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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">Hi FISers,</p>
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<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">On 10/8/2017, Terry wrote:</p>
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</p>
<p style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">" <span style="color:rgb(33,33,33); font-family:wf_segoe-ui_normal,"Segoe UI","Segoe WP",Tahoma,Arial,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont; font-size:15px">So basically, I am advocating an effort to broaden our discussions and
recognize that the term information applies in diverse ways to many different contexts. And because of this it is important to indicate the framing, whether physical, formal, biological, phenomenological, linguistic, etc.</span></p>
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. . . . . . The classic syntax-semantics-pragmatics distinction introduced by Charles Morris has often been cited in this respect, though it too is in my opinion too limited to the linguistic paradigm, and may be misleading when applied more broadly. I have
suggested a parallel, less linguistic (and nested in Stan's subsumption sense) way of making the division: i.e. into
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">intrinsic, referential, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
and</span> normative analyses/properties of information.<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">"</span></span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">I agree with Terry's concern about the often overused linguistic metaphor in defining "information". Although the linguistic metaphor has its limitations (as all metaphors do), it nevertheless offers
a unique advantage as well, for example, its well-established categories of <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">
functions</span> (see the last column in <b>Table 1</b>.) </span></span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br>
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">The main purpose of this post is to suggest that all the varied theories of information discussed on this list may be viewed as belonging to the same category of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) diagrammatically
represented as the 3-node closed network in the first column of<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><b>Table 1</b></span></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
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<b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#222222">Table 1.</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#222222"> The postulated universality of ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation) as
manifested in information theory, semiotics, cell language theory, and linguistics.</span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#222222">Category Theory</span></b></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#222222"><br>
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red"> f g</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red"><br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#222222"> A -----> B ------> C<br>
| ^<br>
| |<br>
|______________|<br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red"> <i>h</i></span></b></p>
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<b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red"> </span></i></b></p>
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<i style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#7030A0">ITR (Irreducible Triadic Relation</span></i><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:#7030A0">)</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Deacon’s theory of information</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Shannon’s</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Theory of</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">information</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Peirce’s theory of signs</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cell language theory</span></b></p>
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<b style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Human language<br>
(<span style="color:red">Function</span>)</span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">A</span></p>
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<i style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Intrinsic
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">information</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Source</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Object</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Nucleotides*/<br>
Amion acids</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Letters<br>
(<span style="color:red">Building blocks</span>)</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">B</span></p>
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<i style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Referential
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">information</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Message</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sign</span></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size:13.3333px">Proteins</span></font></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Words<br>
(<span style="color:red">Denotation</span>)</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">C</span></p>
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<i style=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Normative
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">information</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Receiver</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Interpretant</span></p>
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<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size:13.3333px">Metabolomes<br>
(Totality of cell metabolism)</span></font></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Systems of words<br>
(<span style="color:red">Decision making & Reasoning</span>)</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red">f</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Encoding</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sign production</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-size:13.3333px">Physical laws</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Second articulation</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red">g</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">?</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Decoding</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sign interpretation</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="">Evoutionary selection</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">First and Third articulation</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:red">h</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">?</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information flow</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Information flow</span></p>
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Inheritance</p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Grounding/</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Habit</span></p>
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<b>Scale</b></td>
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<b>Micro-Macro?</b></td>
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<b>Macro</b></td>
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<b>Macro</b></td>
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<b>Micro</b></td>
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<b>Macro</b></td>
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<div>*There may be more than one genetic alphabet of 4 nucleotides. According to the "multiple genetic alphabet hypothesis', there are n genetic alphabets, each consisting of
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">4^n letters</span>, each of which in turn consisting of<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"> n nucleotides</span>. In this view, the classical genetic alphabet is just one example of the n alphabets, i.e., the one with n = 1.
When n = 3, for example, we have the so-called 3rd-order genetic alphabet with 4^3 = 64 letters each consisting of 3 nucleotides, resulting in the familiar codon table. Thus, the 64 genetic codons are not words as widely thought (including myself until recently) but
letters! It then follows that <span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)">proteins are words and </span><span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"> metabolic pathways are sentences</span>. Finally, the transient network of metbolic pathways (referred to as "hyperstructures"
by V. Norris in 1999 and as "hypermetabolic pathways" by me more recently) correspond to texts essential to represent arguement/reasoning/computing. What is most exciting is the recent discovery in my lab at Rutgers that the so-called "Planck-Shannon plots"
of mRNA levels in living cells can identify function-dependent "hypermetabolic pathways" underlying breast cancer before and after drug treatment (manuscript under review). <br>
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<div>Any comments, questions, or suggestions would be welcome.</div>
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<div>Sung</div>
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