatics distinction
introduced by Charles Morris has often been cited in this respect,
though it too is in my opinion too limited to the linguistic paradigm,
and may be misleading when applied more broadly. I have suggested a
parallel, less linguistic (and nested in Stan's subsumption sense) way
of making the division: i.e. into </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>intrinsic,
referential, </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>and</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>
normative analyses/properties of information.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>"</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>I
agree with Terry's concern about the often overused linguistic
metaphor in defining "information". Although the linguistic
metaphor has its limitations (as all metaphors do), it nevertheless
offers a unique advantage as well, for example, its well-established
categories of </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>functions</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>
(see the last column in <B>Table 1</B>.) </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>The
main purpose of this post is to suggest that all the varied theories
of information discussed on this list may be viewed as belonging to
the same category of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation)
diagrammatically represented as the 3-node closed network in the first
column of</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>
</SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Table
1</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>.</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<TABLE
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740MsoNormalTable
style="BACKGROUND: #e7e6e6; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; COLOR: #000000"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 467.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=557 colSpan=6>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222">Table
1.</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222"> The postulated
universality of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) as manifested
in information theory, semiotics, cell language theory, and
linguistics.</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR style="HEIGHT: 106.85pt">
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222">Category
Theory</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222"><BR></SPAN></B><B><I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red">
f
g</SPAN></I></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red"><BR></SPAN></B><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #222222">
A -----> B ------> C<BR>
|
<WBR> ^<BR>
|
<WBR> |<BR>
|______________|<BR></SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red">
<I>h</I></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><I><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red"></SPAN></I></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><I><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #7030a0">ITR (Irreducible Triadic
Relation</SPAN></I><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #7030a0">)</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Deacon’s theory of
information</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Shannon’s</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Theory of</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">information</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Peirce’s theory of
signs</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Cell language
theory</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; HEIGHT: 106.85pt; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Human language<BR>(<SPAN
style="COLOR: red">Function</SPAN>)</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">A</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Intrinsic </SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">information</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Source</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Object</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nucleotides*/<BR>Amion
acids</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Letters<BR>(<SPAN
style="COLOR: red">Building blocks</SPAN>)</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">B</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Referential </SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">information</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Message</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sign</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Proteins</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Words<BR>(<SPAN
style="COLOR: red">Denotation</SPAN>)</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">C</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Normative </SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">information</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Receiver</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Interpretant</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Metabolomes<BR>(Totality of
cell metabolism)</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Systems of words<BR>(<SPAN
style="COLOR: red">Decision making &
Reasoning</SPAN>)</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red">f</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">?</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Encoding</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sign production</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Physical laws</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Second
articulation</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red">g</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">?</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Decoding</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sign
interpretation</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Evoutionary
selection</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">First and Third
articulation</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: red">h</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">?</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Information flow</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Information flow</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Inheritance<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Grounding/</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xmsonormal><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Habit</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 107.9pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=129>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>Scale</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 62.85pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Micro-Macro?</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>Macro</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 67.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=87>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>Macro</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=90>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>Micro</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 89.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 2.9pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.75pt"
vAlign=top width=84>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>Macro</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: #212121'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>*There
may be more than one genetic alphabet of 4 nucleotides.
According to the "multiple genetic alphabet hypothesis', there are n
genetic alphabets, each consisting of </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>4^n
letters</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>,
each of which in turn consisting of</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>
n nucleotides</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>.
In this view, the classical genetic alphabet is just one example of
the n alphabets, i.e., the one with n = 1. When n = 3, for
example, we have the so-called 3rd-order genetic alphabet with 4^3 =
64 letters each consisting of 3 nucleotides, resulting in the familiar
codon table. Thus, the 64 genetic codons are not words as widely
thought (including myself until recently) but letters! It then
follows that </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: red'>proteins
are words and metabolic pathways are sentences</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>.
Finally, the transient network of metbolic pathways (referred to as
"hyperstructures" by V. Norris in 1999 and as "hypermetabolic
pathways" by me more recently) correspond to texts essential to
represent arguement/reasoning/computing.<WBR> What is most
exciting is the recent discovery in my lab at Rutgers that the
so-called "Planck-Shannon plots" of mRNA levels in living cells can
identify function-dependent "hypermetabolic pathways" underlying
breast cancer before and after drug treatment (manuscript under
review). <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Any
comments, questions, or suggestions would be
welcome.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; COLOR: black'>Sung<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: black'><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
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<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><U></U><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626HOEnZb><FONT
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626m_-2026500411922150740xhoenzb><SPAN lang=EN-US
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style="COLOR: #888888"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #888888">Professor
Terrence W. Deacon<BR>University of California, Berkeley</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></FONT></SPAN></DIV><SPAN
class=m_-5677459084251390626HOEnZb><FONT color=#888888>
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